OzEMedicine - Wiki for Australian Emergency Medicine Doctors

abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 16 Jul 2022 10:17:51 +0000

abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) see also: * vascular surgery * aortic dissection * thoracic aortic aneurysm * abdominal pain in ED * atherosclerosis and primary prevention Definitions: * do not confuse with aortic dissections which are sometimes called dissecting aneurysms & are due to blood entering media & splitting the aortic wall * may be either: *

the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 03 Mar 2024 13:50:50 +0000

the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED see also: general surgery; * NICS - pain medication for acute abdominal pain (pdf) * Western Health ED: pain medications instruction sheet (pdf) * Western Health ED: adult abdominal pain discharge instruction sheet (pdf) Initial Mx of the haemodynamically unstable patient in ED with abdominal pain * examples include: * the patient with a rigid abdomen * abdominal pain with referred shoulder tip pain - suggests free fluid in abdomen su…

central / periumbilical abdominal pain in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 10 Aug 2018 14:47:00 +0000

central / periumbilical abdominal pain in the ED read this first: abdominal pain in ED periumbilical pain: differential diagnosis: * abdominal aortic aneurysm * bowel conditions: * see bowel obstruction * small bowel obstruction (tends to be more painful early with more vomiting but more poorly localised than LBO)

epigastric pain in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 30 Oct 2019 04:39:18 +0000

epigastric pain in the ED read this first: abdominal pain in ED epigastric pain: differential diagnosis: * abdominal aortic aneurysm * pancreatitis * peptic ulcer disease * gastritis * gastro-oesophageal reflux * acute myocardial infarction - esp. inferior AMI or diabetic patients, thus ECG in the elderly or diabetic * early appendicitis * diabetic ketoacidosis * biliary causes such as ascending cholangitis even in the cholecystectomy patient * other causes of Dyspepsia * aortic …

Flank pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 27 Jan 2018 14:56:16 +0000

Flank pain see also: * abdominal pain main page; * renal colic; * acute pyelonephritis; * abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA); * The adult with back pain in the ED

LIF pain in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 Apr 2018 07:39:43 +0000

LIF pain in the ED read this first: abdominal pain in ED Left iliac fossa pain: differential diagnosis: * see as for RIF pain but not appendicitis * diverticulitis * usually age > 50yrs * usually left sided pain, tenderness with altered bowel habits, tenesmus, low grade fever * epiploic appendagitis

Left upper quadrant abdominal pain in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 06 Aug 2022 01:14:49 +0000

Left upper quadrant abdominal pain in the ED * read this first abdominal pain in ED * see also: * LIF pain in the ED Left upper quadrant pain: differential diagnosis: * essentially as for epigastric pain but makes diagnoses of biliary disease or appendicitis much less likely * gastritis * peptic ulcer disease (PUD) * as for RUQ pain such as:

The child with abdominal pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 09 Jul 2015 12:38:01 +0000

The child with abdominal pain see also paediatric emergency medicine, the adult patient with acute abdominal pain * RCH guideline - abdominal pain * NSW NETS acute abdomen (pdf) * do not forget to consider an occult ingested button battery as a cause of gastro-like illness +/- haematemesis +/- melaena +/- fevers - if suspected do a CXR/AXR as unrecognised ingestions have caused a number of children to die in Australia recently

RIF pain in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 May 2022 08:01:31 +0000

RIF pain in the ED read this first: abdominal pain in ED right iliac fossa pain: differential diagnosis: * appendicitis * mesenteric adenitis * terminal ileitis (eg. Yersinia, Crohn's disease) * gynaecology causes: * ectopic pregnancy * pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) * the patient with an adnexal mass * ovarian cyst * endometriosis * chronic pelvic pain in women * rarely, pelvic vein (ovarian vein) thrombophlebitis: * usually post-partum or assoc. with gynae. surgery…

the patient with acute RUQ pain in ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 06:22:24 +0000

the patient with acute RUQ pain in ED read this first: abdominal pain in ED right upper quadrant pain: differential diagnosis: hepatobiliary: * see also: liver function tests (LFTs) * differential diagnosis: * biliary colic: * acute onset severe RUQ pain, usually going through to R scapula *

Suprapubic pain in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 Sep 2009 22:51:29 +0000

Suprapubic pain in the ED read this first: abdominal pain in ED Suprapubic pain +/- radiation to back: differential diagnosis: * abdominal aortic aneurysm (usually higher up than suprapubic though) * UTI / cystitis * acute urinary retention * ulcerative colitis * diverticulitis * gynae causes: * miscarriage / abruption * labour * dysmenorrhoea * endometriosis * imperforate hymen with retained menses (haematocolpos) in pre-menarchal pubertal females

arterial and venous blood gases (ABGs/VBGs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 03 Aug 2024 06:23:33 +0000

arterial and venous blood gases (ABGs/VBGs) see also: * clinical procedures in the ED * acid-base physiology * hypoxia * Life in the fast lane blog (2010) - sometimes it is dangerous to attempt to normalise ABG abnormalities, consider these examples Introduction * arterial blood gas is a sampling of arterial blood taken from either a direct needle aspirate of an artery, or from an arterial line (“art line”) * it can provide valuable information on the acid-base status, ventilation stat…

Aboriginal Liaison Services

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 08 Jun 2011 10:05:44 +0000

Aboriginal Liaison Services Information about Aboriginal Hospital Liaison Officer service at Western Health Staff can also refer Aboriginal patients to the follow organisations 1. Western Suburbs Indigenous Gathering Place 120-200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong VIC 3032 (03) 9318 7855 Open Weekdays 9am-5pm www.gatheringplace.com.au The Gathering Place offers medical, allied health, counselling and social support for a full list of services

about the OzEMedicine wiki

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Nov 2009 19:44:53 +0000

about the OzEMedicine wiki * return to home page * editors and authors of this wiki * Ozemedicine wikipedia stats You can email the wiki administrator: gary at ozemedicine.com (change the at for @). Currently, the wiki is early in its development with much initial material to be migrated, please be patient as it will take time for it to become comprehensive.

about the OzEMedicine wiki

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 20 Jul 2011 11:45:17 +0000

about the OzEMedicine wiki

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 20 Jul 2011 11:48:55 +0000

skin abscesses

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 27 Dec 2017 00:45:37 +0000

skin abscesses see also: * labial abscess / Bartholins abscess * perirectal abscess * perianal abscess * hidradenitis suppurativa * incision and loop drainage of abscesses - instructions with video * perhaps a 7 day course of co-trimoxazole is useful after I&D but are the rare risks worth it? admission disposition * usually the operating unit if post-op * usually plastics if: * superficial head or neck, hands, below knee * in some hospitals, even gluteal and other superficial b…

left at own risk / absconding patient / missing patient / competence

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 31 Oct 2016 05:36:28 +0000

left at own risk / absconding patient / missing patient / competence see also: * medico-legal issues in the ED * the ED waiting room * ACEM STATEMENT ON RESPONSIBILITY FOR CARE IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS * WA Gov Mental Health missing person policy * MJA 2014: Potentially incapable patients objecting to treatment: doctors’ powers and duties * WH intranet only: * Western Health Refusal of Treatment / discharge at own risk (doc) * WH Mx of Section 351 patients in the ED * WH Missing Pa…

Child abuse

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 08 Sep 2009 05:37:23 +0000

Child abuse * RCH guideline - child abuse * Vic. DHS - Vulnerable Children - recognition and roles of professionals

angiotensin I converting enzymes (ACE and ACE2)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 Mar 2020 11:31:56 +0000

angiotensin I converting enzymes (ACE and ACE2) see also: * ACE inhibitors Introduction * there are 2 main very differently acting ACE homologues: ACE * a zinc metallopeptidase which removes dipeptides from the C-terminus of a peptide and thus converts angiotensin I to the active vasocontrictor peptide

ACE inhibitors

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 30 Jul 2023 08:26:37 +0000

ACE inhibitors see also: * historical aspects and main differences between the ACEIs * angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) * pharmacology main index * angiotensin * cardiology * Aust Presc Oct 2009 - renin inhibitors - mechanism of action * Aust Presc Oct 2009 - renin inhibitors - clinical implications introduction: * ACE is an enzyme that converts: * inactive angiotensin I -> vasoconstrictor peptide angiotensin II; * vasodilator peptide bradykinin -> inactive fragments; * …

ACEM Fellowship exam resources

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:58:15 +0000

ACEM Fellowship exam resources * ACEM website NB. content below is NOT affiliated or necessarily endorsed by the ACEM general emergency medicine education resources * Global Medical Education Project * LITFL - ACEM Fellowship resources * tips on getting ready for passing the fellowship clinical exams Study notes * James Hayes' VAQ sessions hosted by Simon Bolch (2008) * Simon Bolch's Fellowship exam notes (2008) - yes he did pass! congrats! * Simon Bolch's - approach to the Long Ca…

ACEM Primary Exam resources

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:55:58 +0000

ACEM Primary Exam resources * ACEM website * ACEM Primary Exam syllabus (pdf) NB. content below is NOT affiliated or necessarily endorsed by the ACEM * Western Health ED medical education and registrar training resource page * Austin and Northern Hospitals ED education website Basic Sciences * Anatomy main index * pathology * physiology main index * pharmacology main index * Anatomic Radiology * Clinical Pathology

achalasia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 08 Aug 2019 15:15:47 +0000

achalasia see also: * dysphagia introduction * idiopathic achalasia is a rare condition characterized by a failure of the lower oesophageal sphincter to relax due to a loss of neurons in the myenteric plexus * it is appears it may be an auto-immune condition affecting neurons of the oesophagus

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 03 Sep 2021 03:09:45 +0000

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors see also: * acetylcholinesterase inhibitor poisoning - organophosphate insecticides, etc * pharmacology main index * parasympathetics Acetylcholinesterase: * AChE is one of most efficient enzymes, can hydrolyse 3,105 ACh /min per molecule of AChE -> turnover time of 150 microseconds: * AChE has binding site for quaternary gp of choline & esteratic subsite, thus after cleavage of ACh, the choline-AChE conjugate releases choline & the acetyl enzyme is rapi…

Achilles tendon injury

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 Dec 2016 02:43:48 +0000

Achilles tendon injury see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * sports injuries Achilles' tendon rupture Epidemiology * incidence in the general population is 7 per 100,000 * average age of patients is 30–40 years (due to the combination of degeneration and recreational sport) with a male-to-female ratio 4-5:1

aciclovir and related antivirals (famciclovir, valaciclovir)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 07:09:07 +0000

aciclovir and related antivirals (famciclovir, valaciclovir) see also: * viruses * Herpes simplex virus (HSV) * varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox/shingles) * herpes zoster (shingles) * meningitis introduction * aciclovir is an antiviral agent which is active against Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types I and II and varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox/shingles)). * also used as prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus (CMV) in patients with HIV / AIDS * in infected cells, HSV or VZV coded thymidi…

acidosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Dec 2013 05:08:15 +0000

acidosis see also: * acid-base physiology * metabolic acidosis * alkalosis

acid-base physiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Dec 2013 05:21:26 +0000

acid-base physiology see also: * arterial and venous blood gases (ABGs/VBGs) introduction * intracellular (IC) pH at 6-6.8 is lower than extracellular (EC) pH which is normally at 7.35-7.45, but is sensitive to changes in EC pH, and as cell processes are regulated by IC pH, the maintenance of EC pH is important.

acne vulgaris

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 22 Aug 2024 15:02:31 +0000

acne vulgaris see also: * dermatology * acne rosacea * polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) * antibiotics Introduction * acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of the sebaceous follicle. * the hormonal factor, innate immunity and the microbiome play a crucial role in the onset of acne lesions. * dysbiosis with an unbalanced presence of

common acronyms

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:42:01 +0000

common acronyms see also: * welcome to the OzEMedicine Wiki acronym meanings AKI acute kidney impairment AO assessment order (mental health) ARF acute renal failure AV Ambulance Victoria /atrio-ventricular Ax assessment BIBA Brought in by ambulance CAP chest, abdo, pelvis /community acquired pneumonia

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 11 May 2014 11:48:50 +0000

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) see also: * hormones * angiotensin * corticosteroids introduction * ACTH (aka corticotropin) is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland * its main actions are to increase synthesis and secretion of corticosteroids from the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex (via MC2R ACTH receptor) as part of the biological stress response

actuarial science - predicting life expectancy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 27 Sep 2015 03:03:25 +0000

actuarial science - predicting life expectancy see also: * welcome to the OzEMedicine Wiki * Ubble's 2015 risk calculator for death within next 5 years - uses just 11-13 questions * wikipedia - longevity * wikipedia -actuarial science * wikipedia - life tables - probability of death before next birthday definitions * life expectancy (ex) = avg. number years of life remaining for a person at age x * life expectancy at birth (e0) = avg. number years of life from birth

acute bronchitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 10 Mar 2017 02:26:46 +0000

acute bronchitis see also: * acute cough in the adult * chronic bronchitis * community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults introduction * acute bronchitis is a common cause of cough, and it is generally a diagnosis of exclusion of more serious conditions such as community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults * >85% are viral and there is limited evidence that antibiotics are of use in healthy individuals

acute dyspnoea / shortness of breath (SOB)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 09 Oct 2019 07:46:01 +0000

acute dyspnoea / shortness of breath (SOB) see also: * respiratory medicine Introduction * A 2017-published international trial (Australia, NZ, Singapore, Malaysia,Hong Kong) of 3,044 people found: Patients with dyspnoea made up 5.2% of ED presentations, 11.4% of ward admissions, and 19.9% of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. The most common diagnoses were lower respiratory tract infection (20.2%), heart failure (14.9%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (13.6%), and asthma (12.7%…

adaptive immunity

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 22:57:43 +0000

adaptive immunity see also: * innate immunity * immunology * autoimmune disease Introduction * adaptive immunity refers to the ability to specifically target pathogens based upon past exposure to that pathogen * in contrast, innate immunity is a relatively non-specific immunity system although pentraxin 3 (PTX3) does play a similar role as antibodies but they are not adaptive to new pathogens

addiction medicine (alcohol and other substance use)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:45:40 +0000

addiction medicine (alcohol and other substance use) see also: * addiction medicine - drug and alcohol service providers in Australia * drug dependency * ethanol/alcohol dependence * opiate and opioid dependence * acute pain Mx in drug dependent patients * analgesics index * opiates and opioids * opiate antagonists eg naloxone (Narcan), buprenorphine, naltrexone * metamphetamine / meth / ice * National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC) - drug trends bulletin Western Health…

adenosine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Feb 2009 04:49:34 +0000

adenosine see also: * pharmacology main index * autacoids * methylxanthines - adenosine receptor antagonists Introduction: * adenosine is a naturally occurring endogenous nucleoside * adenosine is rapidly taken up by RBC's & endothelial cells such that almost completely eliminated from circulation after 1st pass -> plasma T1/2 < 10secs;

adenovirus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 09 Nov 2022 14:27:47 +0000

adenovirus see also: * viruses * introduction * human adenoviruses are a group of common viruses with a wide range of clinical manifestations * it is also an important pathogen in immunocompromised patients such as post-transplant * there are 51 serotypes currently recognized, classified into 6 species (A-F)

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 22:14:14 +0000

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) see also: * autism spectrum disorder (ASD) * Asperger's syndrome * DSM V proposed changes to ADHD criteria * NSW Health ADHD faqs introduction * AD/HD consists of a pattern of behavior that is present in multiple settings where it gives rise to social, educational or work performance difficulties *

adipokines and adipose-derived hormones

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 11 Mar 2026 02:03:03 +0000

adipokines and adipose-derived hormones see also: * obesity * diabetes mellitus * cytokines introduction * it is becoming increasingly evident that adipose tissue has major endocrine roles * adipokines is a term being used to categorise proteins released from adipose tissue, however, as they do not generally act upon the immune system, they are not grouped under

administrative aspects of Emergency Medicine in Australia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 30 Aug 2020 09:40:12 +0000

administrative aspects of Emergency Medicine in Australia see also: * main Wiki index; * Emergency Department Information Systems (EDIS); * Healthcare providers * medico-legal issues in the ED * common emergency department patient presentations Some useful links * Australiasian College for Emergency Medicine (ACEM) * ACEM MOPS web page for ACEM physician CME * Australiasian Society for Emergency Medicine (ASEM) * MBS schedule * PBS - approved medications search * Vic DHS Ma…

the patient with an adnexal mass

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Oct 2009 22:43:40 +0000

the patient with an adnexal mass see also: * gynaecology * the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED * ovarian tumours introduction * an adnexal mass that is solid, complex, or larger than 8cm in any age group should be treated as possibly malignant (and if larger than 8cm is at risk of complication and should probably be removed anyway).

adrenaline / epinephrine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 22:51:55 +0000

adrenaline / epinephrine see also: * pharmacology main index * sympathomimetics * alpha adrenergic agonists * noradrenaline / norepinephrine * inotropes * vasopressors * Paediatric Resuscitation Drugs * Western Health Adrenaline Administration Procedure (intranet only) * Aust. Prescriber 2012 - Safe use of adrenaline autoinjectors also called epinephrine in the USA. presentation * ampoules for parenteral use: * 1:1000 = 1mg in 1ml * 1:10,000 = 1mg in 10ml (also available as a…

adrenergic storm

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Jun 2025 08:13:35 +0000

adrenergic storm see also: * sympathomimetics Introduction * an adrenergic storm is a potentially life threatening sudden increase in serum levels of the catecholamines, mainly, epinephrine and norepinephrine * see also sudden transient surges in BP Aetiology * cocaine overdose * metamphetamine / meth / ice overdose * septic shock * monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) * phaeochromocytoma

aerosols

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 19 Sep 2020 00:52:31 +0000

aerosols see also: * aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) * pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola * Introduction * most respiratory tract viral infections are spread by droplets or aerosols from coughing or sneezing * smaller sized droplets less than 5 microns in diameter can become aerosols and hang in the air and circulate through the room or into other rooms for a number of hours vastly increasing the range of infect…

aged care index

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 17 Jun 2019 14:54:33 +0000

aged care index * geriatrics * home care for the elderly * residential aged care - hostel and nursing home care * end of life care * delirium * fracture neck of femur (#NOF) * Vic. DHS - aged care in the acute hospital setting - practice guidelines, etc * Vic. DHS - Mx of delirium in older patients (pdf) * Vic. DHS - Stroke care pathway (pdf) * Vic. DHS - Age-friendly principles - managing older people in hospital environments (pdf) * Vic. DHS - a guide for assessing older patien…

home care for the elderly

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 26 Apr 2012 09:42:28 +0000

home care for the elderly see also: * aged care index * residential aged care - hostel and nursing home care * Aged Care information sheets introduction * there is a Community Care Common Standards Guide to ensure all people receive an acceptable standard of service * the prime aim of home care programs is to enable the frail elderly and disabled to remain in their homes longer, maintain health and remain safe while postponing the need for residential care

residential aged care - hostel and nursing home care

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:38:25 +0000

residential aged care - hostel and nursing home care see also: * aged care index * home care for the elderly introduction * nursing homes generally have both high and low level care accommodation * hostels are low level care accommodation getting into residential care * 5 steps are required: * assessing eligibility via an Aged Care Assessment Team (ACAT) assessment (referred by local doctor or hospital) who can:

ageing

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 04:10:18 +0000

ageing see also: * androgen deficiency * geriatrics * longevity and immortality * wikipedia Introduction * the biologic factors causing mammalian aging process is still poorly understood * aging is one of the most common risk factors for human disease why do we age? * the rate of ageing varies substantially across different species, and this is mainly genetically based and the biological mechanisms which regulate lifespan evolved several hundred million years ago

aerosol generating procedures (AGPs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 25 Oct 2020 02:13:00 +0000

aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) see also: * aerosols * viruses * pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola * * * PLoS One. 2012; Aerosol Generating Procedures and Risk of Transmission of Acute Respiratory Infections to Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review (SARS) * Scientific Reports volume 8, Article number: 198 (2018)Exhaled air dispersion during bag-mask ven…

agranulocytosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 27 Jan 2020 04:28:13 +0000

agranulocytosis see neutropenia

AIDS

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 19 Sep 2020 03:15:50 +0000

AIDS see also: * HIV / AIDS introduction * AIDS is diagnosed when the immune system of a person infected with HIV becomes severely compromised (measured by CD4 cell count) and⁄or the person becomes ill with an opportunistic infection or illness. * without treatment, AIDS usually develops 8 to 10 years after initial HIV infection;

acute intermittent porphyria (AIP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 07 Apr 2014 06:48:29 +0000

acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) see also: * porphyrias introduction * an autosomal dominant type of porphyria affecting porphobilinogen-deaminase * acute attacks may cause: * psychiatric or CNS symptoms (eg. hysteria, depression, seizures, cortical blindness, coma)

Acute upper airway obstruction

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 05:15:28 +0000

Acute upper airway obstruction see also croup, paediatric emergency medicine, anaesthetics * RCH guideline - acute upper airway obstruction

air embolism

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 12 Aug 2019 01:04:30 +0000

air embolism see also: * post-partum / puerperial complications * the blood donor who collapses Introduction * air in the circulatory system is a rare cause of death * minor cases of venous embolism are common and do not usually cause problems * air entering the venous system becomes trapped in the right ventricle resulting in low cardiac output and embolising to the pulmonary circulation causing obstruction to pulmonary blood flow causing V/Q mismatch, while inflammatory responses can …

air pollution and health risks

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Feb 2026 21:33:44 +0000

air pollution and health risks see also: * respiratory medicine * foods that may be toxic or bad for you * risk and the perception of risk * exposome and health * it is not only air pollutants that are bad for you, dry air (eg. prolonged air conditioning) or prolonged exposure to cold air is also bad for you (WHO recommends minimum household temperatures of 18degC)

aldosterone

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 12 Jun 2023 10:16:48 +0000

aldosterone see also: * aldosterone antagonists * hypoaldosteronism * hyperaldosteronism * hypertension * endocrinology * physiology main index introduction * A mineralocorticoid secreted from adrenal cortex & rapidly conjugated by liver (and kidney) so T1/2 = 20 minutes secretion: stimulated by: * ACTH (via cAMP & protein kinase A); *

aldosterone antagonists (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) )

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 03:20:35 +0000

aldosterone antagonists (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) ) see also: * diuretics * aldosterone * hypoaldosteronism Introduction * Competitive antagonists of aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) acting on the receptor which is a soluble cytoplasmic protein thereby inhib. the synthesis of physiologically active transport proteins:

alkalosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Dec 2013 05:08:50 +0000

alkalosis see also: * acid-base physiology * acidosis * metabolic alkalosis

allergens

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 13 Mar 2026 05:18:48 +0000

allergens see also: * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions * anaphylaxis * asthma introduction * allergen exposure in sensitive individuals may cause allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, pruritis and asthma * rarely, it may cause anaphylaxis * the main rule is to avoid allergens where possible, or at least minimise the exposure load

allergy and hypersensitivity reactions

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 09 Feb 2026 21:30:06 +0000

allergy and hypersensitivity reactions see also: * immunology * histamine physiology, receptors and antihistamines * antihistamines (H1) * anaphylaxis * allergens * illness after eating seafood * Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) * urticaria * hereditary angioedema (HAE) * radiologic contrast media precautions and adverse reactions * eosinophilia * allergic rhinitis * asthma * tick-induced mammalian red meat allergy (MMA) / alpha-gal syndrome * …

allodynia - painful touch when there should not be pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 22 Sep 2024 06:11:47 +0000

allodynia - painful touch when there should not be pain see also: * hyperalgesia - increased sensitivity to painful stimuli * neurology Introduction * allodynia is pain felt with non-painful stimuli * affects 15-50% of people with neuropathic pain * hyperalgesia - increased sensitivity to painful stimuli is an increased sensitivity to painful stimuli Types of allodynia

allopurinol

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 30 Oct 2025 06:20:57 +0000

allopurinol see also gout Summary * Originally synthesised as candidate for antineoplastic activity which it lacked but proved to be a substrate for & inhibitor of xanthine oxidase thus reducing uric acid production although it also inhibits uric acid renal excretion;

alopecia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Feb 2026 10:15:24 +0000

alopecia see also: * androgenetic alopecia * dermatology * scalp and hair conditions Introduction * scalp hair biology * everyone is born with a fixed number of hair follicles on the scalp that produce hairs throughout life. * unlike other areas of the body, hairs on the scalp to grow in tufts of 3–4

androgenetic alopecia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 13 Jul 2019 16:46:29 +0000

androgenetic alopecia see also: * androgens * alopecia * polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Introduction * androgenetic alopecia is male pattern balding which appears to have a multi-factorial causation although genetic polymorphisms appear to have a key role which may influence the hair follicle cycle and the drivers of this cycle such as

alpha adrenergic agonists

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Jul 2019 07:33:58 +0000

alpha adrenergic agonists see also: * sympathomimetics * vasopressors * inotropes * excessive systemic dosing may cause hypertensive crisis which may be fatal, and attempts to treat such alpha agonist crises with beta adrenergic blockers or calcium channel blockers may cause acute pulmonary oedema (APO) and thus these agents are contra-indicated!! introduction

alpha adrenergic blockers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 Jun 2017 11:40:21 +0000

alpha adrenergic blockers see also: * pharmacology main index * cardiology * beta blockers * sympathomimetics * benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) introduction * alpha blockers prevent the action of sympathomimetic agents such as adrenaline on the alpha adrenergic receptors potential pharmacologic effects of alpha-blockers * postural hypotension and dizziness +/- reflex tachycardia

