see also:

• occasional hiccups are usually due transient diaphragmatic irritation such as eating a bolus of food
• intractable hiccups have a large range of differentials

• phrenic nerve irritation
• vagus nerve irritation
• upper GIT causes:
  • severe acid reflux (GERD), stomach ulcers, gastritis, or a swollen stomach.
• central nervous system conditions:
  • stroke, brain tumor, multiple sclerosis, or meningitis.
• metabolic causes:
  • kidney failure, severe diabetes, hypocalcaemia, hyponatraemia.
• medicines:
  • corticosteroids, certain chemotherapy drugs, or sedatives