see also:

• calcification
• urolithiasis
• renal colic

• tri-phosphate, oxalate, phosphate stones
  • hypercalcaemia
  • normocalcaemic causes:
    • idiopathic hypercalciuria
    • prolonged bed rest
    • primary renal tubular acidosis
    • urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis
    • hyperoxaluria
    • medullary sponge kidney

• congenital cystinuria
• hereditary cystinosis

• with hyperuricaemia
  • gout
  • leukaemia, polycythaemia
  • chronic metabolic acidosis eg. glycogen storage disease
  • Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
• with normouricaemia
  • idiopathic
  • concentrated acid urine

• primary hyperparathyroidism
• primary renal tubular acidosis
• sarcoidosis
• milk-alkali syndrome
• primary hyperoxaluria
• idiopathic hypercalcuria
• idiopathic

• medullary sponge kidney (calcified collecting ducts)
• renal malignancies
• cyst
• haematoma
• papillary necrosis
• tuberculosis (TB)
• hydatid cyst

• chronic glomerulonephritis (GN)
• old cortical necrosis