Apparent Life-Threatening Events in Children (ALTE)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 03 Aug 2011 07:12:47 +0000

Apparent Life-Threatening Events in Children (ALTE) see also: * SIDS * RCH guideline - ALTE

alteplase

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 20 Nov 2019 05:25:29 +0000

alteplase see also: * thrombolytics Introduction * atleplase is r-TPA and an intravenous thrombolytic agent used to dissolve blood clots within the vasculature pharmacology: * 1st clinical use of a tPA reported in 1984 * tPA is a naturally occurring serine protease protein produced commercially via recombinant DNA techniques

aluminium

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 11 Mar 2026 23:45:37 +0000

aluminium see also: * foods that may be toxic or bad for you Introduction * aluminium is the most common metal in the Earth’s crust and it finds its way into the plants via the soil and high levels of ingestion may have adverse effects * aluminum exposure occurs through some plant foods, food packaging, medications, water, and industrial sources.

amenorrhoea

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:59:14 +0000

amenorrhoea see also: * menorrhagia / PV bleeding * gynaecology * infertility * follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) * luteinizing hormone (LH) introduction * amenorrhea is not usually a common ED presentation as most are managed by general practitioners but nevertheless it may need consideration in the ED setting, usually in terms of whether a patient is pregnant or not, or in the Mx of episodes of

acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 28 Dec 2025 22:52:51 +0000

acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) see also: * cardiology * Mx of chest pain in ED * thrombolytics * Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA) * atherosclerosis and primary prevention * web resources: * AMI probability calculator (Goldman) * Probability of bleeding from thrombolysis Rx in AMI - scoring tool * EMedicine * sandnsurf's blog Mx of STEMI - with references * Aust Presc 2007 - Antiplatelet therapy after coronary occlusion * Aus…

aminoglycoside antibiotics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 06:19:33 +0000

aminoglycoside antibiotics see also; * antibiotics introduction * bactericidal group originally obtained from Streptomyces species * ototoxic & nephrotoxic if high dose or prolonged use * active mainly against enteric Gram -ve bacteria * uses: septicaemia, endocarditis

aminophylline

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:40:35 +0000

aminophylline see also: * methylxanthines * theophylline and methylxanthine poisonings and overdoses * asthma * paediatric asthma introduction * aminophylline is a one of the methylxanthines groupd of medications along with theophylline and caffeine. * 400 mg theophylline is equivalent to 500 mg aminophylline * ampoules: 250 mg /10 mL * therapeutic serum levels: 55-110 umol/L (10-20 mcg/mL)

amiodarone

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 31 Dec 2015 03:19:19 +0000

amiodarone see also: * pharmacology main index * anti-arrhythmic agents * WH policy - amiodarone infusion (docx) - intranet only introduction: * type 3 V-W anti-arrhythmic agent which also has some noncompetitive alpha adrenergic blockade as well; * commonly used in Rx of many arrhythmias including VT, AF * not compatible with NSaline or heparin actions

amlodipine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 31 Dec 2015 04:29:09 +0000

amlodipine see also: * calcium channel blockers * calcium channel blocker overdose introduction * a dihydropyridine calcium blocking agent * act mainly on arteriolar smooth muscle to reduce peripheral vascular resistance and thus reduces blood pressure * often formulated with other agents such as statins, ACE inhibitors indications *

serum ammonia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 07:09:15 +0000

serum ammonia see also: * hepatic encephalopathy Introduction * ammonia is biosynthesised through normal amino acid metabolism and is important for normal animal acid/base balance but is toxic in high concentrations * ammonia load is increased with high protein intake or GIT bleeding

amoebiasis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 Jul 2024 05:27:49 +0000

amoebiasis see also: * parasites * the febrile returned traveller introduction * infection caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica * usually transmitted by the fecal-oral route * amoebiasis is estimated to cause 70,000 deaths per year world wide * it is often endemic in regions of the world with limited modern sanitation systems, including Mexico, Central America, western South America, South Asia, and western and southern Africa.

amphetamines and related psychostimulant substances

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 22 Dec 2023 10:10:03 +0000

amphetamines and related psychostimulant substances see also: * sympathomimetics; * drug dependency; * Mx of toxicity from amphetamines and related substances * intravenous drug users (IVDU) or injection drug use (IDU) history * Chinese use stimulant ephedra (ma huang) containing the alkaloids ephedrine & pseudoephedrine for over 5000yrs to Rx asthma & URTI. * amphetamine 1st synthesised in Germany in 1887 but not used clinically until 1920's following reduced availability of ephedri…

amyloidosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Aug 2024 06:19:12 +0000

amyloidosis see also: * wikipedia * multiple myeloma * monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS) introduction * a variety of conditions in which amyloid proteins are deposited in tissues. * a protein is described as being amyloid if, due to an alteration in its secondary structure, it takes on a particular aggregated insoluble form similar to the beta-pleated sheet.

anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Jun 2025 01:20:34 +0000

anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) see also: * the swollen joint and its diagnostic workup * systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) introduction * Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are diverse, and some have specific disease associations. Many of the autoimmune diseases are associated with a positive ANA test. A positive ANA is 1 of the 11 criteria used in the diagnosis SLE.

anabolic steroids

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 27 Dec 2025 22:02:07 +0000

anabolic steroids see also: * androgens, testosterone and androgenic effects Introduction * synthetic steroids with high anabolic effect : androgen effect ratio (testosterone is 1:1) * most are 17-alkyl-substituted steroids & thus risk hepatic dysfunction examples: * ethylestrenol (4-8:1)

anaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 13 Mar 2021 23:42:28 +0000

anaemia see also: * iron deficiency anaemia * haemolytic anaemia * thalassemia * blood product transfusions * haematology * RCH guideline - anaemia in children

haemolytic anaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 30 May 2018 04:08:59 +0000

haemolytic anaemia see also: * anaemia introduction * premature destruction of RBC's resulting in anaemia, haemoglobinuria (if occurs when the amount of free hemoglobin released during hemolysis exceeds available haptoglobin), release of LDH, raised indirect bilirubin and urobilinogen and

iron deficiency anaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Jun 2025 07:47:55 +0000

iron deficiency anaemia see also: * anaemia * ferritin * MJA Guidelines - Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anaemia: a clinical update * GP referral of community based patients requiring transfusion at Western Health * Nat. Blood Authority Australia March 2016: Iron product choice and dose calculation for adults (pdf) introduction * always attempt to determine the cause of iron deficiency to ensure underlying malignancy or PU disease is excluded. * recommended daily iron int…

dental anaesthesia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 22 Feb 2009 06:35:06 +0000

dental anaesthesia see also: * local anaesthetic agents * dental injuries maxillary teeth maxillary infiltration * maxillary infiltrations are used to anaesthetise any maxillary teeth * retract lip * inject 2ml of lignocaine with adrenaline using 25G needle at the deepest part of the sulcus directly above the tooth involved with the needle penetrating 2mm deep into the tissues

anaesthetics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Mar 2009 03:21:08 +0000

anaesthetics see also: * rapid sequence induction (RSI) for emergency intubation * history of anaesthesia * medical gases * induction agents * ketamine * propofol * thiopentone * neuro-muscular blockers * suxamethonium * vecuronium * pain, analgesia and analgesics * RCH guideline - paediatric procedural sedation guideline * RCH guideline - procedural pain management * RCH guideline - paediatric analgesia and sedation * RCH guideline - nitrous oxide * sedatives, hypn…

general anaesthesia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Jun 2025 23:07:47 +0000

general anaesthesia see also: * anaesthetics * history of anaesthesia * induction agents for anaesthesia * neuro-muscular blockers traditional stages of anaesthesia * stage of analgesia * no amnesia until late in stage. * stage of excitement * delirium, excited, amnesic, irregular respiration, vomiting, incontinence. * stage of surgical anaesthesia

local anaesthetic agents

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 01 Aug 2013 04:12:29 +0000

local anaesthetic agents see also: * local anaesthesia nerve blocks * anaesthetics * dental anaesthesia * history of anaesthesia * lignocaine * Co-Phenylcaine Forte Spray * remember 1% solution = 10mg/ml * thus for lignocaine, max. s/c dose without adrenaline of 4.5mg/kg for a 20kg child = 9mls (4.5 x 20 / 10) * toxicity may be managed by use of lipid emulsion infusion

pain, analgesia and analgesics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 19 Jul 2017 22:39:17 +0000

pain, analgesia and analgesics see also anaesthetics * paracetamol (acetaminophen) * non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) * opiates and opioids (eg. morphine) * methoxyflurane * neuropathic pain and its Mx * acute pain Mx in drug dependent patients * drug dependency * Australian Prescriber 2011 - analgesics in pregnancy and breastfeeding (pdf) * Use of tramadol in the ED * RCH guideline - paediatric procedural sedation guideline * RCH guideline - paediatric procedural pain…

anal fissure

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 26 Jul 2020 03:07:19 +0000

anal fissure see also: * perianal abscess * perirectal abscess * haemorrhoids * ano-rectal pain * anal fistula / fistula-in-ano * proctitis * PR_exam * Aust Prescr. 2016 Anal fissure Introduction * anal fissure is a common acutely painful condition of the anus * it is usually due to “microtrauma” but may be secondary to other illnesses * most are benign and resolve over a week to 6 weeks but some may become chronic and require surgical intervention

anal fistula / fistula-in-ano

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 23 Sep 2018 23:11:06 +0000

anal fistula / fistula-in-ano see also: * ano-rectal pain * perirectal abscess * skin abscesses * labial abscess / Bartholins abscess * inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Introduction * a fistula with its internal opening in the anal canal and its external opening in the skin near the anus * they originate from the anal glands which are located between the internal and external anal sphincter, and which drain into the anal canal

anaphylaxis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:47:04 +0000

anaphylaxis see also * adrenaline / epinephrine * angioedema * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions * radiologic contrast media precautions and adverse reactions * scombroid histamine food poisoning due to spoiled fish * Aust. Prescriber 2012 - Safe use of adrenaline autoinjectors * Allergy.org.au - action plan for anaphylaxis * in Victoria, all anaphylaxis events are mandatory reporting to DHHS - see Anaphylaxis notifications * in Victoria, allergy events to drugs or blood products…

Anatomy main index

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 23 Sep 2022 09:13:45 +0000

Anatomy main index * autonomic nervous system * Gray's anatomy plates on wikipedia * Youtube videos on anatomy by "The Noted Anatomist" *

Anatomy for clinical radiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 30 Sep 2008 14:08:31 +0000

Anatomy for clinical radiology see also Anatomy main index, radiology

antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Dec 2015 04:31:43 +0000

antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) see also: * vasculitis * complement C3, C4 testing introduction * these antibodies characteristically occur in vasculitic syndromes * occur in more than 90% of patients with systemic Wegener's granulomatosis (with renal or pulmonary involvement, or both), 75% of patients with limited Wegener's granulomatosis (without renal involvement) and 50% of patients with microscopic polyarteritis.

androgens

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 02 Sep 2025 03:31:59 +0000

androgens see also: * oestrogens * progestogens * anabolic steroids * androgen deficiency, the male menopause, etc * 2025: Review article: Testosterone and men's health: An in-depth exploration of their relationship introduction * androgens are substances that directly result in androgenic effects androgenisation may occur via: * increased bioavailable androgen levels: * increased free testosterone: * increased total testosterone:

androgen deficiency

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 02 Sep 2025 03:32:59 +0000

androgen deficiency see also: * androgens * 2025: Review article: Testosterone and men's health: An in-depth exploration of their relationship introduction * clinical picture depends on when the androgen deficiency begins: * pre-pubertal => eunuchoidism * tall (as epiphyses remain open), narrow shoulders, small muscles, adult female body habitus, small genitalia, high-pitched voice, sparse pubic & axillary hair with female pattern

vertebral artery aneurysm

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Apr 2019 00:03:23 +0000

vertebral artery aneurysm see also: * vertebral artery dissection * non-traumatic upper neck pain Introduction * these are rare aneurysms which usually develop intracranially at the junction of the vertebral artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) which account for 0.5-3% of intracranial aneurysms

angina

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 31 Dec 2015 04:15:43 +0000

angina see also: * ischaemic heart disease (IHD) * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED * acute coronary syndromes

angioedema

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 08 Feb 2014 07:01:54 +0000

angioedema see also: * hereditary angioedema (HAE) * anaphylaxis * Emedicine - angioedema * RCH guideline - angioedema - C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency introduction * angioneurotic oedema is the acute swelling of mucosal surfaces due to release of inflammatory mediators * it may be rapidly life threatening if it involves airway structures * most cases are associated with urticaria and are due to

angiostrongyliasis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Jan 2012 23:10:50 +0000

angiostrongyliasis see also: * parasites * travel medicine * meningitis introduction * Angiostrongyliasis is the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis in SE Asia and Pacific Basin. * it is caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, a nematode (roundworm) parasite which resides in pulmonary arteries of rats.

angiotensin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 03:56:40 +0000

angiotensin see also: * renin * aldosterone * ACE inhibitors * renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RAS) image courtesy of wikipedia introduction * angiotensin II is a peptide hormone that produces vasoconstriction, promotes water and salt retention, increased BP, and stimulates release of aldosterone * circulating inactive angiotensinogen is a globulin produced by the liver and converted to inactive angiotensin I by

animal bites in Australia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 03 Jul 2025 00:43:09 +0000

animal bites in Australia see also: * toxins and envenomations * insect bites and stings * marine stings in Australia introduction * ~64% of Australian households have a pet * ~50% of Australians will have an animal bite in their lifetime * ~2% of Australians will be bitten in any one year with 1-2 dying from an animal bite (usually children bitten on head and neck)

anion gap

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 18 Jan 2010 02:44:16 +0000

anion gap see also: * arterial and venous blood gases (ABGs/VBGs) * metabolic acidosis introduction * anion gap is a calculated quantity used to assist in the Dx of metabolic acidosis * anion gap = ( [Na+]+[K+] ) − ( [Cl−]+[HCO3−] ) * the average anion gap for healthy adults is 8-12 mEq/L high anion gap * a high anion gap indicates that there is loss of HCO3− without a concurrent increase in Cl−.

ano-rectal pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 05:22:26 +0000

ano-rectal pain see also: * perianal abscess * perirectal abscess * haemorrhoids * anal fissure * anal fistula / fistula-in-ano * proctitis * PR_exam * BEWARE: severe pain but no local signs may be due to other anorectal abscess sites such as an intersphincteric abscess! Aetiology of ano-rectal pain * thrombosed external haemorrhoid * anal fissure * perianal abscess * perirectal abscess * ischio-rectal abscess

anorexia nervosa

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:46:16 +0000

anorexia nervosa see also: * RCH guideline - anorexia nervosa Introduction * an eating disorder defined by: * persistent energy intake restriction * intense fear of weight gain or persistent behaviour that interferes with weight gain * and a disturbance of body image

anovulation and anovulatory menstrual cycles

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 00:51:11 +0000

anovulation and anovulatory menstrual cycles see also: * gynaecology * menstrual cycle Introduction * anovulatory cycles are common and have many causes and many clinical consequences due to failure of the high-fertility phase of ovulation, the typical “peak” in libido and cervical mucus changes (lubrication), failure to create a corpus luteum which would normally produce progesterone and either low oestrogen or unopposed high oestrogen

anti-androgens

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Dec 2017 04:49:18 +0000

anti-androgens see also androgens; androgen deficiency Introduction * anti-androgens have differing extent of actions depending on level of action: * GnRH agonists that block LH secretion: * by providing continuous rather than pulsatile activity, these agents lower LH secretion, & although lower testosterone levels by 90% at 1 month, they often transiently increase levels initially

anti-arrhythmic agents

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 31 Oct 2013 02:34:49 +0000

anti-arrhythmic agents see also: * pharmacology main index * cardiology * History of anti-arrhythmic agents * cardiac arrhythmias * Paediatric Resuscitation Drugs Vaughan-Williams Classification of Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs: * 1st proposed in 1970 Class I: Na channel blockade A: Prolong AP Duration & thus QRS, QTc & thus tend to cause torsades de pointes in toxicity

antibiotics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 22 Feb 2026 04:14:00 +0000

antibiotics see also: * clinically important bacteria * penicillins * cephalosporins * tetracycline antibiotics * macrolide antibiotics * aminoglycoside antibiotics * flouroquinolone antibiotics * antibiotics used to treat TB * antibiotics for Rx of Staph. aureus * Urinary Antiseptics * antibiotic doses for peritoneal dialysis patients * antibiotic resistance * RCH guidelines - antibiotics beta lactam ring antibiotics: * These drugs attack the bacterial cell wall with bacterici…

antibiotics for Rx of Staph. aureus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 02:59:55 +0000

antibiotics for Rx of Staph. aureus see also: * antibiotics * staphylococcus * wikipedia - MRSA non-MRSA organisms beta lactamase resistant penicillins * flucloxacillin * dicloxacillin * methicillin * penicillins combined with beta lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam

antibiotics used to treat TB

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 28 Jun 2023 22:47:12 +0000

antibiotics used to treat TB see also: * tuberculosis (TB) * antibiotics Isoniazid * a hydrazide of isonicotinic acid, discovered in 1945 after nicotinamide shown to have anti-TB action * remarkably selective for TB, and is the primary drug used in Rx of TB * bacteriostatic for resting bacteria but bactericidal for rapidly dividing bacteria

antibiotic resistance

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 10 Jul 2019 00:44:56 +0000

antibiotic resistance see also: * antibiotics * clinically important bacteria * Australia's National Alert System for Critical Antimicrobial Resistances: CARAlert * the Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) website * Australian Prescriber 2004: Antibiotic prescribing: how can emergence of antibiotic resistance be delayed? * WHO main page on drug resistance * WHO report 2014 (pdf) introduction * whenever antibiotics are used, this puts biological pressure on bacteria th…

anti-muscarinic anticholinergic agents

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 02 Aug 2019 03:45:20 +0000

anti-muscarinic anticholinergic agents see also: * pharmacology main index * parasympathetics - the actions of muscarinic receptors Summary of anticholinergic effects: * mydriasis, cycloplegia, tachycardia, antispasmodic GIT; * dry mouth, decr. fasting gastric acid secretion; decr. motility; * dilates pelves, calyces, ureters, bladder;

anticoagulants

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 03 Nov 2022 05:06:47 +0000

anticoagulants see also: * pharmacology main index * historical perspectives * warfarin * heparin * enoxaparin (Clexane) * General anticoagulation guidelines * antithrombotic Rx for prevention of stroke * Mx of lower limb DVT * atrial fibrillation * anticoagulation * RCH guidelines - anticoagulation therapy in children traditional oral anticoagulants Mechanism of action: * orally active agents that block the reductive re-activation of vitamin K epoxide back to its active hydroqu…

general anticoagulation guidelines

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 26 Aug 2014 12:50:22 +0000

general anticoagulation guidelines see also: * anticoagulants * antithrombotic Rx for prevention of stroke * Mx of PE * Mx of excessive anticoagulation, high INR, or bleeding on warfarin Rx derived from: Western Health guidelines on warfarin Rx (pdf) - only available within WH intranet Before initiating warfarin Rx * consider if the benefits of anticoagulation outweigh its risks, such as bleeding, for each patient *

anticoagulation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 May 2014 05:48:41 +0000

anticoagulation see anticoagulants

anticonvulsants

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 30 Jan 2026 04:07:00 +0000

anticonvulsants see also: * seizures and Mx * pharmacology main index * RCH therapeutic drug level monitoring guidelines (pdf) * anticonvulsant overdose/poisoning General Mx principles weaning anticonvulsants * withdrawal of anticonvulsant Rx in seizure-free patients missed tablets: * in general, if it is time for next dose within next 4hours, skip the missed dose & take next dose when it is due, otherwise take the missed tablet

antidepressants

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 05 Mar 2015 23:40:08 +0000

antidepressants see also: * SSRI/SNRI antidepressants * tricyclic antidepressants * tetracyclics * monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) * depression * psychiatry and mental health * pharmacology main index * tricyclic antidepressant overdose * 2015 Brain Resource Depression Treatment Test: choosing the best antidepressant via patient questionnaire Other references * Aust Presc 2007 - Antidepressants in pregnancy and breastfeeding

anti-emetics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Jan 2017 23:06:48 +0000

anti-emetics see also: * vomiting / emesis * metoclopramide (Maxolon) * ondansetron * prochlorperazine (Stemetil) * domperidone (Motilium) * antiemetics appear to be only marginally better than iv N Saline placebo for ED patients excluding those with hyperemesis gravidarum, chemotherapy, or vertigo aetiologies metoclopramide (Maxolon) * metoclopramide should not be used in children as the risk of dystonic reactions such as oculogyric crises is high.

antifungal agents

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Feb 2026 10:53:18 +0000

antifungal agents see also: * fungi * tinea fungal infections * antibiotics introduction * oral antifungals other than nystatin generally have potentially serious adverse effects and important drug interactions. * reserve these antifungals for: * widespread or chronic, mycologically confirmed superficial fungal infection not responding to repeated topical Rx

antihistamines (H1)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 26 Mar 2023 07:46:08 +0000

antihistamines (H1) see also: * histamine physiology, receptors and antihistamines * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions * H2-type antihistamines introduction * 1st discovered 1937 but useful ones in 1950; * The “classical” antihistamines have similar activity: * decr. most smooth muscle response to histamine; * decr. rapid vasodilatory action via endoth.cells;

H2-type antihistamines

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 01 May 2012 06:58:30 +0000

H2-type antihistamines see also: * histamine physiology, receptors and antihistamines * PU introduction * H2 receptor antagonists are primarily used to reduce gastric acid secretion in the Rx of PU and gastritis cimetidine ranitidine

antihypertensives

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 02:41:16 +0000

antihypertensives see also: * hypertension introduction * the main groups of antihypertensive agents are: * vasodilators: * direct acting such as calcium channel blockers, hydralazine, sodium nitroprusside, potassium channel agents such as minoxidil, diazoxide and nicorandil * indirect acting such as clonidine (Catapres), methyldopa, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) *

antioestrogens

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 09 Jun 2019 01:51:19 +0000

antioestrogens see also: * oestrogens * tamoxifen * antiprogestogens Introduction

antiplatelet agents

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 16 Dec 2014 05:23:11 +0000

antiplatelet agents see also: * anticoagulants * antithrombotic Rx for prevention of stroke * Mx of possible acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation (NSTEACS) * acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) aspirin * see aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) (acetylsalicylic acid) * It inhibits platelets by irreversibly covalently acetylating the active site of cyclooxygenase which is the enzyme that produces the cyclic endoperoxide precursor of thromboxane A2.

antiprogestogens

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 11 Sep 2013 08:33:00 +0000

antiprogestogens see also: * progestogens introduction * progesterone receptor antagonists used to induce miscarriage mifepristone * RU486 or mifepristone is a progestogen receptor antagonist which can induce abortion, causes dilatation of the cervix, and increases sensitivity of the myometrium to prostaglandins

anti-psychotic medications

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 01 Oct 2017 11:52:15 +0000

anti-psychotic medications see also: * psychiatry and mental health * bipolar disorder * schizophrenia * Aust Prescr 2007 - Antipsychotic drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding introduction: * reserpine & chlorpromazine (Largactil) were the 1st drugs used in schizophrenia, but their use has been superseded by newer drugs. * like tricyclic antidepressants, in general, major tranquillisers have similar P/K characteristics:

antiretroviral agents

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 30 Dec 2011 04:44:36 +0000

antiretroviral agents see also: * viruses * HIV / AIDS * Aust Presc 2008 - HIV fusion inhibitors: a review * Aust Presc 2005 - New developments in antiretroviral Rx in HIV

antitussive cough medications

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 11 Apr 2023 06:33:55 +0000

antitussive cough medications see also: * pholcodine - withdrawn in 2023 * codeine Introduction * antitussives are used to suppress non-productive coughs

antiviral agents

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 30 Dec 2011 04:43:42 +0000

antiviral agents see also: * viruses * HIV / AIDS * Herpes simplex virus (HSV) * varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox/shingles) * meningitis herpes virus and varicella virus antiviral agents * aciclovir and related antivirals (famciclovir, valaciclovir) * famciclovir * valaciclovir HIV antiviral agents * see antiretroviral agents

the patient unable to pass urine (anuria)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 10 Aug 2016 08:12:12 +0000

the patient unable to pass urine (anuria) see also: * urology * acute urinary retention * acute kidney injury (AKI) / acute renal failure (ARF) * the shocked hypotensive patient introduction * inability to pass urine is a common ED presentation, and as with renal failure falls into 3 main categories: * acute urinary retention * pre-renal causes such as the shocked hypotensive patient * renal causes (

anxiety disorders, panic attacks, hyperventilation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 14 Nov 2025 11:05:13 +0000

anxiety disorders, panic attacks, hyperventilation see also: * stress * psychiatry and mental health introduction * all people have periods of anxiety * it may become troublesome and regarded as a disorder if it becomes persistent, or is out of proportion to what would be expected and interferes with functioning.

