see also:

• clinically important bacteria
• carbapenemase producing or resistant enterobacteriaceae (CPE/CRE)

• fermentative, non-fastidious, oxidase negative, facultative anaerobic, Gram -ve rods

• Escherichia (acid f.lactose)
  • E. coli
• Edwardsiella
• Citrobacter (acid f.lactose)
• Salmonella (ONPG neg, urea neg; mannitol→gas)
• Shigella (ONPG neg, urea neg; mannitol→no gas)
• Klebsiella (acid f. lactose)
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
    • normally prefers to colonize the nasopharynx and the small intestine (esp. in those with decreased gastric acid secretion it seems) with later colonization of the large bowel however antibiotic Rx can disturb this colonization and result in dissemination to other tissues, while the capsule polysaccharide is necessary for the colonization of the large intestine. Gut colonization is a requesite for infection elsewhere. ¹⁾
    • may cause:
      • pneumonia (with high mortality)
      • UTI
      • septicaemia
      • wound or surgical site infections
      • colitis and possibly Crohn's disease
      • may cause pyogenic liver abscesses and seeding to other organs such as eye, brain and may cause necrotizing fasciitis
    • some strains are becoming highly resistant to antibiotics
• Enterobacter (acid f. lactose)
• Serratia
• Proteus (ONPG neg. urea pos.)
• Providencia
• Yersinia (ONPG pos.)
• Erwinia
• actinobacillus (ferm., pleomorphic fastidious)