see also:

• diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

• a patient's breath odour may add clues to diagnosis of clinical conditions

• any cause of ketosis such as:
  • diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
  • alcoholic ketoacidosis
  • starvation ketoacidosis

• alcohols such as:
  • ethanol (alcohol and alcohol withdrawal)
  • isopropyl alcohol
• nitriles
• amyl nitrate and bytyl nitrate
• lacquer
• chloroform
• trichloroethane
• paraldehyde
• chloral hydrate (pear odour)
• methyly bromide

• menthol
• methylsalicylate

• garlic ingestion
  • has its odor due to allyl methyl sulfide, allyl methyl disulfide, allyl mercaptan, diallyl disulfide, dimethyl disulfide and methyl mercaptan, along with minor amounts of dimethyl selenide
  • in particular, allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) does not break down quickly and remains in the body in significant amounts hours after consumption, resulting in an odour that can last for up to two days
• substances methylated by GIT bacteria:
  • tellurium exposure
  • thallium
  • arsenic poisoning (trimethylarsine)
  • selenium poisoning / selenosis (dimethylselenide)
  • some organophosphates
  • phosphorus
• dimethyl sulfoxide

• NB. 40% of people cannot smell this!
• cyanide poisoning

• acute kidney injury (AKI) / acute renal failure (ARF)
• chronic renal failure

• ammonia
• hepatic encephalopathy

• N-acetylcysteine
• disulfiram
• carbon disulfide
• mercaptans

• marijuana / cannabis / THC
• opium

• phenol
• creosote

• phosphides such as zinc and aluminium
• nickel carbonyl

• camphor
• naphthalene
• p-dichlorobenzene

• nitrobenzene

• pine oil

• phosgene

• acetic acid
• hydrofluoric acid

• turpentine