aortic dissection

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 23 Aug 2022 07:09:21 +0000

aortic dissection see also: * chest pain in the ED; * ADD - an aortic dissection risk assessment tool * Features and diagnosis of aortic dissection * AFTB lecture notes - aortic dissection management in the ED: * mortality in 1st 24-48hrs is 1-2% per hour * all pts with suspected dissection should have careful monitoring of: * ECG * BP - preferably with arterial line * urine output

D-Dimer and aortic dissection

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 04 Sep 2017 07:43:01 +0000

D-Dimer and aortic dissection see also: * aortic dissection * aortic dissection features and diagnosis * ADD - an aortic dissection risk assessment tool Introduction * D-Dimer is usually elevated in acute cases of aortic dissection with 91-97% sensitivity but is poorly specific, and not sufficiently sensitive that a negative D-Dimer will exclude dissection in those with high risk features, but

aortic dissection features and diagnosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 11 Oct 2025 01:24:31 +0000

aortic dissection features and diagnosis see also: * ADD - an aortic dissection risk assessment tool * Mx of aortic dissection * chest pain in the ED * EMedicine historical perspective: * in 1761, Nicholls described aortic dissection in an autopsy on the body of Kng George II of England, who is reported to have died straining at stool.

thoracic aortic aneurysm

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Dec 2023 23:02:37 +0000

thoracic aortic aneurysm see also: * vascular surgery * aortic dissection * abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) * ANZSVS patient information on TAAs and AAAs Introduction * aneurysm of the thoracic aorta is much less common than abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and mainly occurs in those over the age of 60 yrs, although may occur in patients younger than 40yrs if they have a predisposing condition

ADD - an aortic dissection risk assessment tool

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 Sep 2024 13:12:16 +0000

ADD - an aortic dissection risk assessment tool see also: * aortic dissection * aortic dissection features and diagnosis * D-Dimer and aortic dissection * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED * there are no prospectively tested rules to risk stratify chest pain for the risk of dissecting aortic aneurysm * the ADD score is unlikely to be a useful tool in the ED given its very low specificity although a negative D-Dimer does make this tool much more useful for those with score…

aortic stenosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 26 Jun 2025 01:05:37 +0000

aortic stenosis see also: * left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) * valvular_heart_disease Introduction * this condition mainly presents in the elderly and is the most common heart valve disease in the elderly * those with calcified biscuspid valves which accounts for 30-40% of cases, often present at age 40-60yrs

thrombosis of the aorta

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 12 Apr 2023 06:26:41 +0000

thrombosis of the aorta see also: * peripheral vascular disease (PVD or PAD) * aortic dissection * abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) * vascular surgery Introduction * acute occlusion of the aorta by thrombosis is a rare life threatening event causing severe distal ischaemia (eg. acute limb ischaemia and renal infarct / infarction) and high risk of distal emboli * chronic complete occlusions of a AAA are rare but may be asymptomatic

apixaban

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 04:56:03 +0000

apixaban see also: * anticoagulants * rivaroxaban introduction * a trial of the new oral factor Xa inhibitor, apixaban showed that it reduced stroke risk by more than 50% when compared to aspirin alone (3.4% per year on aspirin, 1.6% per year on apixaban), whilst increasing risk of major bleeding from 1.2% per year on aspirin to 1.4% per year on apixaban 5mg bd

aplastic anaemia / pancytopenia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 24 Mar 2024 13:21:50 +0000

aplastic anaemia / pancytopenia see also: * haematology * neutropenia Introduction * aplastic anaemia is an auto-immune, rare (1-4 per million population) life threatening disorder in which the stem cells in bone marrow are destroyed leading to severe anaemia, thrombocytopenia and agranulocytosis (ie. pancytopenia)

acute pulmonary oedema (APO)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Jun 2014 08:13:01 +0000

acute pulmonary oedema (APO) see also: * cardiology * congestive cardiac failure * Mx of the wheezy elderly patient - acute pulmonary oedema versus asthma * AFTB lectures - APO * non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) Rx aims * improve cardiac function: * correct hypoxaemia * supplemental oxygen * correct acute respiratory failure * promote coronary blood flow * reduce LV diastolic pressure via:

Mx of the wheezy elderly patient - acute pulmonary oedema versus asthma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 15 Jul 2009 05:08:53 +0000

Mx of the wheezy elderly patient - acute pulmonary oedema versus asthma see also: * cardiology * acute pulmonary oedema (APO) * asthma Introduction * the undifferentiated acutely short of breath elderly patient with a wheeze is a common problem in the ED * whilst many patients will be able to be rapidly placed into a diagnostic category based on PH, other clinical features which allows targeted acute Rx, in many, the cause of the acute SOB is often not initially clear and a

appendiceal faecoliths

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 22 Jan 2019 05:40:17 +0000

appendiceal faecoliths see also: * the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED * appendicitis * general surgery Introduction * appendicitis is mainly a disease of Western societies with lower fibre diets which result in harder, drier stools and is rare in traditionally living Africans and Indians. * it is thought that obstructing faecoliths may be an aetiologic factor especially in children although some studies appear to refute this

appendicitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 21 Jan 2019 01:43:35 +0000

appendicitis see also: * the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED * appendiceal faecoliths * general surgery clinical features * pain initially epigastric and migrated to RIF with anorexia, nausea +/- low grade fever * max. tenderness over McBurney's point * +/- Rovsing's sign - rebound tenderness LIF * +/- psoas sign (pain on passive extension of the right hip) - esp. likely in retrocaecal appendicitis

Airway Pressure Release Ventilation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 05 Jan 2021 13:15:15 +0000

Airway Pressure Release Ventilation see also: * assisted ventilation Why learn about APRV? Airway Pressure Release Ventilation is easy to set up and comfortable for patients. There is some research to show that it reduces alveolar inflammation and progression to lung injury for mechanically ventilated patients. The mechanisms behind Ventilator Induced Lung Injury (VILI) are still being studied. APRV appears beneficial due to decreased atelectatrauma.

activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 01 Sep 2009 04:45:46 +0000

activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) see also: * anticoagulants * INR introduction * the APTT test measures the overall activity of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. * performed by warming a thromboplastin reagent that contains phospholipid with an aliquot of the patient's plasma, and then recalcifying this mixture after a set incubation period.

arachnoid cysts

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 08 Jan 2026 21:59:38 +0000

arachnoid cysts see also: * CT brain Introduction * arachnoid cysts are incidental findings on CT brain or MRI scans of the brain * prevalence is ~1.4% * rarely they may be symptomatic - usually in childhood * they are thought to arise from a congenital splitting of the arachnoid layer and thus form very thinly lined cystic spaces which are filled with CSF

angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 01:53:24 +0000

angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) see also: * ACE inhibitors * antihypertensives * hypertension * angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) Introduction * ARBs were developed to address the issue that some patients taking ACE inhibitors developed bradykinin-mediated angioedema or cough * ACE inhibitors act by blocking the formation of angiotensin II whereas ARBs act by blocking the actions of angiotensin II

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 10 Jun 2020 11:25:16 +0000

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) see also: * respiratory medicine * ARDSnet.org * Chestnet.org - Pulmonary complications of blast injury and its Mx mechanical ventilation in ARDS "APRV" * international research to suggest early use of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV) may decrease atelectatrauma and ventilator induced lung injury (VILI)

acute kidney injury (AKI) / acute renal failure (ARF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 12 Jul 2023 01:53:18 +0000

acute kidney injury (AKI) / acute renal failure (ARF) see also: * renal medicine (nephrology) * chronic renal failure * pathology tests - urea and creatinine * urinalysis introduction * ARF is a common finding in the ED patient and one of the clinician's tasks is to decide on whether it is pre-renal, renal or post-renal. * exclusion of urinary retention by checking with a bladder scanner is a simple first step

angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 02:42:55 +0000

angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) see also: * congestive cardiac failure * hypertension * angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) * hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blockers Introduction * angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) are a new class of cardiovascular agents characterized by their dual action on the major regulators of the cardiovascular system, including the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and the natriuretic peptid…

cardiac arrhythmias

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 09 Sep 2023 08:10:59 +0000

cardiac arrhythmias see also: * choking / respiratory arrest / cardiac arrest / BLS / ALS / CPR * cardiology * palpitations * anti-arrhythmic agents * Paediatric Resuscitation Drugs * basics of the ECG * hypokalaemia * hyperkalaemia * LITFL - ECG rhythms arrhythmias * Narrow Complex Tachycardias Mx and DDx * Broad Complex Tachycardias Mx and DDx * AV block * Bradycardia * sinus tachycardia * Supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) * Pre-excitation syndromes such as WPW * …

artemether /lumefantrine anti-malarial

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:48:02 +0000

artemether /lumefantrine anti-malarial see also: * malaria introduction * artemether is an anti-malarial usually combined with lumefantrine (marketed as Riamet) * this combination is the 1st line Rx in 2015 for uncomplicated falciparum malaria and for vivax acquired in Indonesia

arthritis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Dec 2015 04:17:33 +0000

arthritis see also: * arthritis - clinical patterns * rheumatoid arthritis * the swollen joint and its diagnostic workup * rheumatology

extra-articular clinical features of rheumatologic conditions

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 13 Jul 2019 17:12:24 +0000

extra-articular clinical features of rheumatologic conditions see also: * rheumatology introduction * see also arthritis - clinical patterns for more details on patterns of disease in arthritis * the following is a quick aide memoire of the common conditions which cause joint swelling and some of their extra-articular manifestations which may provide clues to the diagnosis.

assessment of joint function and arthritis severity

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Sep 2009 09:39:15 +0000

assessment of joint function and arthritis severity see also: * rheumatology * the swollen joint and its diagnostic workup assessment of joint function modified ARA criteria: * ARA I: * normal joint function = no disease * ARA II: * adequate function despite symptoms = early disease * ARA III:

arthritis - clinical patterns

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 23 Feb 2025 00:34:09 +0000

arthritis - clinical patterns see also: * rheumatology * back pain in the ED * the swollen joint and its diagnostic workup * assessment of joint function and arthritis severity * extra-articular clinical features of rheumatologic conditions introduction * the patient with joint pain needs to be carefully evaluated to determine the most likely cause * is it a single joint involvement or multiple joints, and if so, what is the pattern of joint involvement?

reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Oct 2013 02:50:53 +0000

reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome) see also: * arthritis - clinical patterns * spondyloarthopathies * uveitis introduction * reactive arthritis refers to an acute inflammatory aseptic arthritis complicating an infection elsewhere in the body. * 60-85% of patients are HLA-B27 positive * Reiter's syndrome was a term used to describe a subset of these patients who developed:

septic arthritis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 26 Mar 2018 06:06:22 +0000

septic arthritis see also: * osteomyelitis * the swollen joint and its diagnostic workup * Phong Tran's website - septic arthritis Introduction * septic arthritis is one of those diagnoses you do not want to miss * delay in diagnosis may cause joint damage as well as life threatening sepsis / septicaemia * unfortunately, many other conditions cause a hot, swollen joint, and some with associated fevers

The art of being an ED doctor

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 19 Dec 2008 09:04:45 +0000

The art of being an ED doctor see also: * How to break bad news - by Doc Gurley * thoughts of the cardiac arrest team leader - by the Happy Hospitalist

Arrythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia (ARVD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 10 Apr 2017 00:57:56 +0000

Arrythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia (ARVD) see also: * syncope / near syncope * patterns of ECGs Introduction * genetic disease of desmosome dysfunction resulting in the progressive replacement of the RV myocardium by fatty fibrous tissue which slows cardiac impulse conduction through the RV

ankylosing spondylitis (AS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Mar 2024 14:15:57 +0000

ankylosing spondylitis (AS) see also: * connective tissue (CT) disorders * arthritis - clinical patterns * spondyloarthopathies * back pain in the ED * wikipedia introduction * one of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies with a strong genetic predisposition which appears to relate to the ARTS1 and IL23R genes in addition to HLA-B27 * elevated KIR2DS5 gene expression inhibits the development of endometriosis, AS and psoriasis

ascites

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 17 Aug 2013 14:32:32 +0000

ascites see also gastroenterology, cirrhosis Pathogenesis * usually transudative due to either: * elevated portal venous pressures * hypoalbuminaemia * enhanced renal retention of sodium * uncommonly, it is exudative as in: * spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) * neoplasia / cancer / tumours such as: * hepatocellular carcinoma * peritoneal carcinomatosis

aseptic non-touch technique (ANTT)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 22 Jun 2023 05:22:20 +0000

aseptic non-touch technique (ANTT) see also: * clinically important bacteria * hand hygiene for health workers * prevention of infection in healthcare - standard precautions * sterilisation * fire and emergency procedures introduction * aseptic non-touch technique is critical in reducing risk of iatrogenic infections in healthcare WHO Five Moments of hand hygiene * before attending to a patient *

African swine fever virus (ASFV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 05 Jun 2025 00:49:37 +0000

African swine fever virus (ASFV) see also: * viruses Introduction * African Swine Fever virus is a highly virulent DNA virus that causes a severe hemorrhagic disease of the same name affecting both domestic pigs and wild boars with high mortality rates

Asperger's syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 02 Sep 2012 09:12:30 +0000

Asperger's syndrome see also: * autism spectrum disorder (ASD) * attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) introduction * a developmental disorder which in DSM V will be included with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as it is difficult to distinguish from high-functioning autism (HFA) * the Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger in 1944 studied and described children in his practice who:

Aspergillosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Aug 2025 08:27:20 +0000

Aspergillosis see also: * fungi * aspergillus Introduction * a fungal pulmonary infection caused by aspergillus - 90% are due to Aspergillus fumigatus which may have a symbiotic mycovirus which enables it to survive in mammalian lungs * it is caused by inhalation of spores from soil and mainly occurs in immunocompromised people

aspergillus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Aug 2025 08:22:59 +0000

aspergillus see also: * fungi * Aspergillosis Introduction * the aspergillus family of fungi are very common in soils and on plants * inhalation of soil is common but in those with weakened immune systems (including those with severe COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), immunodeficiencies, etc), it may cause pulmonary aspergillomas or

aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 24 Jan 2013 00:26:30 +0000

aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) see also: * pain, analgesia and analgesics * antiplatelet agents introduction * aspirin has analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory activity (similar to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)), as well as prolonged anti-platelet activity * hypersensitivity reactions, particularly bronchospasm, may occur, particularly in those with asthma.

asthma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 26 Feb 2024 09:05:52 +0000

asthma see also: * paediatric asthma * acute asthma in the adult patient * thunderstorm asthma * beta 2 adrenergic agonists * Mx of the wheezy elderly patient - acute pulmonary oedema versus asthma * AFTB's lecture notes - Mx of acute asthma diagnosis in adults * Spirometry is the preferred initial test to assess the presence and severity of airflow obstruction * PEFR testing: PEF should be recorded as the best of three forced expiratory blows from total lung capacity with a maximum …

acute asthma in the adult patient

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 22 Apr 2024 12:39:13 +0000

acute asthma in the adult patient see also: * paediatric asthma * asthma * beta 2 adrenergic agonists * Mx of the wheezy elderly patient - acute pulmonary oedema versus asthma * AFTB's lecture notes - Mx of acute asthma introduction * most patients who die from asthma have chronic severe asthma * a minority who die from asthma have mild-mod chronic symptoms and develop a sudden severe attack * some die following inappropriate prescribing of

paediatric asthma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 28 Jul 2022 22:34:15 +0000

paediatric asthma see also: * paediatric emergency medicine * asthma * Mx of critically severe paediatric asthma * asthma science patient information sheets * RCH - asthma (pdf) * RCH - use of spacers (pdf) * Vic DHS - paediatric asthma (pdf) mild asthma * SaO2 > 95% in room air on arrival to ED * normal mental state and minimal if any recession or use of accessory muscles * able to talk normally Mx in ED

Mx of critically severe paediatric asthma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 07 Jan 2020 02:47:29 +0000

Mx of critically severe paediatric asthma see also: * Mx of less severe asthma initial management * oxygen to maintain SaO2 > 92% * use high flow intranasal oxygen if needed * contact senior staff ASAP and move patient to a resuscitation cubicle * continuous salbutamol nebulisers

asthma science

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 23 Oct 2023 23:16:05 +0000

asthma science see also: * paediatric emergency medicine * asthma * Mx of critically severe paediatric asthma * paediatric asthma * immunology * adaptive immunity Risk factors for developing asthma * exposure to antibiotics in infancy appears to be a causal factor * potential role of antibiotic effect upon GIT microbiome and the change in development of the immune system

thunderstorm asthma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 16 Apr 2021 07:52:32 +0000

thunderstorm asthma see also: * asthma * allergens * Victorian Thunderstorm asthma forecast risk level and grass pollen counts * Vic Govt funding new research Feb 2017 * The Age: Feb 2017 reporting the Vic Govt's report on the Nov 2016 event * Vic Better Health patient information on thunderstorm asthma * Vic Govt public awareness toolkit * Vic Govt Thunderstorm Asthma webpage Introduction * Thunderstorms may induce a sudden region wide increase in acute asthma in people with a hist…

medical or mental health care for refugees and asylum seekers in western Melbourne

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 30 Sep 2015 08:51:10 +0000

medical or mental health care for refugees and asylum seekers in western Melbourne see also: * psychiatry and mental health mental health referral options * mental health crisis: * as per usual mental health patients * RCH mental Health services for children up to 15yrs - Flemington, Sunshine and Hoppers Crossing ph: 1800 44 55 11

ataxia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 16 Sep 2018 09:38:19 +0000

ataxia see also: * neurology * examination of cranial nerves * ataxia * stroke (CVA) * transient ischaemic attack (TIA) * vertigo - peripheral vs central Introduction * ataxia is the inability to maintain motor coordination and this may be: * gait - which could be unilateral disturbance * speech * ocular movements * normal balance requires at least two of the following sensory inputs to be functional:

atenolol (Tenormin)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Feb 2009 10:06:08 +0000

atenolol (Tenormin) see also beta adrenergic blockers, hypertension, angina * MIMS Introduction: * atenolol is a “cardioselective” beta adrenergic blocker with primarily beta 1 blockade but with some beta 2 blockade (hence use with care in asthmatics). * half life ~6h * duration of action ~24h

atherosclerosis and primary prevention

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Mar 2026 21:41:04 +0000

atherosclerosis and primary prevention see also: * cardiology * ischaemic heart disease (IHD) * risk factors and molecular genetics of atherosclerosis * pathophysiology of atherosclerosis Source: JAHA 2026: Sex Differences in Age of Onset of Premature Cardiovascular Disease and Subtypes: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study via Primary prevention: dental care * …

atherosclerosis - pathophysiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 09:05:27 +0000

atherosclerosis - pathophysiology see also: * atherosclerosis and primary prevention; * risk factors and molecular genetics of atherosclerosis Pathophysiology: * in 2017, the inflammation hypothesis of atherothrombosis was proven with the 10 000-participant CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti-Inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study) in which targeting IL-1b significantly lowered major cardiovascular events rates in the absence of any effect on cholesterol, blood pressure, or coagulation, and the mag…

atherosclerosis - risk factors and molecular genetics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 02:13:00 +0000

atherosclerosis - risk factors and molecular genetics see also: * atherosclerosis and primary prevention; * pathophysiology of atherosclerosis Risk Factors: major risk factors: chronic low grade inflammation * the increase in risk per SD of inflammation measured either by hsCRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) or IL-6 consistently exceeded that of a 1-SD increase in cholesterol or blood pressure

Sydney funnel web spider bites (Atraxis)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 19 Feb 2021 00:35:13 +0000

Sydney funnel web spider bites (Atraxis) see also: * toxinology * redback spider bites * spider bites in Australia * * NSW Health guideline Introduction * Australian funnel-web spiders belong to two genera of the family Hexathelidae: Hadronyche and Atrax. * They are medium to large spiders; generally b…

atropine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Aug 2011 11:36:44 +0000

atropine see also anti-muscarinic anticholinergic agents History: * alkaloid from the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) & in Jimson weed plant (Datura stramonium) & other of genus Solanaceae; * Was used by ancient Hindus, Roman Empire, etc. as poison; * Used by Italian women to dilate eyes

autacoids

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 11 Sep 2013 08:41:52 +0000

autacoids see also physiology main index introduction: * autacoids are substances with diverse physiological & pharmacological activities which are grouped together mainly as they participate in physiological & pathophysiological responses to injury. * they cannot be classed as hormones or neurotransmitters & as they usually have a brief lifetime & act near their sites of synthesis, they are often described as local hormones, but true hormones reach their site of action via the bloodstream …

Help for Authors

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 22 Apr 2010 02:11:48 +0000

Help for Authors Only authorised users are permitted to update or create Wiki pages. If you wish to become an author * first register yourself as a user on the wiki by clicking on the Login button at top left then click on Register * please contact the webmaster via email Gary.Ayton at wh.org.au so he can grant you author status as default registered users can still only just have read access until they are approved to be authors - ie. you must give evidence that you are an ACEM fellow or …

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 05 Sep 2012 05:34:51 +0000

autism spectrum disorder (ASD) see also: * Asperger's syndrome * attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) * comparison of developmental disorders affecting social development introduction * autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a range of severities of childhood development disorders, in particular, deficits in non-verbal communication skills and impaired social interaction

autoimmune disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 28 Aug 2025 23:00:53 +0000

autoimmune disease see also: * adaptive immunity * immunology Introduction * most autoimmune diseases are due to cell-type selective cell destruction due to antibodies produced from B cells binding those cells and making them a target for T cell mediated destruction *

plain abdominal X-ray (AXR)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 06:49:31 +0000

plain abdominal X-ray (AXR) see also: * radiology * the chest X-ray (CXR) * the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED introduction * plain AXR is generally avoided unless there is a specific indication which outweighs the radiation risks given the radiation dose is equivalent to ~ 20 chest XRays * when looking for

azathioprine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Apr 2011 04:01:31 +0000

azathioprine see also: * pharmacology main index * immunosuppressants * Crohn's disease introduction * azathioprine (Imuran) is a imidazole 6-mercaptupurine derivative immunosuppressant. uses * Crohn's disease * transplant recipients * severe RA * systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) * dermatomyositis * autoimmune chronic active hepatitis * pemphigus vulgaris * polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) * autoimmune haemolytic anaemia * chronic refractory ITP adverse effects

azithromycin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 06 Jun 2015 07:58:28 +0000

azithromycin see also: * macrolide antibiotics introduction * azithromycin is a broad spectrum antibiotic which acts by inhibition of protein synthesis in bacteria by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing translocation of peptides. * it is the first of a class of antibiotics designated chemically as azalides, a subclass of

back pain in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:41:29 +0000

back pain in the ED see also: * analgesics, drug dependent patients * orthopaedics in the ED * abdominal pain in the ED * the lumbosacral spine Xray * RANZCR Choosing Wisely for radiology investigations for low back pain * NB. these guidelines may apply to primary care cohorts but may NOT apply to ED cohorts where there are higher pre-test probabilities of serious pathology! * Safer Care Vic: patient info sheet low back pain (pdf) introduction: * back pain can be a very deceptiv…

The adolescent with back pain in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 20 Dec 2016 06:23:07 +0000

The adolescent with back pain in the ED first read: back pain in the ED see also: orthopaedics in the ED; paediatric emergency medicine Adolescent with back pain aetiology: * traumatic: * muscle strain or tendinitis * crush fracture Tx vertebrae from compressive injury or hyperflexion injury (eg. fall from pushbike over handlebars onto head or fall from height onto feet)

The adult with back pain in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:40:51 +0000

The adult with back pain in the ED first read back pain in the ED see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * analgesics * sensory & motor testing including dermatomes, myotomes, reflexes, coordination & balance * groin pain * buttock pain * RANZCR Choosing Wisely for radiology investigations for low back pain * NB. these guidelines may apply to primary care cohorts but may NOT apply to ED cohorts where there are higher pre-test probabilities of serious pathology! *

The elderly patient with back pain in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 05 Nov 2008 01:40:30 +0000

The elderly patient with back pain in the ED first read: back pain in the ED see also orthopaedics in the ED Mx of the elderly: aetiology: * pyelonephritis * renal colic * abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) * dissection thoracic aorta (usually have chest pain => back with PH hypertension) * crush fracture Tx/Lx spine * metastatic pathologic fractures

mechanical musculo-skeletal lower back pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 28 Jan 2016 14:16:23 +0000

mechanical musculo-skeletal lower back pain see also: * sciatica * back pain in the ED * spondylolisthesis other references * avoiding over-arching of lumbar spine to prevent postural low back pain

acute thoracic back pain in the adult

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 23 Jul 2024 13:39:53 +0000

acute thoracic back pain in the adult see also: * back pain in the ED * see also interscapular thoracic back pain introduction: * back pain can be a very deceptive presentation, all too easily put down to muscle strain while missing potentially time critical diagnoses. * watch for red flags in the presentation and specifically search for and exclude the main differentials.

clinically important bacteria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 28 Sep 2025 07:43:28 +0000

clinically important bacteria see also: * microbiology * aseptic non-touch technique (ANTT) * a brief taxonomy of bacteria * antibiotics * taxonomy of bacteria on wikipedia clinical classification of bacteria Gram -ve rods: * mainly belong to Enterobacteriaceae family & are non-fastidious, facultative anaerobes with fermentative metabolism, oxidase negative, bile tolerant, & if motile then have peritrichous flagella

carbapenemase producing or resistant enterobacteriaceae (CPE/CRE)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 06 Jan 2016 07:35:52 +0000

carbapenemase producing or resistant enterobacteriaceae (CPE/CRE) see also: * clinically important bacteria introduction * enterobacteriaceae are fermentative, non-fastidious, oxidase negative, facultative anaerobic, Gram -ve rods * since 2012, an increasing number of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae have been identified in Victoria

bacterial defence mechanisms

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 11 Jan 2025 09:26:25 +0000

bacterial defence mechanisms see also: * clinically important bacteria Introduction Bacterial cell wall * bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycans made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by unusual peptides containing D-amino acids, and have the following functions:

a brief taxonomy of bacteria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 14 Dec 2023 01:55:17 +0000

a brief taxonomy of bacteria see also: * clinically important bacteria * bacterial defence mechanisms introduction * bacteria were the earliest forms of prokaryotes (organisms that lack a cell nucleus), it is thought the first to evolve were the Gram +ve bacteria (these do not have a bacterial outer membrane), then the Gram -ves (which do have an outer membrane).

barbiturates

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Mar 2009 05:28:30 +0000

barbiturates see also sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, induction agents for anaesthesia, pharmacology main index Introduction: * Introduced in 1903. * Meprobomate was introduced in 1954 as a nonbarbiturate sedative lacking the disadvantages of the older drugs. It turned out to have more similarities than differences from barbiturates.

the bariatric patient in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 19 Aug 2019 07:59:08 +0000

the bariatric patient in the ED see also: * obesity and weight management * the obese patient in the ED * all major Australian hospitals should have bariatric facilities and procedures to safely manage these patients, although they will have restrictions on capacity for radiologic imaging * WH procedures (intranet only):

Barmah Forest virus (BFV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 09 Dec 2022 00:10:26 +0000

Barmah Forest virus (BFV) see also: * zoonoses * Ross River virus (RRV) * Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) * Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) * Introduction * a mosquito-borne viral infection which causes epidemic polyarthritis with very similar clinical features to Ross River virus (RRV) * a member of the alphavirus genus of viruses which also includes Ross River, Sindbis and Chikungunya virus

Bartonella

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 17 Jul 2020 09:00:04 +0000

Bartonella see also: * cat scratch disease Introduction * Bartonella is a genus of Gram negative facultative intracellular bacteria * Bartonella species are transmitted to humans and other mammals (which are its main reservoirs) by vectors such as ticks, fleas, sand flies, and mosquitoes.

basophilopenia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 12 Aug 2013 14:28:52 +0000

basophilopenia see also: * full blood examination (FBE) * neutropenia * eosinophilia * eosinopenia aetiology * acute infection or haemorrhage * anaphylaxis, urticaria, drug hypersensitivity * corticosteroids * cytotoxic agents * thyroid hormones * ionizing radiation * hyperthyroidism * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * ovulation * congenital absence

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 22 Feb 2014 00:40:58 +0000

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) see also: * neurotrophins * BDNF on wikipedia introduction * a member of the neurotrophin neural growth factor family and is a secreted protein * it helps to support the survival of existing neurons, and encourage the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses

bed bugs

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 28 May 2025 06:40:17 +0000

bed bugs see also: * insect bites and stings * human louse / lice * wikipedia * * introduction * bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are a small (1-7mm), slim, flat, parasitic insects that feed solely on the blood of humans and animals while they sleep and are a global issue, particularly in tourist accommodation rooms, and whilst annoying, fortunately, are not known to transmit disease although peo…

ED bedside ultrasound

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 12 Feb 2024 00:29:58 +0000

ED bedside ultrasound see also: * ACEM policy - bedside ultrasound (pdf) * ACEM guideline - Minimum Criteria for Ultrasound Workshop (pdf) * Australian Institute of Ultrasound * Ultrasound Training Solutions * Australian School of Medical Imaging (ASMI) * est. in 2005 evolving from the Canberra School of Sonography which was formed in 1999. * Emed Ultrasound Principles of medical USS * medical US on wikipedia * basics of ultrasound * ultrasound image production * ultrasound imag…

benzodiazepines

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 20 Apr 2009 05:51:17 +0000

benzodiazepines see also sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, diazepam, midazolam, clonazepam, benzodiazepine antagonists eg. flumazenil Overview: * 1st used in 1961, & now have displaced barbiturates as sedative/hypnotics due to the remarkably low capacity to produce fatal CNS depression in OD & the main ones marketed are less sedative for the same anxiolytic effect.

benzodiazepine antagonists

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Aug 2011 11:19:16 +0000

benzodiazepine antagonists see also benzodiazepines, toxicology Adverse effects of benzodiazepine antagonists * may ppt withdrawal seizures -> titrate dose & Rx 5mg IV midaz/diazepam; * may remove protective anticonvulsant effect of benzodiazepines in multiple OD; * re-sedation from overdose as duration of action is only 45-105min.

benztropine / benzatropine (Cogentin)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 08 Oct 2022 02:11:17 +0000

benztropine / benzatropine (Cogentin) see also: * extrapyramidal reactions such as oculogyric crisis, dystonic reactions, akathisia introduction * benztropine is a compound with parts of atropine and parts of diphenhydramine * it thus has anticholinergic properties and antihistamine properties * it is mainly used parenterally in the emergent Rx of acute

benzyl penicillin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:02:06 +0000

benzyl penicillin see also: * penicillins introduction * benzyl penicillin is a narrow spectrum penicillin with activity against: * Gram +ves such as most Streptococcal species but not Staph. * Neisseria (meningococcus, gonococcus) * enterococci preparation and administraion

beryllium oxide inhalation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 03 Aug 2024 13:17:08 +0000

beryllium oxide inhalation see also: * toxicology * pneumonitis Introduction * beryllium oxide (BeO) is an odorless electrical insulator found on magnetrons of microwaves and other devices * sintered beryllium oxide is a very stable ceramic * used as a structural ceramic for high-performance microwave devices, vacuum tubes, cavity magnetrons, and gas lasers.

beta 2 adrenergic agonists

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 16 Dec 2014 04:24:10 +0000

beta 2 adrenergic agonists see also: * asthma * sympathomimetics introduction * agents with primary beta 2 adrenergic agonist activity form the 1st line medications for acute asthma exacerbations owing to their potent bronchodilator effects. * they are also used in premature labour to inhibit uterine contractions

beta adrenergic blockers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 02:54:34 +0000

beta adrenergic blockers see also: * beta blocker overdose * history of beta blockers * cardiology * pharmacology main index * sympathomimetics * propranolol * metoprolol * atenolol (Tenormin) * esmolol * sotalol * hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blockers introduction * beta blockers are used for many therapeutic effects including lowering blood pressure, slowing the heart rate, reducing mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTE…

blue-green algae (BGA) toxins in waterways

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 05 Nov 2025 22:09:38 +0000

blue-green algae (BGA) toxins in waterways see also: * toxinology * Victorian BGA bloom outbreaks updates online * * dinoflagellate blooms can also produce toxins * Karenia mikimotoi, Karenia cristata and other Karenia sp brown blooms can cause coughing, eye irritation, etc to humans on beaches or swimming as well as death to sea life

rupture of biceps tendon

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Dec 2013 06:12:37 +0000

rupture of biceps tendon introduction * there are 3 tendons of the biceps muscle: * 2 proximal: * long head * short head (rarely ruptured) * 1 distal * tendon rupture usually occurs during a specific traumatic event that causes sudden pain, a

biliary colic

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 06:19:20 +0000

biliary colic see also: * the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED * cholelithiasis (gallstones) * gallbladder polyps * at Western Health, these patients are generally suitable for admission to SSU (EOU) however all patients presenting with symptomatic known or suspected biliary disease (or those with stones > 2cm) should be referred to surgical registrar to ensure timely surgical Mx and prevention of complicated disease

bio-accumulations and long term health

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 01 Aug 2025 01:39:14 +0000

bio-accumulations and long term health see also: * foods that may be toxic or bad for you * air pollution and health risks Introduction * long term accumulation of potentially biologically active substances in the body is an increasing concern and is becoming more recognized as a major health threat not only to humans, but also other animals

bions - non-living "nanobacteria" / nanoparticles

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 07:37:51 +0000

bions - non-living "nanobacteria" / nanoparticles see also: * clinically important bacteria introduction * for decades the so-called nanobacteria have tantalised the scientific world as possible new types of life forms as they are about 1/10th size of bacteria and thus should not be able to be big enough to contain cellular elements such as DNA, RNA, organelles, but they behave life bacteria in that they are self-propagating and can divide and form branches

bio-weapons / biological weapons

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 01 Sep 2020 03:30:54 +0000

bio-weapons / biological weapons see also: * toxicology * polonium poisoning * nerve agents / nerve gases / CBR weapons Introduction * biological weapons are internationally banned, nevertheless some states occasionally utilize them to kill opponents such as traitors (poisoning is often a slow and painful death) or as an agent of terrorism.

bipolar disorder

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 01 May 2009 00:05:32 +0000

bipolar disorder see also psychiatry and mental health; anti-psychotic medications; Introduction * bipolar disorder is characterised by episodic depressions and elevations of mood * bipolar I involves manic symptoms which last for at least a week and are severe enough to markedly impair functioning or require hospitalisation

bird flu / H5N1 / HPAI

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 May 2025 00:53:17 +0000

bird flu / H5N1 / HPAI see also: * influenza * pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola Introduction * of the influenza viruses, only type A influenza viruses infect birds, and all known subtypes can do so. * 15 subtypes of influenza virus are known to infect birds, thus providing an extensive reservoir of influenza viruses potentially circulating in bird populations. Migratory waterfowl, esp. wild ducks, are the natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses, and these birds are the mo…

bisphenols (Bisphenol A (BPA), etc)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Apr 2026 01:03:44 +0000

bisphenols (Bisphenol A (BPA), etc) see also: * phthalates * Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) including PFOA, PFOS, GenX, Teflon * foods that may be toxic or bad for you * endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) Introduction * these are commonly used chemicals * BPA and similar are used in the lining of some food and beverage packaging to protect food from contamination and extend shelf life

bisphosphonates

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 Jun 2025 20:21:31 +0000

bisphosphonates see also: * osteoporosis; * hypercalcaemia; * bone physiology Introduction * bisphosphonates inhibit the resorption of bone by osteoclasts and may have an effect on osteoblasts. They are structurally similar to pyrophosphate, a normal product of human metabolism. This structure gives the drugs a high affinity for bone and they probably remain in bone for many years.

assessing major bleeding risk on anticoagulants

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Jan 2018 00:49:43 +0000

assessing major bleeding risk on anticoagulants see also: * atrial fibrillation * anticoagulants HAS-BLED * originally derived from the Euro Heart survey evaluating risk of hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation using warfarin * Score 1 point for each: * hypertension if either uncontrolled or > 160mmHgsystolic

blepharitis / dry eyes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Jun 2025 05:31:52 +0000

blepharitis / dry eyes see also: * dermatology * ophthalmology * Sjögren's syndrome (SS) * facial rashes blepharitis * blepharitis is inflammation of the eyelids which is the main cause of dry eyes accounting for over 80% of cases * anterior blepharitis involves the skin, eyelashes and lash follicles

blood cultures

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Oct 2013 04:48:20 +0000

blood cultures see also: * sepsis / septicaemia * infective endocarditis (including SBE) introduction * patients with possible sepsis / septicaemia or infective endocarditis (including SBE) generally should have at least 2 sets of blood cultures taken (3 sets for suspected endocarditis), and preferably before commencing iv antibiotics * blood cultures can be taken from newly placed iv cannulae in the ED as long as the usual sterile technique is used

the blood donor who collapses

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 12 Aug 2019 00:38:44 +0000

the blood donor who collapses see also: * syncope / near syncope Introduction * by far the most common cause of syncope / near syncope or near syncope in a person who has just donated blood is a vasovagal syncope * HOWEVER, there are other potentially fatal causes which need to be considered, especially if it is a plasma donation and RBC's are separated from the plasma by apheresis and transfused back into the donor

massive blood transfusions

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 11 Aug 2018 07:33:16 +0000

massive blood transfusions see also: * blood product transfusions * massive blood transfusion procedure (MTP) * Aust Nat. Blood Authority 2011 Guidelines (pdf) * Western Health Blood Products resource page introduction * many health services have created a massive transfusion protocol (MTP) to help expedite timely and appropriate administration of blood and adjuncts to patients in need of massive blood transfusions.

massive blood transfusion procedure (MTP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 04 Apr 2019 21:25:32 +0000

massive blood transfusion procedure (MTP) see also: * massive blood transfusions * Western Health - very detailed massive transfusion protocol (docx) - intranet only * WH emergency blood management plan (pdf) - intranet only * WH Critical bleeding and massive transfusion - intranet only criteria for activating MTP * actual or anticipated 4 units RBCs within 4 hours, + haemodynamically unstable, +/- anticipated ongoing bleeding, or, * severe thoracic, abdominal, pelvic or multiple long…

blood product transfusions

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 14 Mar 2023 05:44:41 +0000

blood product transfusions see also: * blood_groups * haematology * massive blood transfusions * anaemia * the blood donor who collapses * USC 2008 conference video - strategies and evidence for managing the patient requiring massive transfusion for acute hemorrhage - subscription required * Western Health pretransfusion testing procedure (docx) * Western Health blood transfusion reaction form (docx) - intranet only * Western Health Blood Products resource page * as of 2023, the fol…

the patient with acute blurred vision or visual loss / blindness

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 28 Mar 2019 23:25:29 +0000

the patient with acute blurred vision or visual loss / blindness see also: * ophthalmology * Eye injuries * diplopia / double vision * color blindness / color vision deficiency introduction * acute non-traumatic blurred vision is a relatively common presentation to ED * patients may use the term blurred vision to cover a number of different symptoms such as:

bone marrow transplant (BMT)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 11 Jan 2020 10:04:05 +0000

bone marrow transplant (BMT) see also: * oncology * lymphoma * leukaemia * NSW patient information booklet on autologous BMT (pdf) * EVIQ.org: Autologous conditioning protocol BEAM (carmustine etoposide cytarabine melphalan) prior to bone marrow transplantation Introduction * a bone marrow transplant is usually done to allow the oncology team to use high dose chemotherapy to give a better chance of creating remission from lymphoma, multiple myeloma or leukaemia, as these high doses wil…

bone physiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 14 Feb 2026 12:33:27 +0000

bone physiology see also: * calcium * orthopaedics in the ED * osteoporosis Bone: * special form of connective tissue made of collagenous matrix impregnated with mineral salts, esp. calcium phosphates; * mainly hydroxyapatite Ca10-x (H20)2x (PO4)6 (OH)2 => 20 x 3-7 nm crystals; *

pathologic processes involving bone

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 22 Feb 2023 09:17:17 +0000

pathologic processes involving bone see also: * bone physiology * osteoporosis * osteomalacia * calcification * diffuse osteosclerosis: * hypervitaminosis D * hypoparathyroidism * Paget's disease of the bone - rare under 40 years age * myelofibrosis * sickle cell disease * leukaemia * flouride, lead or beryllium toxicity *

botulinum toxin (Botox)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 12 Jun 2023 05:49:52 +0000

botulinum toxin (Botox) see also: * pharmacology main index * botulism * Australian Prescriber April 2009 - Clinical use of botulinum toxin approved clinical uses in Australia * blepharospasm * cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) * dynamic equinus foot deformity associated with cerebral palsy in children two years or over * spasticity following

botulism

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 12 Jun 2023 06:01:01 +0000

botulism see also: * botulinum toxin (Botox) Introduction * botulism is a potentially fatal condition caused by neurotoxic Clostridial toxins produced by Clostridium species, such as C. butyricum, C. baratii, and C. sporogenes Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) * these neurotoxins are categorized into eight serotypes ranging from A to H.

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Apr 2018 04:46:25 +0000

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) see also: * prostate cancer * urology * prostate specific antigen (PSA) * lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men * AUA guideline on Mx BPH (pdf) introduction * BPH is an extremely common disorder of men over aged 50 years * histologic evidence is present in 20% of men at age 40 years, increasing to 70% by age 60 and 90% by age 80

Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 21 Oct 2022 21:55:17 +0000

Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) see also: * dementia * managing violence or the aggressive patient in the ED * Assessment and Management of People with Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD): A Handbook for NSW Health Clinicians introduction * BPSD is a collection of observed behaviours and psychological symptoms that tend to occur together in a person with dementia * BPSD typically presents in the later stages of dementia, with 60–90% of pe…

bradycardia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:04:30 +0000

bradycardia see also: * ecg_avblock * cardiac arrhythmias introduction * slow heart rate may be due to either: * sinus bradycardia (P waves present and are related to QRS complexes) * 2nd degree AV node block (P waves present but not always resulting in a QRS complex and thus rhythm may be irregular)

Bradykinin and kinin physiology and pharmacology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Aug 2010 04:35:09 +0000

Bradykinin and kinin physiology and pharmacology see also autacoids Introduction: * IV injection of urine produced hypotension which lead to the discovery of kallikrein (“pancreas”) 1937 & that this generated an active substance kallidin in 1948 which was shown to be a decapeptide (1961? - bradykinin with added lysine) cleaved from a plasma alpha2 globulin kallidinogen in 1970 later known as LMW kininogen as another plasma alpha2 globulin HMW kininogen is cleaved by kallikrein (& some serine…

the brain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 22 Aug 2025 09:13:15 +0000

the brain see also: * brain evolution and development * cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) * stroke (CVA) * neurology * consciousness * memory * speech * modelling the brain: * Dec 2023: Uni of Cambridge, UK, announces by using their new concept 3D “spatially embedded recurrent neural networks” (seRNNs) they have created a self-organizing, artificially intelligent system that uses the same tricks as the human brain to solve specific tasks. The seRNNs converged on structural and functional fe…

brain evolution and development

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Oct 2023 01:47:25 +0000

brain evolution and development see also: * the brain * cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) * consciousness Introduction * in humans, the brain is the most expensive organ in the body requiring 20% of our energy, 75% of the human brain is neocortex * complex reasoning arises from a combination of:

breath odours

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Sep 2023 10:54:25 +0000

breath odours see also: * diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Introduction * a patient's breath odour may add clues to diagnosis of clinical conditions ketotic * any cause of ketosis such as: * diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) * alcoholic ketoacidosis * starvation ketoacidosis other fruity odours

brexpiprazole (Rexulti)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 01 Oct 2017 11:51:00 +0000

brexpiprazole (Rexulti) see also: * anti-psychotic medications Introduction * an atypical anti-psychotic medication * listed on Aust. PBS in late 2017 for Rx of schizophrenia, with the advantage of less weight gain or diabetic effects Special precautions * hypersensitivity to brexpiprazole

bronchiectasis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 20:34:24 +0000

bronchiectasis see also: * respiratory medicine * chronic bronchitis introduction * defined by localized, irreversible dilation of part of the bronchial tree caused by destruction of the muscle and elastic tissue * bronchi are dilated, inflamed, and easily collapsible, resulting in airflow obstruction and impaired clearance of secretions.

bronchiolitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 30 Jan 2015 13:29:39 +0000

bronchiolitis see also paediatric emergency medicine * RCH guideline - bronchiolitis * RCH guideline - ongoing Mx of bronchiolitis * NSW NETS - bronchiolitis (pdf) * Dr Andrew Tagg's video tutorial on croup and bronchiolitis other resources *Cochrane review 2008 - nebulised 3% saline may significantly reduce length of stay and improve clinical severity scores in infants with acute viral bronchiolitis

brucellosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 02 Nov 2018 16:41:13 +0000

brucellosis see also: * the febrile returned traveller * clinically important bacteria * zoonoses * wikipedia introduction * aka Bang's disease, Crimean fever, Gibraltar fever, Malta fever, Maltese fever, Mediterranean fever, rock fever, or undulant fever * a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unsterilized milk or meat from infected animals or close contact with their secretions

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 03 Jun 2021 07:12:40 +0000

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) see also: * splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) * liver function tests (LFTs) * hepatitis * World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Budd-Chiari syndrome: Etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis Introduction * Budd-Chiari syndrome is a congestive hepatopathy caused by blockage of hepatic veins which also causes raised portal venous pressure which may lead to portal hypertension, ascites, etc.

bulbar palsy and pseudobulbar palsy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Mar 2026 23:11:54 +0000

bulbar palsy and pseudobulbar palsy see also: * Cranial nerve examination * Neuropathies * motor neurone disease (MND) Introduction * bulbar palsy is lower motor neuron weakness of the muscles innervated by the cranial nerves IX, X and XII, while pseudobulbar palsy is an upper motor neuronal weakness of these muscles

clinical burnout

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 20 Jul 2022 08:15:28 +0000

clinical burnout see also: * stress * addressing burnout - four words you don't want to hear - it's just a job * are you a doctor or medical student and need to see a doctor confidentially? * see Vic Doctors Health Program * Anxiety Disorders Assoc. of Vic. (AdaVic): ph: 03-9853-8089 * burnout - symptoms and management * Dr Pamela Wible 2017: What I have learned from 547 doctor suicides * Online scoring tool - Oldenburg Burnout Inventory *

addressing burnout - four words you don't want to hear - it's just a job

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 20 Jul 2022 08:15:16 +0000

addressing burnout - four words you don't want to hear - it's just a job see also: * clinical burnout * stress * The following was taken from News.com.au article these four words that may offend you, may also just save you “WHAT do you do for a living?” the young man asked me.

burns

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Sep 2025 07:30:49 +0000

burns see also: * Sage burns calculator * RCH guideline - burns in children * NSW NETS severe burns transfer guidelines (pdf) * NSW NETS severe burns service - models of care (pdf) * Sth Aust. RAH Burns Service - Detailed algorithmic burns Mx document 2009 (pdf) - very nice document indeed! * Vic. multiple burns casualties guidelines 2015 * Victorian Burns Unit Management Guidelines * electrocution / electrical injury Indications for transfer to a burns service * Vic. Major Trauma T…

Buruli ulcer / Bairnsdale ulcer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 17 Dec 2025 23:33:12 +0000

Buruli ulcer / Bairnsdale ulcer see also: * mycobacteria Introduction * a chronic ulcer caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, which, in southern Victoria, is thought to be spread by the common backyard Australian mosquito, Aedes notoscriptus with the possum being the reservoir in endemic areas which are mainly those that are or were swamp lands

buttock pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 12 Oct 2025 08:05:34 +0000

buttock pain see also: * The adult with back pain in the ED Introduction * buttock pain is not an uncommon presentation, it may be: * isolated pain * associated with back pain and sciatica * associated with abdominal pain such as with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) * primarily only on walking - buttock claudication

butyrophenone type antipsychotic agents

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 May 2014 06:47:13 +0000

butyrophenone type antipsychotic agents see also: * anti-psychotic medications introduction * butyrophenone type antipsychotic agents include: * haloperidol * droperidol (Droleptan)

C-MAC

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 19 Nov 2016 23:24:14 +0000

C-MAC * Karl Storz video laryngoscope * Interchangeable blade system with screen recording to SD card * Flexible nasendoscope component for airway assessment * Hyperangulated “D-blade” for trauma intubations, anterior larynx, decreased mouth opening

complement C3, C4 testing

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Dec 2015 04:28:59 +0000

complement C3, C4 testing see also: * arthritis - clinical patterns * glomerulonephritis (GN) introduction * complement testing is useless for screening for cause of arthritis but is often used to monitor disease activity in patients with SLE * decreased levels of complement arise from immune-complex disorders such as:

cachexia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Aug 2025 04:07:17 +0000

cachexia see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * oncology Introduction * “Most people with cancer die of cachexia instead of cancer” IL-6 as mediator of brain dysfunction and cachexia in cancer patients * blocking IL-6 from binding to neurons in a part of the brain called the area postrema (AP) prevents cachexia in mice, this worked by either:

caeruloplasmin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 18 Aug 2020 07:45:34 +0000

caeruloplasmin see also: * copper * Wilson's disease Introduction * usual serum levels are 0.15-0.30 g/L Raised serum levels * may be due to: * acute phase response * liver disease * pregnancy * oestrogen Rx Low serum levels * may be due to: *

caffeine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 04:50:34 +0000

caffeine see also: * methylxanthines * Wikipedia for a good article on caffeine. introduction * caffeine is a natural trimethylxanthine alkaloid which acts as a pesticide and perhaps herbicide and thus protects the growth of coffee bean plant and similar plants (tea, kola, cacao plants) which produce it.

calcification

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 06:47:21 +0000

calcification see also: * calcium * urolithiasis / renal stones / renal calculi introduction * it is possible that all extracellular mineralisation in the body occurs via secretion of membrane vesicles from cells which then form mineralo-organic nanoparticles called bions - non-living "nanobacteria" / nanoparticles which then can self-propagate

calcitonin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 07:29:23 +0000

calcitonin see also: * calcium * parathyroid hormone (PTH) * vitamin D Introduction Chemistry: * Calcitonin is a 34AA polypeptide (MW 3500) synthesised and secreted by the parafollicular (or clear cells) cells of the thyroid and in small amounts elsewhere: * “Calcitonin gene”

calcium

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 24 Jul 2014 06:01:22 +0000

calcium see also: * phosphate * magnesium * vitamin D * parathyroid hormone (PTH) * calcitonin * hypercalcaemia * hypocalcaemia * calcium gluconate * osteoporosis * bone physiology iv calcium in the ED * intravenous calcium as either calcium chloride or calcium gluconate is occasionally required in the ED to treat: * severe hypocalcaemia * severe hyperkalaemia * calcium gluconate is generally preferred as it causes less tissue damage if inadvertently extravasated

calcium channel blockers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 19 Mar 2020 10:30:34 +0000

calcium channel blockers see also: * calcium channels * calcium channel blocker overdose * historical perspective of calcium channel physiology and pharmacology * cardiology * pharmacology main index * anti-arrhythmic agents * excessive dosing of alpha adrenergic agonists may cause hypertensive crisis which may be fatal, and attempts to treat such alpha agonist crises with beta adrenergic blockers or calcium channel blockers may cause acute pulmonary oedema (APO) and thus these agents …

Calcium channels

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 14 Sep 2008 23:56:18 +0000

Calcium channels see also calcium channel blockers, calcium Ca Channels: Slow voltage-gated: * eg. via high [K]e or depolarising electrical stimuli; * consists of alpha1, alpha2, beta, gamma, delta subunits; * certain snail toxins from genus Conus & Cd/Mn cations block a wide range of Ca channel subtypes;

calcium gluconate

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Dec 2013 03:11:51 +0000

calcium gluconate see also: * hypocalcaemia * hyperkalaemia * calcium * 10ml ampoule of 10% calcium gluconate contains 2.2 mmoles of calcium ions introduction * 10% calcium gluconate solution is the preferred parenteral form of calcium except in cardiac arrest situations when 10% calcium chloride is preferred as it delivers 3x as much elemental calcium

Campylobacter

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 00:47:03 +0000

Campylobacter see also: * gastroenteritis summary of Rx * Campylobacter is a relatively common cause of enteritis and usually diagnosed on stool culture * most patients do not need specific Rx as it is usually self limiting * asymptomatic contacts do not need either stool cultures or treatment.

candida fungal infection / thrush

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:12:14 +0000

candida fungal infection / thrush see also: * fungi * antifungal agents Introduction * Candida sp is a yeast and the main human pathogen in the Candida family has been C. albicans but in 2009, a new species, C. auris was discovered and this organism appears to be developing into a global threat for at risk critically ill hospitalised patients

cannabinoid hyperemesis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 20 Aug 2024 09:52:06 +0000

cannabinoid hyperemesis see also: * marijuana / cannabis / THC * * St Luke's patient information sheet * introduction * 1st identified as a syndrome in Australia in 2004 * classically associated with relief from hot showers resulting in compulsive showers/bathing * cyclical every 2-3weeks …

community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:48:57 +0000

community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults see also: * pneumonia * pneumococcus * Legionella (Legionaire's disease) * psittacosis * RCH guideline - paediatric pneumonia * AFTB lectures - community acquired pneumonia (CAP) introduction * CAP means pneumonia acquired in the community and NOT following a period of recent hospitalisation where there would be a much higher risk of antibiotic resistant or different organisms causing the pneumonia

carbamazepine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 05 Apr 2011 08:38:47 +0000

carbamazepine see also: * anticonvulsants * wikipedia * Consumer information (pdf) overview * related to tricyclics, used as anticonvulsant since 1965 in UK and since 1974 in the US and marketed as Tegretol. * also used as a mood stabiliser in bipolar disorders, and for trigeminal neuralgia and other types of

carbapenem antibiotics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 May 2013 08:18:33 +0000

carbapenem antibiotics see also: * antibiotics introduction * broad spectrum against many Gram +ves, -ves & anaerobes * reserved for ICU use imipenem * a derivative of thienamycin; * It is a potent broad spectrum antibiotic used for severe intra-abdominal sepsis or serious infections with Enterobacteriaceae which produce inducible b-lactamase;

carbimazole

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 27 Jan 2020 06:19:35 +0000

carbimazole see also: * hyperthyroidism * propylthiouracil Introduction * carbimazole is the first line thionamide in almost all patients with hyperthyroidism needing Rx with an antithyroid medication as it results in a more rapid improvement in thyroid hormone levels, has less hepatotoxicity, and can be given once daily due to its longer half life

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Oct 2008 07:24:32 +0000

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors see also diuretics, glaucoma Introduction * Carbonic anhydrase 1st discovered in RBC's (1930's), & sulfanilimide-induced metab.acidosis shown to be inhib. of this enzyme. * Little used as diuretic but still for glaucoma & prevention of ac. mountain sickness;

carcinoid tumour

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Dec 2017 00:36:29 +0000

carcinoid tumour see also: * post-prandial diarrhoea introduction * neuroendocrine tumour derived from primitive stem cells in the gut wall but can arise elsewhere * high potential for metastasis clinical features * recurrent abdo pains * cutaneous flushing * malabsorption and

cardiac markers (troponin)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 28 Mar 2020 01:43:00 +0000

cardiac markers (troponin) see also: * acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) * Mx of possible acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation (NSTEACS) * acute coronary syndromes chart from wikipedia troponin * see also troponin * troponin has now replaced CK-MB as the main marker for acute coronary events * there is still debate as to the appropriate timing of troponin levels - many use 4 hourly levels up to 12 hours post-onset of most severe pain episode, whilst others are ha…

who needs cardiac monitoring, and for how long?

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 02 Nov 2016 06:58:15 +0000

who needs cardiac monitoring, and for how long? see also: * cardiology almost certainly need cardiac monitoring condition duration possible cardiac chest pain until 2nd trop is normal unless high risk features mandate further monitoring hyperkalaemia until K+ < 6.5

cardiac tamponade

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 24 Aug 2019 11:37:18 +0000

cardiac tamponade see also: * pericarditis * haemopericardium * trauma introduction * accumulation of pericardial fluid under pressure results in impaired cardiac venous filling and resultant impaired cardiac output which may rapidly become life threatening unless relieved by therapeutic

cardiogenic shock

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 22 Jul 2022 23:28:38 +0000

cardiogenic shock see also: * the shocked hypotensive patient * return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) post-arrest * acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) * cardiac tamponade * pulmonary embolism (PE) Introduction * cardiogenic shock is shock due to a cardiac cause * it is said to be the most common cause of death in hospitalised patients Aetiology cardiomyopathic * ischaemic - especially, acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) *

cardiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 02 Aug 2025 11:22:14 +0000

cardiology see also: Wiki Main index * choking / respiratory arrest / cardiac arrest / BLS / ALS / CPR * Paediatric Resuscitation Drugs * the ECG * cardiac arrhythmias * anti-arrhythmic agents * cardiac conduction blocks * cardiac physiology * atherosclerosis and primary prevention * hyperlipidaemia * the adult with chest pain in the ED * who needs cardiac monitoring, and for how long? * ischaemic heart disease (IHD) or coronary artery disease (CAD) * acute coronary syndromes *…

cardiomyopathy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Aug 2025 07:12:20 +0000

cardiomyopathy see also: * cardiology introduction * the term is usually reserved for conditions in which severe myocardial disease leads to cardiac failure * they can be classified as: * “primary” or “intrinsic” * condition is primarily due to the cardiac muscle, although many of thee conditions now have identifiable extrinsic aetiologies

carfentanil

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 08 Sep 2020 10:01:00 +0000

carfentanil see also: * opiates and opioids Introduction * extremely potent and very dangerous opiate used primarily to tranquilize elephants * adult human dose is 1mcg * lethal dose is 20mcg!

carpal tunnel syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 12 Jul 2013 07:47:38 +0000

carpal tunnel syndrome see also: * paraesthesiae or numbness * Wesley Hand Centre's patient information sheet (pdf) * Victorian Better Health Channel - carpal tunnel syndrome * The Women's - Mx guidelines for pregnant women * WorkCover SA * NINDS Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fact Sheet introduction * this is a common problem mainly affecting adults, particularly line assembly workers, typists or those in 2nd or 3rd trimester pregnancy * it is due to compression of the median nerve within t…

CAR T cell therapy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 Dec 2025 20:15:19 +0000

CAR T cell therapy see also: * chemotherapy for cancers * lymphoma * leukaemia * multiple myeloma Introduction * CAR T cell therapy is a form of immunotherapy in which a patient’s own T lymphocytes are genetically engineered to better recognize and kill cancer cells (especially used in some types of non-Hodgkins lymphoma, relapsed or refractory B‑cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma )

Carvedilol

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 14 Sep 2008 13:04:31 +0000

Carvedilol see also beta blockers Summary: * long term Rx with carvedilol was shown to reduce mortality in systolic heart failure as well as reducing symptoms & improving well-being. Carvedilol also has anti-oxidant, antiproliferative & anti-endothelin properties.

cataracts

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 02 Apr 2015 13:31:35 +0000

cataracts see also: * ophthalmology * Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2008 Apr; 19(2): 134–149. a nice article summarising the pathophysiology and genetics of cataracts introduction * cataracts occur when the proteins in the lens of the eye undergo changes resulting in opacification of the lens and are the leading cause of blindness in Western cultures * crystallins are the major soluble structural proteins in the lens and in humans comprise 3 major classes encoded by multiple genes: the α-, β-, a…

cathelicidins

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 09 Jul 2025 05:30:17 +0000

cathelicidins see also: * innate immunity * lysozyme (LYZ) Introduction * cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides characterized by a conserved cathelin domain and a variable antimicrobial peptide domain * they disrupt bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell death.

cat scratch disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 28 Jul 2022 01:19:35 +0000

cat scratch disease see also: * lymphadenopathy * introduction * cat scratch fever or cat scratch disease is caused by a bacteria Bartonella henselae present in the saliva of some cats which enters the human via a scratch, or on the open eye - in which case a granulomatous conjunctivitis with preauricular LNs (

congestive cardiac failure

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 07 Dec 2023 02:41:39 +0000

congestive cardiac failure see also: * cardiology * cor pulmonale * acute pulmonary oedema (APO) * Mx of the wheezy elderly patient - acute pulmonary oedema versus asthma * AFTB lectures - APO * heart failure with preserved EF (HFpEF) * heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) * NB. age > 65 with primary Dx of CCF are admitted to cardio-geriatric unit at Western Hospital if present to Western Health * ScienceOpen Dec 2023: Heart Failure Guideline Directed Medical Therapy: …

cholecystokinin (CCK)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 13 Feb 2022 07:20:08 +0000

cholecystokinin (CCK) see also: * insulin * glucagon * ghrelin Introduction * Cholecystokinin regulates gastrointestinal functions, including inhibition of gastric emptying and food intake through activation of CCK-1 receptors on vagal afferent fibers innervating the gut.

CCL2/CCR chemokine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Aug 2025 04:46:19 +0000

CCL2/CCR chemokine see also: * chemokines * cytokines * interleukin-6 (IL-6) * cachexia Introduction * CCL2 is the monocyte chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL) 2 * also called small inducible cytokine A2 * CCL2 is a member of the CC chemokine superfamily, which binds to its receptor, C-C motif chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2), for the induction of chemotactic activity and an increase of calcium influx to induce monocyte infiltration and mediate inflammation

ceftriaxone

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 02:56:59 +0000

ceftriaxone see also: * cephalosporins introduction * a 3rd generation broad spectrum parenteral cephalosporin * similar antibiotic coverage to cefotaxime but can be given in once daily or twice daily dosing. * im doses are usually given with local anaesthetic added * category B1 for pregnancy

cellular physiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Apr 2026 00:31:04 +0000

cellular physiology see also: * cellular physiology - endoplasmic reticulum Introduction Organelles and other cellular components nucleus * contains the genetic material (DNA), RNA to create proteins, and proteins to maintain correct folding and functioning of the nucleus components as well as transport across the nucleus membrane

cellulitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 19 Feb 2024 02:36:11 +0000

cellulitis see also: * streptococcus / streptococcal infections * necrotizing fasciitis * cracked heels * venous leg ulcers * sepsis / septicaemia * Periorbital and orbital cellulitis * perichondritis / ear/auricle/pinna cellulitis introduction * cellulitis is a spreading, deep skin and subcutaneous fat infection characterized by poorly demarcated erythema, swelling, warmth, and tenderness * there is often a linear proximal erythema of lymphangitis +/- tender regional lymphadenopat…

cellular physiology - endoplasmic reticulum

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 02 Jan 2024 23:43:31 +0000

cellular physiology - endoplasmic reticulum see also: * cellular physiology Introduction endoplasmic reticulum * the cells of all animals, plants and fungi contain specialised criss-crossing of tubes and membranes called endoplasmic reticulum (ER) * endoplasmic reticulum is essentially a factory in which proteins, lipids and hormones are manufactured, folded into their three-dimensional structure and modified

centipede bites

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 May 2020 13:18:47 +0000

centipede bites see also: * insect bites and stings Introduction * centipedes are widespread around the world and Australia is home to many species, some of which are native to Australia * centipedes are solitary, nocturnal fast moving predators, usually around 10cm in length but some Australian species such as

cephalosporins

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 02 Apr 2017 23:06:06 +0000

cephalosporins see also; * antibiotics * wikipedia introduction * similar to penicillins, cephalosporins are beta lactam ring antibiotics which kill bacteria by compromising their cell wall * generally NOT active against LAME : Listeria, Atypicals (including Mycoplasma and Chlamydia), MRSA, enterococci

Cerebral palsy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 14:23:14 +0000

Cerebral palsy * RCH guideline - cerebral palsy * RCH guideline - cerebral palsy - chest infection * RCH guideline - cerebral palsy - increased seizures * RCH guideline - cerebral palsy - pain & irritability

cervical disc prolapse

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 22 Jan 2021 23:03:46 +0000

cervical disc prolapse see also: * lumbar disc prolapse Introduction * cervical disc prolapse occcurs in 0.5-2% of the population and is thus a relatively common cause of neck or radicular pain radiating to one or both arms * it is usually due to degeneration of the disc but may be caused by an acute traumatic injury such as direct impact

cauda equina syndrome (CES)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 31 Jan 2020 02:57:37 +0000

cauda equina syndrome (CES) see also: * back pain in the ED introduction * an important complication of various conditions which cause low back pain (although it can occur without back pain), which requires urgent MRI to avoid delay in surgical Rx which increases risk of permanent urinary +/- faecal incontinence.

CHA2DS2-VASc score for determining stroke risk in patients with non-valvular AF

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 04 Apr 2014 05:20:24 +0000

CHA2DS2-VASc score for determining stroke risk in patients with non-valvular AF see also: * atrial fibrillation * antithrombotic Rx for prevention of stroke * CHADS2 score for determining stroke risk in patients with non-valvular AF scoring system * acronym stands for: * Congestive heart failure/left ventricular dysfunction, Hypertension, Age ≥75 [doubled], Diabetes, Stroke [doubled] – Vascular disease, Age 65–74, and Sex category [female]).

CHADS2 score for determining stroke risk in patients with non-valvular AF

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 04 Apr 2014 05:02:00 +0000

CHADS2 score for determining stroke risk in patients with non-valvular AF see also: * atrial fibrillation * antithrombotic Rx for prevention of stroke scoring system * score 1 point for each item present, but 2 points for PH stroke or TIA: PH congestive cardiac failure PH hypertension age > 74 yrs diabetes mellitus PH stroke (CVA) or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) risk of stroke in patients with AF

Chagas disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 23 Aug 2018 02:37:21 +0000

Chagas disease see also: * parasites Introduction * Chagas disease (aka American trypanosomiasis) is a chronic, indolent infection by the flagellate parasite Trypanosoma cruzi which may cause serious cardiac disease many years after it was acquired * 1st described in 1909 by the Brazilian physician and epidemiologist Carlos Chagas

congenital heart disease (CHD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 24 Apr 2013 07:40:32 +0000

congenital heart disease (CHD) see also: * cardiology * paediatric emergency medicine * Cyanotic spells in children ECG changes in patients with CHD CHD with normal ECG * PDA * mild-mod. valvular pulmonary stenosis * coarctation of aorta (20%) * d-Transposition of the great vessels * ASD * VSD CHD with possible RVH

angular cheilitis (cracked corners of the mouth)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Apr 2014 07:03:13 +0000

angular cheilitis (cracked corners of the mouth) see also: * dermatology aetiology * contact dermatitis from saliva +/- super-infection with bacteria or fungi such as Candida (20% as sole pathogen, present in > 90% of all cases), Staph (20%), b-haem. Strept (8-15%)

chemokines

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Aug 2025 05:25:05 +0000

chemokines see also: * cytokines * innate immunity Introduction * chemokines are a chemotactic cytokines, that plays a crucial role in the immune system by directing the movement of immune cells, particularly leukocytes (white blood cells), to areas of inflammation or infection

chemotherapy for cancers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 Dec 2025 19:57:58 +0000

chemotherapy for cancers see also: * cytotoxic agents * oncology * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * bone marrow transplant (BMT) * CAR T cell therapy Introduction * chemotherapy is a general term used mainly for systemic use of cytotoxic anti-cancer drugs which kill rapidly dividing cells such as cancer cells * ~30% of individuals with cancer, and thus approximately 10% of the whole population in developed countries, are exposed to chemotherapy at some point in their lifetime

the adult patient with chest pain in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 23 Jul 2024 13:40:38 +0000

the adult patient with chest pain in the ED see also: * cardiology * template to assist in the discharge documentation of low risk chest pain * ACS rule out algorithm for the adult patient with chest pain in the ED * Western Health ED: pain medications instruction sheet (pdf) * Western Health ED: adult chest pain discharge instruction sheet (pdf) * Safer Care Vic patient information sheet on adult chest pain * strongly consider dissection and need for urgent CT angiogram in those aged …

template to assist in the discharge documentation of low risk chest pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Apr 2015 07:00:21 +0000

template to assist in the discharge documentation of low risk chest pain see also: * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED * template to assist in the discharge documentation of suspected PE SSU admits * Western Health ED: pain medications instruction sheet (pdf) * Western Health ED: adult chest pain discharge instruction sheet (pdf) example notations to copy and paste general conclusive notation initial statement No definitive cause for this patient's chest pain was found at thi…

ACS rule out algorithm for the adult patient with chest pain in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 31 May 2025 03:13:17 +0000

ACS rule out algorithm for the adult patient with chest pain in the ED see also: * cardiology * template to assist in the discharge documentation of low risk chest pain * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED Rapid ACS rule out algorithm 2024 * consider other causes of chest pain in particular: PE, aortic dissection which need their own emergent work up, often including D-Dimer +/- emergent CTPA or CT aortogram

chikungunya virus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 03:59:58 +0000

chikungunya virus see also: * Introduction * arboviral infection spread by mosquitoes found mostly in West and East Africa, around the Indian Ocean, Asia, and South East Asis including the Pacific Islands * NOT acquired in Australia - no known cases as of 2025 although the mosquitoes which can transmit it (

Chilaiditi syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 06 Nov 2013 04:22:06 +0000

Chilaiditi syndrome see also: * the chest X-ray (CXR) introduction * a generally benign CXR finding of bowel gas under right diaphragm between the diaphragm and the liver which occurs in some 1% of older adults * should not be confused with free gas which may be a surgical emergency

chlorpromazine (Largactil)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 20 Apr 2009 06:07:21 +0000

chlorpromazine (Largactil) see also: anti-psychotic medications, migraine introduction: * a phenothiazine medication used as a neuroleptic major tranquilliser in acute psychotic states as well as one of the most effective treatments of acute migraine headaches. * half life ~ 30hrs, eliminated by the liver.

ascending cholangitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 23 Dec 2018 08:58:04 +0000

ascending cholangitis see also: * jaundice (icterus) * cholelithiasis (gallstones) * the patient with acute RUQ pain in ED * see EMedicine.com for more details introduction * ascending cholangitis is sepsis of the biliary tree other than just the gallbladder, resulting from obstruction of the CBD, usually by a gallstone in the CBD (choledocholithiasis), or from extension of sepsis from

cholecystitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 23 Apr 2024 07:03:28 +0000

cholecystitis see also: * the patient with acute RUQ pain in ED * biliary colic * ascending cholangitis * USC Essentials 2008 conference video - how not to miss the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis - subscription required * Western Health surgical pathway - cholecystitis introduction * 90% are due to cholelithiasis (gallstones) * 10% are acalculous: * these patients are generally very unwell hospitalised patients such as post-op or ICU patients, but it may occur in outpatients * h…

cholelithiasis (gallstones)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 27 Mar 2026 22:15:36 +0000

cholelithiasis (gallstones) see also: * the patient with acute RUQ pain in ED * biliary colic * cholecystitis * ascending cholangitis * jaundice (icterus) * gallbladder and bile duct tumours * 10-20% of adults in Western cultures have gallstones, this may or may not be the cause of the clinical presentation! * cholesterol stones are not confined to patients who are Fat, Female, Fertile and Forty, but prevalence generally starts to rise after puberty and men also get these stones, albe…

cholera

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 31 Dec 2013 03:49:06 +0000

cholera see also: * travel medicine * gastroenteritis * clinically important bacteria * WHO fact sheet introduction * an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae * 3–5 million cholera cases and 100 000–120 000 deaths worldwide due to cholera every year

carbohydrates and sugars

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 20 Apr 2025 02:35:18 +0000

carbohydrates and sugars see also: * lactose * fructose * irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) * obesity and weight management Introduction * carbohydrates are biologic molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, usually with the empirical formula of Cm(H2O)n (except for deoxyribose which is in DNA) and form a substantive part of animal diets and energy supply

chronic pelvic pain in women

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 02:14:16 +0000

chronic pelvic pain in women see also: * gynaecology * endometriosis * pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) * dysmenorrhoea * dyspareunia * * RANZCOG patient information Chronic Pelvic Pain (pdf) * BMJ 2010: Chronic pelvic pain in women Clinical Review * RWH Melbourne The Women's Chronic Pelvic Pain clinic introduction * a large proportion of women experience pelvic pain, often over years…

chronic bronchitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 13 Apr 2012 06:34:00 +0000

chronic bronchitis see also: * chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) * the persistent cough * ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines publiched in Chest Journal (pdf) introduction * normally, about 500mL of sputum is produced each day, and it is usually not noticed. Smokers with chronic bronchitis produce larger amounts of sputum each day, as much as 100 mL/d more than normal.

Chronic fatigue syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 22 Jul 2011 15:13:04 +0000

Chronic fatigue syndrome see DDx and Ix of persistent fatigue; psychiatry and mental health; rheumatology; sleep hygiene Introduction: * prevalence of CFS in community is 0.2-0.7% * predominantly effects young adults * occurs in individuals from all socioeconomic groups * whilst most fatigue syndromes are of short duration & resolve spontaneously, people with CFS for more than 5 yrs tend to remain symptomatic, although function may improve slowly over time. A US study estimated a cumulati…

chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 19 Apr 2019 10:03:40 +0000

chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) see also: * neurology * Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) Introduction * thought to be a an extremely rare chronic form of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) * it has been associated with * diabetes mellitus * HIV / AIDS * paraproteinaemias

ciguatera toxin reef fish food poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 08 Aug 2024 06:34:15 +0000

ciguatera toxin reef fish food poisoning see also: * toxinology * illness after eating seafood * food poisoning * scombroid histamine food poisoning due to spoiled fish introduction * ciguatera poisoning is the 2nd most common chemical agent food poisoning after scombroid histamine food poisoning due to spoiled fish * it is caused by consumption of reef fish contaminated with ciguatoxin, which originates with certain dinoflagellates (algae) associated with coral reef systems and accumu…

ciliopathies

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 07 Apr 2014 04:25:58 +0000

ciliopathies introduction * ciliopathies refers to a group of conditions characterised by impaired cilia function * normal ciliary beat frequency is 1000-1500 beats per minute. * the frequency is slower in the peripheral airways (eg, bronchioles) compared to the larger airways (eg, trachea).

ciprofloxacin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:38:45 +0000

ciprofloxacin see also: * flouroquinolone antibiotics introduction * a member of the flouroquinolone antibiotics antibiotics * active against a variety of Gram -ves & +ves by inhib. of DNA gyrase * activity includes Enterobacteriacaea, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, and at higher levels, Staph, Legionella, Chlamydia & some mycobacteria with anaerobes being less susceptible.

cirrhosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 16 Jan 2025 22:50:18 +0000

cirrhosis see also: * ethanol (alcohol and alcohol withdrawal) * steatohepatitis (fatty liver) * gastroenterology * prescribing drugs in patients with liver impairment * hepatitis * assessment of hepatic function * hepatic encephalopathy * hepatocellular carcinoma Pathology: * a generic term for an end stage of chronic liver disease characterised by destruction of hepatocytes & loss of normal hepatic architecture, with replacement by fibrotic tissue & regenerative nodules

creatinine kinase (CK)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 21 Oct 2013 04:44:03 +0000

creatinine kinase (CK) see also: * myopathy / myositis / muscle aches and pains * rhabdomyolysis introduction * CK is a serum protein that is raised in any condition which causes damage to muscle cells, including the heart * it's use as a cardiac marker for acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) has now been largely replaced by troponin levels which are more specific for cardiac damage than even the CK-

clinical image banks

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 21 Dec 2011 13:24:31 +0000

clinical image banks see also: * online radiology image banks Australian emergency medicine online clinical image banks * Life in the Fast Lane - clinical images and blogs

clinical procedures in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Mar 2026 04:55:33 +0000

clinical procedures in the ED see also: * aseptic non-touch technique (ANTT) * minimum coagulation parameters for safe invasive procedures in the ED * procedural sedation * cardiopulmonary resuscitation: * cardiac arrest and asytole * neonatal resuscitation * emergency intubation * EMRAPTV Episode 31: Glidescope demo * EM-blog - tips on using the bougie for difficult airways * EmergentProcedures video via Austin EDteaching.com - gum elastic bougie mp4 video * surgical airw…

clinical signs

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 02 Oct 2012 09:22:02 +0000

clinical signs dermatologic signs general * the petechial rash / purpura * Fever with petechial or purpuric rash * the linear skin lesion or rash * vesicular rashes * bullous / blistering rashes * skin necrosis * urticaria * extra-articular clinical features of rheumatologic conditions orofacial * mouth ulcers fingers and nails * koilonychia * clubbing * Raynaud's phenomenon legs * erythema nodosum * leg_ulcers * peripheral vascular disease (PVD or PAD) neurologic * se…

Clinical pathology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 16 Dec 2008 04:19:58 +0000

Clinical pathology * C reactive protein (CRP) * Aust Presc 2007 - cell markers in clinical diagnosis * Aust Presc 2007 - Evaluation of adrenocortical function in adults

clonazepam

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Aug 2011 11:22:59 +0000

clonazepam see also benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants Summary: * Rivotril * Unusually potent at antag. effects of pentylenetetrazol but almost without action in ECT-induced seizures thus has anticonvulsant activity in wide range of seizure type with notable exception of generalised tonic-clonic seizures & thus useful in absences & myoclonic seizures in children but tolerance to these actions often develop after 1-6mths when no dose of clonazepam will be of use!!;

clonidine (Catapres)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Jan 2017 05:47:31 +0000

clonidine (Catapres) see also: * antihypertensives Introduction * Centrally acting alpha 2 adrenergic agonist * Appears to reduce neurally mediated plasma catecholamine levels * Primarily used as an antihypertensive but has also been used to Rx: * has been used to prevent

clopidogrel

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 16 Dec 2014 05:22:28 +0000

clopidogrel see also: * antiplatelet agents introduction * platelet aggregation inhibitor used in prophylaxis of thromboembolic disorders and with aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) in acute coronary syndrome * marketed as Plavix and Iscover. * prodrug that requires hepatic metabolism (partly by CYP2C19) to become biologically active as a platelet inhibitor.

Clostridium difficile

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 12 Jun 2023 05:49:28 +0000

Clostridium difficile see also: * clinically important bacteria * gastroenteritis * botulism * Australian Healthcare Special Interest Group * Clinical practice guidelines - USA introduction * Clostridium difficile is a Gram positive, anaerobic, heat-resistant spore forming bacillus which is a common cause of antibiotic-related nosocomial colitis, and in its severe form,

clozapine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:24:53 +0000

clozapine see also: * anti-psychotic medications introduction * a newer dibenzodiazepine antipsychotic agent which remains unique in its ability to alleviate the symptoms of patients with refractory illness (30%–40% of patients appear to be “resistant” to other anti-psychotic medications)

clubbing

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 02 Oct 2012 08:32:44 +0000

clubbing see also: * clinical signs * emedicine for more details introduction * clubbing of the nails in association with lung infection was 1st described by Hippocrates * mechanism is unclear 4 phases of clubbing * nail bed fluctuation * loss of the normal nail-cuticle angle (Lovibond angle which is normally 15deg)

cmag

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 08 Sep 2020 13:00:40 +0000

* Notify senior ED doctor * State indication for intubation * ROLES allocated; * Airway nurse & airway doctor * Scribe nurse & Team leader * Drugs doctor & Scout nurse * Don PPE and buddy check * PLAN discussed - including plan B, C and SURGICAL AIRWAY

tryptophan C-mannosyltransferase (CMT enzyme protein)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Jan 2023 21:46:32 +0000

tryptophan C-mannosyltransferase (CMT enzyme protein) see also: * cytokines Introduction * discovered in 2022, tryptophan C-mannosyltransferase (CMT) is a small enzyme protein which results in C-mannosylation of tryptophan side chains or some 20% of all secretory proteins and is important in cell-to-cell communications especially with

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 Dec 2025 01:30:32 +0000

cytomegalovirus (CMV) see also: * viruses * EBV / glandular fever / infectious mononucleosis Introduction * CMV is a member of the Herpesviridae family * ~60% of western populations have been infected with CMV, most are asymptomatic, but it may become reactivated if T-cell immunity falls * appears to be the cause of glioblastoma multiforme

Co-Phenylcaine Forte Spray

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:45:33 +0000

Co-Phenylcaine Forte Spray * excessive topical use may cause hypertensive crisis which may be fatal, and attempts to treat such alpha agonist crises with beta adrenergic blockers or calcium channel blockers may cause acute pulmonary oedema (APO) and thus these agents are contra-indicated!! * excessive topical use may cause

carbon monoxide poisoning (CO)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 19 May 2013 07:58:31 +0000

carbon monoxide poisoning (CO) see also: * headache * hypoxia introduction * carbon monoxide is an odourless gas which can cause insidious poisoning resulting in death * this is particularly likely in enclosed rooms or in cars (car exhaust fumes piped back into cars are a common mode of suicidality)

coagulation pathways

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 03 Aug 2023 07:12:22 +0000

coagulation pathways see also: * thrombosis * deep venous thrombosis (DVT) * DVT prophylaxis * DVT prophylaxis for the surgical patient * DVT prophylaxis, anticoagulation and spinal anaesthesia or spinal cord injured patients * Ix of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) * Mx of suspected DVT * Mx of lower limb DVT * Rx of venous thrombosis (DVT/PE) and superficial thrombophlebitis - American College of Chest Physicians guidelines 2012 * DVT and post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) * upper li…

cocaine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 May 2011 05:38:20 +0000

cocaine see also: * local anaesthetic agents * drug dependency * Mx of psychostimulant toxicity from amphetamines and related substances * intravenous drug users (IVDU) or injection drug use (IDU) history * the 1st LA discovered, pure alkaloid isolated 1860 from leaves of Erythroxylon coca a bush in Andes growing @ 1000-3000m altitude; * studied as LA, Mx of morphine withdrawal, spinal anaesthetic from 1884;

codeine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 23 Apr 2012 07:22:27 +0000

codeine see also: * opiates and opioids oxycodonenon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) introduction * codeine phosphate is an opioid analgesic which is also sometimes used as an antitussive agent. * its analgesic effect is thought to be due to its partial metabolic conversion to morphine * structurally similar to morphine and oxycodone so should be avoided in patients with hypersensitivities to these

coeliac disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 22:31:27 +0000

coeliac disease see also: gastroenterology here Introduction * now known as gluten enteropathy * results from an abnormal immune response to gliadin, a component of dietary gluten, found in wheat, barley, rye and possibly oats. * this causes villous atrophy of the small bowel mucosa, which in turn leads to

colchicine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 03 Jan 2026 04:00:29 +0000

colchicine see also: * pharmacology main index * gout * colchicine overdose Historical: *used by ancient Greeks, so along with the opiates, is probably the earliest recorded medication still in current use * 6th C AD, Alexander of Tralles proposed use of colchicine for joint pain *

colitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 15 Jun 2019 05:18:39 +0000

colitis see also: * central / periumbilical abdominal pain in the ED * diarrhoea Introduction * colitis is inflammation of the large bowel * on a CT scan one of the main features is thickening of the large bowel wall and one should ascertain the distribution of the colitis as this has important ramifications for likely differentials

ischaemic colitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 10 Aug 2018 15:29:28 +0000

ischaemic colitis see also: * the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED * colitis introduction * beware the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED who also has atrial fibrillation - check their serum lactate level! epidemiology * 90% occur in >60 yr olds * younger pts tend to have either: * vascular disease * arteriosclerotic heart disease * diabetes *

collagen disorders

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 14 Mar 2023 20:23:58 +0000

collagen disorders see also: * elastin disorders * connective tissue (CT) disorders * Marfan's syndrome * joint hypermobility disorders and syndromes collagen * collagen refers to a group of proteins which are the main component of connective tissue and the most abundant protein in mammals making up 25-35% of total body protein. * 90% of total body collagen is of type I but there are at least 28 types of collagen, the most common are:

color blindness / color vision deficiency

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 14 Oct 2024 10:15:38 +0000

color blindness / color vision deficiency see also: * ophthalmology * eye color phenotypes and disease associations * * * Enchroma online color blindness test and link to corrective glasses - make sure you do this without any color correction settings applied to your computer display (check color filter in your settings! * there is also considerable variation amongst people…

the comatose patient

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 20 Jan 2019 10:22:08 +0000

the comatose patient * RCH guideline - coma * Wikipedia - Glasgow coma score (GCS) * the acutely confused patient * delirium introduction * coma or decreased conscious state is a common presentation or occurrence within the ED, and most are transient due to syncope / near syncope or post-ictal states. * decreased conscious state will reliably occur when cerebral perfusion falls to low (eg. hypotension or

post-coma unresponsiveness (persistent vegetative state)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 Jan 2019 06:43:15 +0000

post-coma unresponsiveness (persistent vegetative state) see also: * the comatose patient * verification of brain death in the ventilated patient post-coma unresponsiveness * the diagnosis of persistent vegetative state is difficult and usually protracted, often taking months to confirm. * in 2004, the National Health and Medical Research Council has released advice on this matter titled

compartment syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 Jan 2020 13:06:00 +0000

compartment syndrome see also: * acute foot drop Introduction * compartment syndrome is a surgical emergency as the increased pressures within a fascial compartment such as the lower leg compartments results in markedly reduced blood supply and progressive ischaemia and muscle and nerve infarction - muscle necrosis can occur quickly, within 3-4 hours of original injury and becomes irreversible within 4-8hrs

when are doctors required to compulsorily report patients in Australia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 08 Dec 2020 01:57:16 +0000

when are doctors required to compulsorily report patients in Australia see also: * Victorian govt - police and mental health patients * police and the ED reportable deaths * see reportable and reviewable deaths - deaths which MUST be reported to the Coroner notifiable diseases * Vic. DHS notification of notifiable infectious diseases patients in residential aged care * * compulsory r…

concussion

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 01 May 2021 23:28:50 +0000

concussion see also: * head injury in the adult patient * paediatric head injury * Abbreviated Westmead PTA Scale (A-WPTAS) * see * Motor Accident Authority of NSW - Traumatic Brain Injury * can be combined with GCS as an objective measure of post traumatic amnesia (PTA) * a patient is considered to be out of PTA when they score 18/18 * should be used in conjuction with clinical jud…

cardiac conduction blocks

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 02 Aug 2025 11:51:24 +0000

cardiac conduction blocks see also: * cardiology * The basics of reading an ECG * Fascicular heart blocks * Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) * Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) * sick sinus syndrome (SSS) / tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome Introduction * cardiac conduction blocks are common and often found co-incidentally on ECGs taken for other reasons * most have a low probability of serious adverse events although some will result in syncopal episodes and warrant investigation and p…

Event Calendar for 2008

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 07 Oct 2008 12:59:22 +0000

Event Calendar for 2008 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2009 * Victorian school term dates * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * ACEM calendar of events and conferences * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com * Yahoo conferences directory * Google conferences directory January: * 1st: New Year's Day * 26-29t…

Event Calendar for 2009

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 30 Sep 2009 00:35:07 +0000

Event Calendar for 2009 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2008 * Conferences and event calendar for 2010 * Victorian school term dates * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * ACEM calendar of events and conferences * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com * Yahoo conferences directory * Google conferences directory …

Event Calendar for 2010

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 26 Jul 2010 01:39:26 +0000

Event Calendar for 2010 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2011 * Victorian school term dates * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com * Medical Events * DocGuide * MediCruises - 7 day conference cruises * Yahoo conferences directory * Google conferences directory * Ultrasoun…

Event Calendar for 2011

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Aug 2011 23:59:21 +0000

Event Calendar for 2011 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2012 * ACEM calendars * Victorian school term dates * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * Doctor's Review.com - one of the better conference search engines * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com * Yahoo conferences directory - very few medical conferences li…

Event Calendar for 2012

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 06 Sep 2012 13:37:59 +0000

Event Calendar for 2012 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * ACEM calendar 2012 (pdf) * Austin ED teaching website calendar of conferences 2012 * Conferences and event calendar for 2013 * Victorian school term dates * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com * Yahoo conferences directory * Google conferences directory …

event calendar for 2013 including conferences and main ACEM events

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Jul 2013 06:24:35 +0000

event calendar for 2013 including conferences and main ACEM events * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2014 * Victorian school term dates * Gary's Australian cultural event calendar * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com * IFEM calendar of ICEM conferences *

conferences and event calendar for 2014

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Jun 2014 01:08:48 +0000

conferences and event calendar for 2014 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2013 * Conferences and event calendar for 2015 * Victorian school term dates * Vic. public holidays * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com January: * 1st: New Year's Day * TBA: Europe Pacific Medical & Le…

Event Calendar for 2015

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Sep 2015 03:20:55 +0000

Event Calendar for 2015 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2014 * Conferences and event calendar for 2016 * Victorian school term dates * Vic. public holidays * McMaster Uni BEEM courses * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com January: * 1st: New Year's Day * 11-16th: 5th Annual…

Event Calendar for 2016

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 12 Sep 2016 03:10:16 +0000

Event Calendar for 2016 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2015 * Conferences and event calendar for 2017 * Victorian school term dates * Vic. public holidays * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com January: * 1st: New Year's Day * Australia Day February: * new HMO, registrar…

Event Calendar for 2017

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Aug 2017 05:36:24 +0000

Event Calendar for 2017 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2016 * Conferences and event calendar for 2018 * Victorian school term dates * Vic. public holidays * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com * avoid WASET conferences as these are extremely low quality “conferences” January…

Event Calendar for 2018

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 10 Oct 2018 01:11:56 +0000

Event Calendar for 2018 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2017 * Conferences and event calendar for 2019 * Victorian school term dates * Vic. public holidays * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com * Ja…

Event Calendar for 2019

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 May 2019 13:24:45 +0000

Event Calendar for 2019 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2018 * Conferences and event calendar for 2020 * Victorian school term dates * Vic. public holidays * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com January: * 1st: New Year's Day * 26th and 28th: Australia Day February: * new …

Event Calendar for 2020

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 16 Nov 2019 22:19:54 +0000

Event Calendar for 2020 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2019 * Conferences and event calendar for 2021 * Victorian school term dates * Vic. public holidays * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * NorthWest Seminars in Emergency Medicine USA * Medical Conferences.com January: * 1st: New Year's Day *…

Event Calendar for 2021

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Dec 2021 23:30:38 +0000

Event Calendar for 2021 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2020 * Conferences and event calendar for 2022 * Victorian school term dates * Vic. public holidays * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com January: * 1st: New Year's Day * Australia Day February: * new HMO, registrar…

Event Calendar for 2022

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 30 Sep 2022 03:44:19 +0000

Event Calendar for 2022 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2021 * Conferences and event calendar for 2023 * Victorian school term dates * Vic. public holidays * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * travelling to conferences in Malta * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com January: * 1st: New Year's Day * Australia…

Event Calendar for 2023

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 11 Aug 2023 02:15:13 +0000

Event Calendar for 2023 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2022 * Conferences and event calendar for 2024 * Victorian school term dates * Vic. public holidays * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com January: * 1st: New Year's Day * Australia Day * 18-20th: EMCORE Gold Coast Ql…

Event Calendar for 2024

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 16 Feb 2024 00:57:29 +0000

Event Calendar for 2024 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2023 * Conferences and event calendar for 2025 * Victorian school term dates * Vic. public holidays * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com January: * 1st: New Year's Day * 14-19th: RMH International Hokkaido Trauma Confe…

Event Calendar for 2025

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 21 Jun 2025 05:01:11 +0000

Event Calendar for 2025 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2024 * Conferences and event calendar for 2026 * Victorian school term dates * Vic. public holidays * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * WH: Megan's list of conferences (intranet) * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com January: * 1st: New Year's Day * A…

Event Calendar for 2026

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 15:12:22 +0000

Event Calendar for 2026 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2025 * Conferences and event calendar for 2027 * Victorian school term dates * Vic. public holidays * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com January: * 1st: New Year's Day * Australia Day February: * new HMO, registrar…

Event Calendar for 2027

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 04 Feb 2025 05:36:06 +0000

Event Calendar for 2027 * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Conferences and event calendar for 2026 * Conferences and event calendar for 2028 * Victorian school term dates * Vic. public holidays * Gary's Melbourne event calendar * online conference directories: * American Centre for Medical Education (CCME) Emergency Medicine & Acute Care Series courses * Medical Conferences.com January: * 1st: New Year's Day * Australia Day February: * new HMO, registrar…

events and conferences relevant to ED professionals

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 14 Jan 2019 08:14:08 +0000

events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * Victorian school term dates * Victorian public holidays * travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * ATO travel allowances per diem expenses, accommodation allowances * online conference directories: * ACEM calendar of events and conferences * Doctor's Review.com - one of the better conference search engines * Australian toxinology courses * Medicon - Medical Conferences * American Centre for Med…

travel to conferences in Argentina - ICEM 2020

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 May 2022 03:52:46 +0000

travel to conferences in Argentina - ICEM 2020 see also: * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * travelling to New York for conferences * travelling to Hawaii for conferences * travelling to conferences in Malta * smartraveller.gov.au: travel safety in Argentina Introduction * ICEM 2020 will be held in Buenos Aires 15-18th June 2020 * Tourists can stay for up to 90 days without a visa. * Buenos Aires has high levels of air pollution *

travelling to conferences in Barcelona, Spain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 24 Apr 2023 02:56:21 +0000

travelling to conferences in Barcelona, Spain see also: * travelling to conferences in Rhodes, Greece * conferences_Madrid * travelling to conferences in Lisbon, Portugal Introduction * Barcelona is host for Sept 2023 EusEM conference - 16-20th Sept 2023 * climate September: * avg temperatures 15 - 30degC with 73% humidity * sea temp 23degC * avg rain 82mm raining on 6-8days (the 2nd wettest month of the year)

travelling to Canada for conferences

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 18 Aug 2025 00:25:28 +0000

travelling to Canada for conferences see also: * travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * travel insurance Introduction * Air Canada partners with: * Star Alliance, including Air New Zealand * if passing through USA, even though your online ESTA travel visa may be approved, you may not get past border security in the US if you have travelled to

traveling to Croatia for conferences

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 03 Apr 2026 08:55:27 +0000

traveling to Croatia for conferences see also: * travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * traveling to Prague and Czech Republic for conferences * traveling to conferences in Italy Introduction * main airport and capital is Zagreb which is inland and north-east, near the Slovenia border * Dalmatian coastal towns include: * Pula * Opatija * cool-mild in early May with max temperatures ~18degC

traveling to conferences in Germany

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 08 Jun 2017 00:58:20 +0000

traveling to conferences in Germany see also: * travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations Berlin * SMACC 2017 Currinda user account log in * SMACC 2017 * pre-conference workshops: Monday June 26th 2017 * conference at Tempodrom, Berlin Tues 27th-29th June 2017 * 40min, 3.3km walk to Museum district via Checkpoint Charlie and Gendarmemarkt

traveling to Greece for conferences

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 May 2022 04:58:55 +0000

traveling to Greece for conferences see also: * travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * travelling to Iceland for conferences * travelling to conferences in Malta * traveling to conferences in Italy * traveling to Croatia for conferences * daylight savings ends Oct 27th 2018, sunset Oct 28th then 1hr earlier at 5.30pm * Ferries from island to island * wikipedia - list of Greek islands * Ionian Islands are to the west of Greece (eg. Corfu, Kythira, Ce…

travelling to Hong Kong for conferences

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 26 Feb 2024 04:11:04 +0000

travelling to Hong Kong for conferences see also: * travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * traveling to Republic of Korea (South Korea) for conferences * travelling to Taiwan for conferences introduction * unlike mainland China, most visitors do not need to obtain visas in advance * Australian tourists do not require visas for visits of less than 90 days * if you fail to declare any banned or du…

travelling to Iceland for conferences

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 26 Jun 2018 11:28:45 +0000

travelling to Iceland for conferences see also: * travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * traveling to Greece for conferences flights from Australia IcelandAir connections * Iceland Air is the national carrier for Iceland and has flights to many European and north American cities * those coming from Australia will be most interested in getting a Iceland Air flight from either:

travelling to Ireland for conferences

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 18 Dec 2015 07:27:15 +0000

travelling to Ireland for conferences see also: * travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * travel insurance ICEM 2012 Dublin from Australia * June 27-30th 2012: ICEM 2012 website * preliminary programme (pdf) * June 25th-8th July: Wimbledon tennis - London * July 27th-12th Aug: Summer Olympic Games - London flights * please check airlines for up to date details, the following is a guide only!

traveling to conferences in Italy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 May 2022 03:54:15 +0000

traveling to conferences in Italy see also: * travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * traveling to Prague and Czech Republic for conferences * traveling to Croatia for conferences * travelling to conferences in Malta * traveling to Greece for conferences Venice * Venice Marco Polo Airport is 8km from Venice itself * water bus transport * airport to St Mark's Square Linea Arancio (Line A) every 30min and takes 1hr to get to S'Angelo and costs aro…

travelling to Tokyo, Japan for conferences

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 17 May 2025 11:43:34 +0000

travelling to Tokyo, Japan for conferences see also: * travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * traveling to Republic of Korea (South Korea) for conferences * https://www.vjw.digital.go.jp/main/#/vjwplo001 Japan immigration website to enter your details prior to travel Introduction * population of over 14 million residents as of 2023 (41m in Greater Tokyo) and the second-most-populated capital in the w…

traveling to Republic of Korea (South Korea) for conferences

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 16 Oct 2024 09:31:15 +0000

traveling to Republic of Korea (South Korea) for conferences see also: * travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * travelling to Tokyo, Japan for conferences * EM Asia 2016 conference - The K-Hotel, Seoul 24-26th Aug 2016 * * Casa Seorak Sokcho * Sma…

travelling to conferences in Lisbon, Portugal

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 11 Feb 2023 05:55:19 +0000

travelling to conferences in Lisbon, Portugal see also: * travelling to conferences in Rhodes, Greece * conferences_Madrid * travelling to conferences in Barcelona, Spain Introduction * a coastal city famed for its historic, rattling tram lines especially tram 28 into old Alfama town Climate * mild Mediterranean climate * short, mild and rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers

travelling to conferences in Majorca, Spain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 19 Jan 2023 10:18:25 +0000

travelling to conferences in Majorca, Spain see also: * traveling to conferences in Italy * travelling to conferences in Malta * travelling to conferences in Barcelona, Spain Introduction * a 100km diameter, 3,640 km2, tourist island (aka Mallorca) near Barcelona, Valencia and Ibiza with a coastline of 623km * highest peak is Puig Major, at 1445 m but this is in a military zone so the highest accessible peak is Puig de Massanella at 1364m

travelling to conferences in Malta

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 02 Oct 2022 10:23:43 +0000

travelling to conferences in Malta see also: * traveling to conferences in Italy * travelling to conferences in Majorca, Spain Flights from Australia to Malta 2022 direct * Qantas/Emirates: * Melb - Dubai = 14hrs * Dubai - Malta via 1hr stopover in Larnarca, Cyprus = 8hrs * eg. dep Melb Sat Sept 10th 2022 2115hrs EK407, arr. Malta 1405hrs Sun 11th Sept

traveling to Oslo, Norway for conferences

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 09 Feb 2023 23:20:03 +0000

traveling to Oslo, Norway for conferences see also: * travelling to conferences in Rhodes, Greece Introduction * Aug 30th-2nd Sept 2023: 2023 European Association for the History of Medicine and Health: "Crisis in Health and Medicine" Oslo * Oslo (with neighbouring Sandvika-Asker) is built in a horseshoe shape on the northernmost shores of the Oslofjord and limited in most directions by hills and forests

traveling to Prague and Czech Republic for conferences

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 22 Apr 2019 10:28:55 +0000

traveling to Prague and Czech Republic for conferences see also: * travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * traveling to Croatia for conferences * wikipedia Introduction * population of Prague is only 1.3 million but Prague is the fifth most visited European city after London, Paris, Istanbul and Rome with over 8 million tourists each year.

travelling to conferences in Rhodes, Greece

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 20 Apr 2023 13:21:30 +0000

travelling to conferences in Rhodes, Greece see also: * travelling to conferences in Barcelona, Spain * traveling to Oslo, Norway for conferences * sandflies in the Greek islands: * * Introduction * Rhodes (Rodos) is one of the far eastern Greek islands lying just off the coast of Turkey which can be accessed via a ferry

travelling to Taiwan for conferences

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Jun 2025 01:36:54 +0000

travelling to Taiwan for conferences see also: * travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * traveling to Republic of Korea (South Korea) for conferences * travelling to Hong Kong for conferences * Taiwan customs requirements * Some prescription medications are illegal in Taiwan * Taiwan has a visa-exempt entry scheme for nationals of designated countries, including Australia. Australians can use Taiw…

travelling to Hawaii for conferences

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 18 Aug 2025 00:25:11 +0000

travelling to Hawaii for conferences see also: * travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * travelling to Canada for conferences * travel insurance introduction * as for all travel to USA, you will need a travel visa - see travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * even though your online ESTA travel visa may be approved, you may not get past border security in the US if y…

travelling to New York for conferences

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 18 Aug 2025 00:24:54 +0000

travelling to New York for conferences see also: * travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * travelling to Canada for conferences * travel insurance introduction * as for all travel to USA, you will need a travel visa - see travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations * even though your online ESTA travel visa may be approved, you may not get past border security in the US if…

travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 16 Oct 2024 10:15:13 +0000

travel for international conferences - visas and travel authorisations see also: * events and conferences relevant to ED professionals * travelling to New York for conferences * travelling to Hawaii for conferences * conferences_Europe * travelling to Ireland for conferences * travelling to Iceland for conferences * traveling to conferences in Germany * traveling to conferences in Italy * travelling to conferences in Malta * traveling to Greece for conferences * traveling to Croatia…

conflict of interest for employees of hospitals and members of committees and boards of management

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Nov 2013 01:14:30 +0000

conflict of interest for employees of hospitals and members of committees and boards of management see also: * medical professionalism * Vic government Conflict of Interest Policy introduction * conflict of interest is a conflict between a person’s public duty to act in the best interests of the entity and his or her private interests and/or duty to another organisation. A conflict of interest can arise from attempting to avoid personal losses, or gain personal advantage – whether financ…

the acutely confused patient

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 19 May 2013 08:09:51 +0000

the acutely confused patient see also: * the comatose patient * delirium aetiology hypoxia * see hypoxia * pneumonia, pulmonary embolism (PE), acute pulmonary oedema (APO) * pneumothorax * chest injury * respiratory depression * toxicology * myasthenia gravis * muscular dystrophy * painful chest wall trauma * head injury drugs * intoxication or withdrawal

conjunctivitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 28 Jan 2026 10:40:05 +0000

conjunctivitis see also: * ophthalmology * acute atraumatic painful red eye(s) Introduction * bilateral red eyes tend to be more likely due to either conjunctivitis, welder flash burns - UV keratopathy (photo keratitis), or chemical burns, the latter two generally also cause keratitis * if only one eye is red, take special care to exclude other important pathologies - see

consciousness

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 13:33:04 +0000

consciousness see also: * brain evolution and development * cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) * stroke (CVA) * neurology * the comatose patient * Youtube: an excellent talk on consciousness and also why AI is unlikely to gain true consciousness by Anil Seth March 2024 Introduction * clinicians take a rather simplistic approach to the concept of consciousness and conscious states without really defining consciousness but instead relying upon other measures such as state of alertness and state …

constipation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:29:45 +0000

constipation see also: * laxatives * RCH guideline - constipation prevention of constipation * encourage good fluid intake with adequate dietary fibre * avoid repression of desire to use bowels * encourage regular bowel habits * increasing dietary fibre to the recommended daily intake of approximately 30 g or the use of fibre supplements such as psyllium should help in those patients with fibre deficiency.

contraception

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Sep 2013 02:30:19 +0000

contraception see: * gynaecology * post-coital emergency contraception * combined OCP * progestogens and progesterone-only contraceptives and hormonal Rx * Sexual Health & Family Planning Australia - handbook on contraception introduction * unintended pregnancies have a high psychosocial and often financial cost * most women and their partners, do not consider termination of these pregnancies without enormous psychologic stress at the time or the pregnancy, and later in life in often …

radiologic contrast media precautions and adverse reactions

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:45:10 +0000

radiologic contrast media precautions and adverse reactions see also: * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions * anaphylaxis * radiology * Western Health policies (intranet only): * Contrast media administration guidelines * Interaction of Metformin with Intravascular Iodinated Contrast (docx) introduction * iodinated radiocontrast materials are tri-iodinated benzoic acid derivatives that in solution contain a small amount of free iodide and are classified into:

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 11 Sep 2017 07:53:44 +0000

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) see also: * respiratory medicine * asthma * chronic bronchitis * home oxygen introduction * COPD is the third leading cause of disease burden in Australia * it is often under-diagnosed and many do not receive optimal medical care * exacerbations can be caused by:

copper

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 26 Mar 2023 11:13:29 +0000

copper see also: * caeruloplasmin * Wilson's disease Introduction * copper is an essential factor in all organisms, and once copper concentrations exceed the threshold maintained by homeostatic mechanisms, then copper in the body becomes toxic * the balance of copper as an important cofactor is crucial, as dysregulation of intracellular copper bioavailability will induce cytotoxicity and oxidative stress

Mx of cord prolapse

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 16 Apr 2013 06:18:20 +0000

Mx of cord prolapse see labour introduction * cord prolapse is the presentation of the cord first through the cervix once membranes rupture * this is an obstetric emergency as fetal circulation can be rapidly compromised * ALL staff caring for women in labour MUST know how to recognise and manage cord prolapse

corneal abrasions

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 10 Sep 2018 08:42:47 +0000

corneal abrasions see also: * ophthalmology * chemical injuries and burns to the eyes * welder flash burns - UV keratopathy (photo keratitis) * Eye injuries * RCH guideline - acute eye injuries in children * RCH guideline - penetrating eye injury * RCH guideline - the acute red eye patient information sheets * Vic DHS - Eye injury - Flash burns (pdf) * Vic DHS - Eye injury - Foreign body (pdf) introduction * patients with a possible open globe injury should be examined with e…

coronaviridae / corona viruses (CoV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 08:53:32 +0000

coronaviridae / corona viruses (CoV) see also: * viruses * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) Introduction * single stranded enveloped RNA viruses with a very long RNA genome, coding up to 30 viral proteins. * four or five genes make infectious virus particles, but many others support diseases by modifying immune responses

corticosteroids

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 22 Apr 2024 12:39:27 +0000

corticosteroids also known as glucocorticosteroids see also: * pharmacology main index * cortisol physiology * osteoporosis * Aust Prescr 2008 Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis and fractures * Aust Presc 2007 - Evaluation of adrenocortical function in adults systemic corticosteroids * corticosteroids may cause a potentially fatal hyperinfection or disseminated strongyloidiasis in those who have lived in the tropics and have possibly undiagnosed chronic infection

cortisol physiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 23 Oct 2022 01:05:40 +0000

cortisol physiology see also: * adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) * corticosteroids Introduction * cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the cortex of the adrenal glands and is a key component of the physiologic stress response Biochemistry * cortisol is 11-beta,17-alpha,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

coryza / the common cold / viral rhinopharyngitis / rhinitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 06 Oct 2025 22:20:49 +0000

coryza / the common cold / viral rhinopharyngitis / rhinitis see also: * viruses * influenza * rhinitis introduction * the Common Cold or coryza is the most common infection to affect humans with adults having an average of 2-4 infections each year, and a child, 6-8 infections each year

cor pulmonale

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 Jan 2014 07:23:06 +0000

cor pulmonale see also: * congestive cardiac failure * the patient with swollen leg(s) introduction * cor pulmonale is right sided cardiac failure due primarily to a pulmonary aetiology * accounts for ~7% of adult heart disease in western cultures and 10-30% of decompensated heart failure admissions

co-trimoxazole

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 00:40:44 +0000

co-trimoxazole see also: * antibiotics * trimethoprim * the use of cotrimoxazole in elderly patients carries an increased risk of severe adverse reactions. * may not be tolerated well in patients with HIV / AIDS * do not use in those with G6PD deficiency as risk of haemolytic anaemia

acute cough in the adult

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 26 Sep 2020 23:06:32 +0000

acute cough in the adult see also: * the persistent cough * The child with a cough * stridor * wheeze introduction * acute onset of coughing is one of the commonest causes of presentations to a doctor * in the non-asthmatic adult, it is most commonly due to acute bronchitis, influenza or coryza but there is a wide range of differentials

The child with a cough

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 22 Oct 2009 06:04:39 +0000

The child with a cough see also: * croup * bronchiolitis * asthma * pneumonia * pertussis (whooping cough) * RCH guideline - cough * Aust Presc 2009 - cough and cold remedies for children: * nasal saline drops are effective for chronic rhinosinusitis * physiotherapy is only effective for cough due to suppurative lung disease * honey may help cough but should not be used in infants under 12 months age due to risk of infantile botulism

the persistent cough

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 09 Mar 2017 14:49:38 +0000

the persistent cough see also: * respiratory medicine * acute cough in the adult * The child with a cough the adult with a persistent cough differential diagnosis * post-viral cough * upper airway cough syndrome - usually associated with post-nasal drip * chronic sinusitis * allergic and other forms of rhinitis

COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Feb 2026 01:56:25 +0000

COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) see also: * coronaviridae / corona viruses (CoV) * influenza * viruses * pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola * pandemic transmission mitigation through public health measures * COVID-19 risk and benefit of vaccination * the unwell patient after Covid-19 vaccination * COVID-19 science * COVID-19 pandemic global timeline * Covid-19 in Australia * Covid-19 in Victoria * COVID-19 global deaths * COVID-19 point of care testing * COVI…

COVID-19 risk and benefit of vaccination

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 05 Nov 2025 10:00:52 +0000

COVID-19 risk and benefit of vaccination see also: * coronaviridae / corona viruses (CoV) * influenza * viruses * vaccines * pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) * the unwell patient after Covid-19 vaccination * COVID-19 science * Covid-19 in Australia * Covid-19 in Victoria * * The Lancet's coronavirus archive * Aust Gov. patient handout of Pfizer vaccination * Aust. govt pa…

Covid-19 in Australia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 10 Jan 2024 00:59:35 +0000

Covid-19 in Australia see also: * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) * Covid-19 in Victoria * Australian Health Protection Principal Committee (AHPPC) policy statements of Covid-19 management * National Plan to transition Australia's National Covid19 Response July 2021 * > 70% adults double vax (expected by end of Oct 2021) => phase B * ongoing low level local restrictions with lockdowns possible * ease restrictions on those who are vaccinated * increase internati…

COVID-19 global deaths

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 Sep 2020 15:02:15 +0000

COVID-19 global deaths see also: * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) * pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola * pandemic transmission mitigation through public health measures * COVID-19 science * Covid-19 in Australia * Covid-19 in Victoria Introduction * ascertaining the extent of deaths due to a pandemic is not easy for many reasons such as: * many countries have pre-existing poor death registration systems * these issues are exacerbated when death rates incre…

COVID-19 pandemic global timeline

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 23 Dec 2022 00:43:30 +0000

COVID-19 pandemic global timeline see also: * coronaviridae / corona viruses (CoV) * influenza * viruses * pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola * pandemic transmission mitigation through public health measures * COVID-19 science * COVID-19 pandemic global timeline * Covid-19 in Australia * Covid-19 in Victoria * COVID-19 global deaths Pandemic timeline * China implemented extremely stringent quarantine measures for its people which has also allowed other countries time to pre…

COVID-19 health care worker testing

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 29 Sep 2021 01:55:22 +0000

COVID-19 health care worker testing see also: * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) * COVID-19 point of care testing * nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs * COVID-19 risk and benefit of vaccination Introduction * whilst all HCWs in Australia will be required to be vaccinated for Covid-19, as the vaccination is imperfect (protection against transmissable Covid-19 infections is 60-80% depending upon age and time since vaccinated), HCW's are at risk of infection, especially if working…

COVID-19 point of care testing

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 02 Oct 2021 03:36:42 +0000

COVID-19 point of care testing see also: * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) * COVID-19 health care worker testing * nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs Introduction * rapid point of care (POC) testing for Covid-19 is becoming more readily available in Australia, and as of Nov 1 2021, pending TGA approval home testing rapid antigen kits will become available

COVID-19 science

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 17 Dec 2025 07:09:01 +0000

COVID-19 science see also: * coronaviridae / corona viruses (CoV) * influenza * viruses * pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) * COVID-19 risk and benefit of vaccination * Covid-19 in Australia * Covid-19 in Victoria * * The Lancet's coronavirus archive * * NSW Govt's Critical Analysis Unit - EB…

the unwell patient after Covid-19 vaccination

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 26 Dec 2021 10:28:16 +0000

the unwell patient after Covid-19 vaccination see also: * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) * COVID-19 risk and benefit of vaccination * Aust Gov. patient handout of Pfizer vaccination * Aust. govt patient handout of AZ vaccination risks * SAFEVAC Adverse Reaction to Vaccines Reporting Process in Australia - note you should gain the patient's consent prior to reporting Introduction * by far the most common reactions to Covid-19 vaccinations are: * vasovagal / anxiety wh…

Covid-19 in Victoria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Feb 2026 01:53:22 +0000

Covid-19 in Victoria see also: * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) * Covid-19 in Australia * Covid-19 management at Western Health * Covid-19 modeling for Victoria * * in Victoria: * Victorian DHHS government website on coronavirus * vulnerable patient planning - homelessness, disabled, mental health patients: * *

Covid-19 modeling for Victoria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 20 Sep 2020 02:28:26 +0000

Covid-19 modeling for Victoria see also: * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) * Covid-19 in Australia * Covid-19 management at Western Health * Covid-19 in Victoria Predictive modelling * modeling of pandemics has been well studied as per pandemic epidemiology * the problem with models is that even small changes in the quantity of a parameter or even the timing of a change to the effective R value via interventions can result in massive changes in predicted outcomes.

Covid-19 management at Western Health

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:49:42 +0000

Covid-19 management at Western Health see also: * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) * Covid-19 in Australia * Covid-19 in Victoria * in Victoria: * Victorian DHHS government website on coronavirus * vulnerable patient planning - homelessness, disabled, mental health patients: * * *

cracked heels

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Feb 2026 22:08:44 +0000

cracked heels see also: * dermatology * hyperkeratosis / thickened skin / ichthyosis / lichenification Introduction * cracked heels are common and can not only be a cosmetic issue, but can be painful and if severe deep fissures, can become a site for infection and cellulitis although this seems less common than would be expected due to the general superficial nature of the fissures, but in diabetics can also lead to diabetic foot ulcers

creatine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 08 Nov 2025 22:35:58 +0000

creatine see also: * exercise for health * sarcopenia / generalised muscle wasting * diets and healthy foods Introduction * creatine is a naturally occurring compound made from three amino acids: L-arginine, glycine, and L-methionine * the body primarily produces creatine in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas and hence is not an essential nutrient

chronic renal failure

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:02:14 +0000

chronic renal failure see also: * renal medicine (nephrology) * acute kidney injury (AKI) / acute renal failure (ARF) Introduction * chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition which may lead to chronic renal failure (CRF) and end-stage renal failure (ESRF) which may require dialysis or a renal transplant aetiology of CRF

cricothyroidotomy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 10 Dec 2022 05:37:27 +0000

cricothyroidotomy * bougie-assisted cricothyrotomy * the surgical airway Ram Parekh MD, performs a life-saving cricothyrotomy on a post-arrest patient: introduction * surgical cricothyroidotomy is an emergency procedure to create a patent airway by creating a hole in the cricothyroid membrane and passing a tube such as an endotracheal tube to allow ventilation of a compromised airway.

critical care (intensive care medicine)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 18 May 2021 00:20:29 +0000

critical care (intensive care medicine) see also: * CICM website * transfer of the critically ill adult patient * choking / respiratory arrest / cardiac arrest / BLS / ALS / CPR * assisted ventilation * Victorian REACH metropolitan critical care and mental health bed availability * Victorian Chris Critical Health Resource Information System critical care bed availability website * VicTAG register of life saving drugs in Victorian hospitals (pdf) * Australian Resuscitation Council * em…

transfer of the critically ill adult patient

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 30 Jan 2015 13:27:33 +0000

transfer of the critically ill adult patient see also: * critical care (intensive care medicine) * emergency medical retrieval services for transfer of the critically ill * Dr Andrew Tagg's video tutorial on preparing for a safe transfer * Victorian metropolitan critical care bed availability * ACEM policy - Minimum standards for Transport of Critically Ill Patients (pdf) * ACEM policy - Minimum standards for the Intrahospital Transport of Critically Ill Patients (pdf) * Adult Retrieval…

Crohn's disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 12 Jan 2026 22:30:07 +0000

Crohn's disease see also: * inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) * emedicine introduction * 1st described by Crohn, Ginzberg, and Oppenheimerf in 1932. * it is thought that interplay between the gut’s bacteria and immune system responses are a critical step in developing Crohn’s Disease

croup

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 30 Jan 2015 13:29:48 +0000

croup see also paediatric emergency medicine * RCH guideline - croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) * NSW NETS - croup (pdf) * Dr Andrew Tagg's video tutorial on croup and bronchiolitis

C reactive protein (CRP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 09:03:22 +0000

C reactive protein (CRP) see also: * erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) * full blood examination (FBE) * CRP - science and pathophysiology Introduction * CRP was 1st described in 1930 by Tillet and Francis. * C-reactive protein plays a key role in the host's defence against infection by activating the complement system and acts as an opsonin for bacterial sequences and nuclear material which has been expressed from a cell during apoptosis, and thus enhances phagocytosis thereby helpin…

CRP - science and pathophysiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 30 Jul 2022 03:19:48 +0000

CRP - science and pathophysiology see also: * C reactive protein (CRP) * innate immunity Introduction * C Reactive Protein is a key actor in the clearance of bacteria and dying cells and is an acute phase reactant with levels rising within 12 hours of most acute inflammatory states.

The crying or irritable baby

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 14:46:13 +0000

The crying or irritable baby * RCH guideline - the crying baby

cryoglobulinaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Oct 2023 03:05:26 +0000

cryoglobulinaemia see also: * hypothermia * Raynaud's phenomenon * frostbite Introduction * cryoglobulinemia is a rare condition in which those who have cryoglobulins (these immunoglobulin complexes typically precipitate at temperatures below 37degC and will dissolve again if the blood is heated) may develop serious complications when exposed to the cold.

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 06 Jul 2025 01:22:57 +0000

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) see also: * meningitis * subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) * lumbar puncture (LP) introduction * CSF volume is 135-150ml and is produced at rate to ~500ml/day * 50-70% is formed from ependymal cells in the choroid plexus with remainder coming from blood vessels and the ventricle walls

CT abdomen

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 16 Nov 2025 08:23:28 +0000

CT abdomen see also: * radiology * CT thorax / chest * CT brain * retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) Interpretation of the CT abdomen scan basic concepts * nearly all urologic calculi are radio-opaque on CT scan except for rare drug calculi (ciprofloxacin, indinavir, sulphonamides) * differentiate ureteric calculi from phleboliths by evidence of surrounding inflammation around the ureteric calculus

CT brain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Aug 2018 11:57:06 +0000

CT brain see also: * radiology * arachnoid cysts * hydrocephalus interpreting the CT brain general concepts * is there any cerebral oedema, if so, what type and where? * is there evidence of a bleed, if so, what type of bleed, how old and where? * acute bleeds and clots are hyperdense

connective tissue (CT) disorders

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 14 Mar 2023 20:24:16 +0000

connective tissue (CT) disorders see also: * collagen disorders * elastin disorders * joint hypermobility disorders and syndromes * Marfan's syndrome * Ehlers-Danlos syndrome * fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)

CT spine - cervical (Cx), thoracic (Tx) or lumbar (Lx)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 24 Feb 2024 01:51:05 +0000

CT spine - cervical (Cx), thoracic (Tx) or lumbar (Lx) see also: * radiology * CT brain * cervical spine injury * thoracic spine trauma * lumbar spine trauma * the lumbosacral spine Xray * trauma Interpretation of CT spine basic concepts * 3 Denis spinal columns concept of spinal injury * initially was applied to thoracolumbar injuries in 1976 but is applicable to lower cervical injuries as well

CT thorax / chest

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 07 Jul 2017 13:53:08 +0000

CT thorax / chest see also: * radiology * CT abdomen * CT brain Interpretation of the CT thorax scan basic concepts * aortic dissection * if you don't see a dissection flap, look hard for intramural haematoma or penetrating ulcer * trauma * diaphragm rupture (usually on the left) is easily missed, look carefully on coronal and sagittal images

culturally intelligent leadership in EM

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 05 Dec 2024 04:46:25 +0000

culturally intelligent leadership in EM see also: * welcome to the OzEMedicine Wiki * ACEM resources on cultural competence * Australian indigenous cultural knowledge resource Healing Foundation Introduction * cultural competence is not being an expert on cultures but rather a willingness to try to understand, respect and empathise with those from different cultural backgrounds

Cushing's syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 01 Jun 2019 06:24:28 +0000

Cushing's syndrome see also: * cortisol physiology * corticosteroids Introduction * Cushing's syndrome is the clinical syndrome which results from prolonged high activity of glucorticoasteroid hormones Clinical features * characteristic redistribution of adipose tissues (eg. buffalo hump on the upper back)

the chest X-ray (CXR)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 11 Nov 2020 23:54:00 +0000

the chest X-ray (CXR) see also: * radiology * wikipedia - chest radiograph * CXR atlas * Emedicine chest imaging articles * Medical student CXR interpretation tutorial * RadiologyED.org resource library * LITFL's 150 top CXR cases/quizzes reading a CXR before you get started * optimise room lighting by turning off stray lights - unfortunately this is not likely to be possible in most ED's * check patient name and date of examination

cyanide poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 Nov 2020 08:48:26 +0000

cyanide poisoning see also: * toxicology * metabolic acidosis * introduction * severe cyanide poisoning is a rare event in Western cultures * fire is the most common source of cyanide exposure in Western countries * cyanide gas is less dense than air so it will rise

Cyanotic spells in children

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 30 Sep 2009 03:35:42 +0000

Cyanotic spells in children * congenital heart disease (CHD) * RCH guideline - cyanotic spells

cytokines

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Dec 2025 22:50:29 +0000

cytokines see also: * chemokines * autacoids * fever - the febrile response to infections * interleukin-6 (IL-6) * interleukin-1b (IL-1b) * immunology * innate immunity * adaptive immunity introduction * cytokines are small proteins released by cells which act through binding to cell wall receptors and affect the behaviour of other cells and perhaps the same cell which are particularly important in the immune response but generally excludes growth factors, hormones,

cytotoxic agents

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 03 Jul 2025 01:17:15 +0000

cytotoxic agents see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * immunosuppressants Introduction * cytotoxics are those medications and substances which kill cells - especially rapidly dividing cells such as epithelial, gastro-intestinal, haemopoietic and many cancer cells * hence they are commonly used in

acute coronary syndromes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 02 Mar 2026 22:59:33 +0000

acute coronary syndromes see also: * cardiology * ischaemic heart disease (IHD) * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED * Mx of possible acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation (NSTEACS) * cardiac stress testing * acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) * EBM for interventions in acute coronary syndromes * historical perspectives and timelines on ischaemic heart disease including the major research trials * AFTB Lecture Notes - ACS I * ACS in the Elderly: Where the …

EBM for interventions in acute coronary syndromes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 27 Oct 2008 04:44:31 +0000

EBM for interventions in acute coronary syndromes see also: * cardiology * acute coronary syndromes * Evidence based medicine (EBM) evidence classes * historical perspectives and timelines on IHD including the major research trials Evidence for interventions in pts with coronary syndromes: out-of-hospital 12 lead ECG's: Class I: * Patients with AMI receive an earlier diagnosis and faster treatment with fibrinolytic drugs in the ED when paramedics obtain a 12-lead ECG in the field and …

atrial fibrillation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Feb 2026 05:39:17 +0000

atrial fibrillation see also: * cardiology * cardiac arrhythmias * atrial flutter * aetiology and pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation * Pre-excitation syndrome such as WPW * see Detailed Mx of the patient with AF in the ED Introduction * prevalence of AF in western countries is 1-4% with 70% of those with AF being aged > 65yrs and incidence appears to be increasing worldwide due to improved detection * it is a major risk factor for

Atrial flutter

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 11 Sep 2025 11:32:22 +0000

Atrial flutter see also: cardiology; cardiac arrhythmias; AF Introduction: * clinically, atrial flutter is managed similarly as for Atrial Fibrillation with which it is often in association, although of the two, AF is 7-8x more common as a cause for admission. * often flutter is not as well tolerated as AF due to the rapid and often difficult to control ventricular rate, especially with minimal exertion.

aetiology and pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 16 Jun 2024 14:02:57 +0000

aetiology and pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation see also: * cardiology * cardiac arrhythmias * atrial flutter * atrial fibrillation * Pre-excitation syndrome such as WPW * see Detailed Mx of the patient with AF in the ED Introduction * lifestyle interventions, including weight loss and improved physical activity, have been shown to decrease AF risk in obese individuals. Aetiology

Detailed Mx of AF in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 23 Oct 2024 00:11:47 +0000

Detailed Mx of AF in the ED see also: * AF main page * cardiology * cardiac arrhythmias * atrial flutter * calculators: * CHADS2 Score for Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Risk * CHA2DS2-VASc Score for Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Risk * ABCD2 Score for TIA * NICS care bundle of documents to assist in the ED management of TIA and stroke * AHA/ASA Guidelines - Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack * Eur. Heart J. 2012: 2012 focu…

choking / respiratory arrest / cardiac arrest / BLS / ALS / CPR

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 12 Dec 2025 04:00:03 +0000

choking / respiratory arrest / cardiac arrest / BLS / ALS / CPR * pulseless electrical activity (PEA)/(EMD) * VF * cardiac arrhythmias * bradycardia * anaesthetics * Resuscitation * paediatric resus. drugs * ILCOR website - resuscitation guidelines including new 2010 recommendations * Australian Resuscitation Council * RCH guideline - paediatric resuscitation * RCH guideline - paediatric cardiac arrest algorithm * Probability of neurologic recovery post cardiac arrest - scoring too…

broad complex tachycardias

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 04 May 2024 02:24:05 +0000

broad complex tachycardias see also: * cardiac arrhythmias * Narrow Complex Tachycardias and the DDx * Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) * ventricular tachycardia (VT) * LITFL - Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia (RVOT) WPW * is it really a broad complex tachy? * if there is at least one lead with narrow complexes then it is NOT a broad complex tachy as the appearance may be due to either: * sinus tachy with large ST elevation

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 Mar 2009 04:43:20 +0000

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) see also: * cardiology * intracoronary stents introduction * CABG has been the traditional Rx for patients with amenable coronary occlusions and suitable operative candidates. * recently, the introduction of drug-eluting stents is increasingly challenging the role of CABG in patients suitable for stent and who are likely to tolerate and comply with long term antithrombotic medications such as

electric storm

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 09 Sep 2023 07:44:13 +0000

electric storm see also: * broad complex tachycardias * torsade de pointes VT * ventricular fibrillation (VF) * The basics of reading an ECG * ventricular tachycardia (VT) * 2011: The Evaluation and Management of Electrical Storm Introduction * generally defined by 3 or more sustained episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT), torsade de pointes VT, ventricular fibrillation (VF), or appropriate shocks from an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator within 24 hours and typically have a p…

genetic determinants of cardiac phenotypes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 11 Mar 2024 22:02:07 +0000

genetic determinants of cardiac phenotypes see also: * cardiology Introduction * a study of AI analysis of GWAS and cardiac indices was published in March 2024 which revealed a range of genetic associations including 40 new loci associations, a sub-group of these are outlined below.

Narrow complex tachycardias

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Oct 2023 13:47:22 +0000

Narrow complex tachycardias see also: * cardiac arrhythmias * Broad Complex Tachycardias and the DDx * Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) for Mx of acute paroxysmal SVT DDx of narrow complex tachycardias: * tip: measure rate by counting number of QRS on the rhythm strip section of ECG and multiply by 6 * if QRS duration is < 120ms, then it is almost always a SVT rather than a

Mx of possible acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation (NSTEACS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 26 May 2024 01:13:17 +0000

Mx of possible acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation (NSTEACS) see also: * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED * acute coronary syndromes * acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) * cardiac stress testing * cardiac markers (troponin) introduction * this assumes the patient has had consideration of other aetiologies of chest pain as per the adult patient with chest pain in the ED and there is no new LBBB or ST elevation on ECG (see

risk assessment of possible acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation (NSTEACS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 09 Nov 2017 05:01:11 +0000

risk assessment of possible acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation (NSTEACS) see also: * Mx of possible acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation (NSTEACS) * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED * ACS rule out algorithm for the adult patient with chest pain in the ED * acute coronary syndromes * acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) * cardiac stress testing * cardiac markers (troponin) introduction * one of the major difficulties for clinicians is deciding wh…

pulseless electrical activity (PEA)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 28 Jun 2020 01:37:08 +0000

pulseless electrical activity (PEA) see also: * cardiology * choking / respiratory arrest / cardiac arrest / BLS / ALS / CPR * also called Electro-Mechanical Dissociation (EMD) * paediatric resus. drugs * RCH guideline - paediatric cardiac arrest algorithm Imminent predictors of PEA / cardiac arrest * It appears that rapid elevations in pulmonary pressures (due to pulmonary vascular bed compression such as in mucus plug and massive aspiration, and acute hypoxic vasoconstriction) an…

cardiac physiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 09 Sep 2023 10:36:24 +0000

cardiac physiology see also: * cardiology Introduction * the heart is a 4 chamber pump which beats due to electrical impulses generated in the sino-atrial node in the right atrium which pass to the AV node then down the bundle of His, and then spreads out in a wave to excite myocardial fibres in the ventricles

pre-excitation syndromes including WPW

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 05 May 2024 00:42:40 +0000

pre-excitation syndromes including WPW see also: * cardiology * cardiac arrhythmias * supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) * atrial fibrillation * introduction * pre-excitation occurs when some portion of the ventricles are activated by an impulse from the atria sooner than expected if passing down a normal pathway.

premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and bigeminy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 03 Feb 2024 11:57:40 +0000

premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and bigeminy see also: * cardiology * cardiac arrhythmias introduction * a premature ventricular contraction or ventricular ectopic beat is a cardiac contraction that is generally premature or occurs before the expected sinus QRS complex and arises out of the ventricular tissue.

sinus tachycardia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:31:45 +0000

sinus tachycardia see also: * cardiology * supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) cardiac output = stroke volume x heart ratemean arterial blood pressure = cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance * fall in systemic vascular resistance (eg. vasodilator drugs, ethanol, warm skin such as after a bath)

intracoronary stents

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 Mar 2009 04:42:13 +0000

intracoronary stents see also: * cardiology * coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) introduction 1st generation bare metal stents * the first generation Palmaz-Schatz bare metal (BMS) coronary stents were evaluated in two major trials in 1994 (STRESS and Benestent): * angiographic restenosis rates at 6months were ~1/3rd less than for PTCA alone.

cardiac stress ECG testing

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 01 Aug 2013 07:21:58 +0000

cardiac stress ECG testing see also: * Mx of possible acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation (NSTEACS) * cardiac stress testing introduction * the low sensitivity and specificity of stress ECG testing for detection of significant coronary artery disease has resulted in it largely being displaced by other methods of cardiac stress testing consider the patient's pre-test probability before stress testing

cardiac stress testing

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 20 Aug 2020 14:43:11 +0000

cardiac stress testing see also: * Mx of possible acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation (NSTEACS) * cardiac stress ECG testing introduction * the sensitivity of the various modalities of stress testing is generally low, identifying less than half of those who will go on to have a further adverse cardiac event * the problem arises from the fact that, unlike as is the case with stable angina where there is a chronic limitation to coronary blood flow, patients with ACS tend to have a…

supraventricular tachycardias (SVT)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Oct 2023 13:49:12 +0000

supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) see also: * cardiology * cardiac arrhythmias * Narrow Complex Tachycardias and the DDx * paediatric supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) see Am. College Card Guidelines on Mx of SVT, RCH guideline - paediatric SVT * do not try DC reversion for multifocal atrial tachyardia (MAT) or sinus tachycardia - give IV fluids instead! acute reversion of paroxysmal SVT: haemodynamically unstable

paediatric supraventricular tachycardias (SVT)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 13 Apr 2014 12:01:40 +0000

paediatric supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) see also: * cardiology * cardiac arrhythmias * Narrow Complex Tachycardias and the DDx * supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) see Am. College Card Guidelines on Mx of SVT, RCH guideline - paediatric SVT introduction * 70-90% of SVT in infants is AVRT and many infant SVTs are due to presence of accessory pathways which close after age 2 yrs as the heart develops

torsade de pointes VT

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 27 Aug 2014 11:04:44 +0000

torsade de pointes VT see also: * cardiac arrhythmias * ventricular tachycardia (VT) * LITFL - a case of prolonged QTc with R on T bigeminy leading to torsades ref: EMedicine article on torsade de pointes introduction: * torsade is an inherently unstable rhythm and will either revert or degenerate to VF, thus commence Rx as soon as it is recognised. * Most (75-82%) torsade de pointes (TDP) rhythms are started by a pause. Pacing at rates up to 140 bpm may prevent the ventricular pauses …

ventricular fibrillation (VF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 23:10:27 +0000

ventricular fibrillation (VF) see also: * BLS and ALS for Mx of cardiac arrest * ventricular tachycardia (VT) * return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) post-arrest introduction * VF is most likely to occur in the ischaemic heart with either electrolyte imbalance, local acidosis or sympathetic stimulation (hence the obsession with electrolytes, rest, stress reduction and early commencement of

ventricular tachycardia (VT)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 09 Sep 2023 06:45:06 +0000

ventricular tachycardia (VT) see also: * broad complex tachycardias * torsade de pointes VT * ventricular fibrillation (VF) * The basics of reading an ECG * electric storm

dabigatran

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:49:54 +0000

dabigatran see also: * Detailed Mx of AF in the ED * anticoagulants * idarucizumab (Praxbind) introduction * Dabigatran is a potent, competitive and reversible direct thrombin inhibitor and is thus used as an oral anticoagulant for prevention of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and new studies seem to show that it is more effective, and safer than warfarin for preventing stroke in patients with

D-Dimer pathology test

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 08 Jan 2026 07:23:57 +0000

D-Dimer pathology test see also: * Ix of PE * pathology * age-adjusted D-Dimer cut-off values * Wikipedia * a raised D-Dimer test does NOT mean there is a clot - there are many other causes of a raised D-Dimer - even just the normal inflammatory response following a vaccination or a bruise! the D-Dimer test

deafness / hearing loss

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 Oct 2018 03:35:28 +0000

deafness / hearing loss see also: * sensorineural hearing loss / deafness * ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT) * ED Mx of vertigo and BPV * tinnitus * RVEEH clinical practice guidelines: * Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (pdf) * Impacted Wax (pdf) introduction * deafness is classified as either conductive or sensorineural hearing loss / deafness or mixed and these are generally differentiated at the bedside by using Rinne and Weber tuning fork tests:

sensorineural hearing loss / deafness

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 22:38:31 +0000

sensorineural hearing loss / deafness see also: * deafness / hearing loss * presbycusis (deafness of aging) * drug induced ototoxicity * endolymphatic hydrops including Meniere's disease physiology * humans can detect sounds in a frequency range from about 20 Hz to 20 kHz * infants can actually hear frequencies slightly higher than 20 kHz, but lose some high-frequency sensitivity as they mature

death and the potentially dead

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 21 Mar 2020 01:23:48 +0000

death and the potentially dead see also: * the deceased patient in the ED * end of life care * how to verify death * verification of brain death in the ventilated patient * reportable and reviewable deaths - deaths which MUST be reported to the Coroner * how to complete a death certificate for cause of death * preparing for the worst - making life easier for your loved ones if you become critically ill or die * on the death of your loved one - estate issues and more “Death is nothing …

verification of brain death in the ventilated patient

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 05 Oct 2023 03:04:22 +0000

verification of brain death in the ventilated patient see also: * death and the potentially dead * how to verify death * reportable and reviewable deaths - deaths which MUST be reported to the Coroner * how to complete a death certificate for cause of death * the comatose patient * post-coma unresponsiveness (persistent vegetative state) verification of brain death in the ventilated patient * while the definition of brain death is largely a matter of legal statute, the law does not sp…

how to complete a death certificate for cause of death

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 May 2019 06:13:34 +0000

how to complete a death certificate for cause of death see also: * death and the potentially dead * how to verify death * reportable and reviewable deaths - deaths which MUST be reported to the Coroner * Western Health policies index for the deceased patient (intranet only) * Western Health's stillbirth and neonatal death procedure (pdf) * Western health's procedure for organ donation after cardiac death (pdf) * Western Health's post mortem request flow chart (pdf) non-reportable d…

reportable and reviewable deaths - deaths which MUST be reported to the Coroner

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Feb 2026 01:57:35 +0000

reportable and reviewable deaths - deaths which MUST be reported to the Coroner see also: * death and the potentially dead * how to verify death * how to complete a death certificate for cause of death * when are doctors required to compulsorily report patients in Australia * Victorian Coroners Court Website * Victorian Coroner's publication - Coroners Process - Information for families and friends (PDF 3.14MB) * National Coroners' Information System (NCIS) * nation-wide centralised…

on the death of your loved one - estate issues and more

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 04 Apr 2020 04:52:40 +0000

on the death of your loved one - estate issues and more see also: * preparing for the worst - making life easier for your loved ones if you become critically ill or die Introduction * the death of a loved one, no matter how expected it may be is always traumatic, highly emotional times and a prolonged period of grief and the grieving process should be expected and support should be sought from grief counseling services, GP, friends or relatives as you feel necessary

preparing for the worst - making life easier for your loved ones if you become critically ill or die

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 03 Apr 2020 11:57:32 +0000

preparing for the worst - making life easier for your loved ones if you become critically ill or die see also: * on the death of your loved one - estate issues and more Introduction * none of us want to come to the realisation of our own mortality, but avoiding the issue may only make our suffering more prolonged and make it harder for our loved ones to manage

how to verify death

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Aug 2013 14:16:48 +0000

how to verify death see also: * death and the potentially dead * the deceased patient in the ED * verification of brain death in the ventilated patient * reportable and reviewable deaths - deaths which MUST be reported to the Coroner * how to complete a death certificate for cause of death legal definition of death in Australia * a person is dead when there is irreversible cessation of circulation of blood in the body of the person, OR, irreversible cessation of function of the brain o…

the deceased patient in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Aug 2013 14:18:12 +0000

the deceased patient in the ED see also: * death and the potentially dead * end of life care * medico-legal issues in the ED * Western Health policies index for the deceased patient (intranet only) * Western Health's Death of a patient procedure (pdf) * Western Health's post mortem request flow chart (pdf) * Western health's procedure for organ donation after cardiac death (pdf) introduction * from the medico-legal viewpoint for ED doctors there are 3 scenarios: * deceased pati…

neuropsychology of decision making

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Jun 2014 08:49:32 +0000

neuropsychology of decision making see also: * regret and regret avoidance and decision making * clinical decision making introduction * the dopamine-basal ganglia and OFC-amygdala neural pathways of regret play an important role in adaptive behaviour and decision making * genomic MRI studies appear to show: * those who were better at being able to imagine their competitor's thinking and anticipate and respond to the actions of others (belief learning) had a variation in three genes th…

clinical decision making

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Jun 2014 07:36:30 +0000

clinical decision making see also: * neuropsychology of decision making * clinical decision support systems (CDSS) * Clinical Decision Making in Emergency Medicine - Prof. Patrick Croskerry - ICEM 2012 webcast how does a clinician make a clinical decision * before we can develop computerised CDSS's we should first look at the cognitive processes that clinicians use to come to a decision whether it be on provisional diagnosis, an investigation or a management option.

defensins

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 09 Jul 2025 04:46:33 +0000

defensins see also: * innate immunity Introduction * defensins are small antimicrobial cysteine-rich cationic proteins * they play an important role in innate immunity against viruses, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and parasites in the digestive system and the reproductive system

dehydration

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 29 Jun 2016 06:21:04 +0000

dehydration see also: * RCH guideline - dehydration in children * intravenous (iv) fluids

dementia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 22 Feb 2026 23:25:52 +0000

dementia see also: * neurology * Mental state - delirium vs dementia vs psychosis * cognition * Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) introduction * dementia is a serious loss of cognitive ability in a previously unimpaired person, beyond what might be expected from normal aging. * affected areas of cognition may be memory, attention, language, and problem solving.

dengue fever

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 22 Mar 2025 09:05:58 +0000

dengue fever see also: * the febrile returned traveller * viruses introduction * flaviviral mosquito-borne (Aedes albopictus and A. aegypti) illness of the tropics including northern Queensland * these mosquitoes usually live between the latitudes of 35° North and 35° South below an elevation of 1,000 metres (although in Mexico and Sth American tropics have been found up 2200m but the mosquitoes are rare higher than 1700m) where average winter isotherms are above 10degC

dental

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 16 Aug 2025 03:24:16 +0000

dental see also: * dental injuries * acute dental pain / dental abscess * dental caries * gingivitis * periodontitis * mouthwashes * faciomaxillary * dental physiology * RCH guideline - paed. dental problems * RCH info - Dental services for children in Victoria * 24hr emergency dental services by appointment only in Melbourne (incl. public holidays): * Contempo Healthcare Dental Surgery - ph: 0421 983 283 * 387 Barry Rd, Broadmeadows 03 9357 7050 or 508 Grimshaw St Bundoora 03 …

dental caries

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 04:52:51 +0000

dental caries see also: * dental * periodontitis * acute dental pain / dental abscess * odontogenic sinusitis Introduction * dental decay has been linked to duration of exposure to sweet and acid foods such as: * sweetened drinks including fruit juice, cordial, Milo, Quik, Ribena, sports drinks, soft drinks (including sugar-free)

dental injuries

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 06 Aug 2021 23:38:41 +0000

dental injuries see also dental, faciomaxillary * RCH guideline - dental injuries * Wikipedia - general information on teeth and tooth structure * drbunn.com - tooth numbering systems * dental anaesthesia * The Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne FDI Two-digit tooth numbering system dental injuries * all pts with significant dental trauma should be advised that any teeth involved may later die & require root canal Rx concussed tooth *

acute dental pain / dental abscess

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 18 Nov 2025 22:24:23 +0000

acute dental pain / dental abscess see also: * dental injuries * dental * dental caries * mouthwashes * faciomaxillary * RCH guideline - paed. dental problems * if looking for a localised dental abscess or mandibular injury then OPG is the usual preferred investigation * if there is swelling in the floor of the mouth or the neck then a CT scan should be considered to exclude an abscess such as in Ludwig's angina

dental physiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 16 Aug 2025 06:42:29 +0000

dental physiology see also: * dental Introduction * most vertebrate groups have the ability to replace their teeth. * mammals have two sets of teeth: primary and adult teeth * some animals such as mouse incisors, grow continuously throughout their life time as a result of active somatic stem cells at the proximal end of the incisor tooth combined with roles of a range of

depression

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:17:27 +0000

depression see also: * psychiatry and mental health * antidepressants * suicide * Geriatric depression scale * stress * happiness * sadness * loneliness * new screening tool for depression in Australian indigenous peoples - the aPHQ-9 Other references * Aust Presc 2008 - Rx of perinatal depression (post-partum) * Aust Presc 2007 - Antidepressants in pregnancy and breastfeeding In the news * Dec 2008 - Antidepressants the most common PBS prescription for women aged 28-33yrs in A…

dermatitis herpetiformis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 05 Jul 2019 13:40:17 +0000

dermatitis herpetiformis see also: * dermatology * dermnetnz introduction * rare, chronic pruritic papulo-vesicular auto-immune skin disorder mainly occurring in people with coeliac disease which accounts for 80% of cases, other associations not related to gluten intolerance include:

dermatology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Feb 2026 22:10:28 +0000

dermatology see also: * psoriasis * mouth ulcers * papular rashes * pustular rashes * the petechial rash / purpura * the linear skin lesion or rash * facial rashes * acute generalized non-vesicular non-purpuric rashes covering most parts of the body * skin nodular "rash" * scalp folliculitis * acne rosacea * atopic eczema * seborrheic dermatitis * blepharitis / dry eyes * angular cheilitis (cracked corners of the mouth) * xanthelasma * madarosis (loss of eyebrows) * alopecia …

dermatomyositis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 21 Oct 2013 04:36:13 +0000

dermatomyositis see also: * myopathy / myositis / muscle aches and pains * polymyositis (PM) * inclusion body myositis (IBM) introduction * a connective-tissue disease related to polymyositis (PM) that is characterized by inflammation of the muscles and the skin * may also affect the joints, the esophagus, the lungs, and, less commonly, the heart * ~100-200 cases per million

EM in developing countries

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Jun 2009 06:06:50 +0000

EM in developing countries see also: * ACEM International Medicine Special Interest Group * includes reports on Emergency Medicine in Papua New Guinea * WHO Child and Adolescent Health programs and documentation * WHO Pocket Book - Guidelines for the management of common illnesses with limited resources * International Child Health Review Collaboration (ICHRC.org) - collaborative development of Pocket Book guidelines and EBM * ICHRC Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT)…

comparison of developmental disorders affecting social development

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 06 Sep 2012 08:25:13 +0000

comparison of developmental disorders affecting social development see also: * autism spectrum disorder (ASD) * attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) feature autism Asperger's ADHD Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) impaired social interactions non-verbal cues, reciprocity, social isolation awkwardness, odd, non-verbal cues, display of empathy, social isolation

Diabetes insipidus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 14:56:23 +0000

Diabetes insipidus * RCH guideline - diabetes insipidus

the diabetic foot - infection or foot ulcers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 May 2017 07:13:29 +0000

the diabetic foot - infection or foot ulcers see also: * cellulitis * sepsis / septicaemia * diabetes mellitus * venous leg ulcers * WH policy - diabetic foot infections (doc) - intranet only * At WH, these patients are generally referred to Diabetes Fooot Service, endocrinology and vascular surgery which are based at Footscray Hospital (NOT Sunshine Hospital)

the dialysis patient in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 16 Apr 2022 04:54:45 +0000

the dialysis patient in the ED see also: * suspected peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients * antibiotic doses for peritoneal dialysis patients * Western Health renal medicine policies and procedures * kidney.org.au * Aust Presc 2007 - Prescribing in renal disease * WH Mx of blocked haemodialysis access - intranet only introduction * the dialysis patient presents unique complexities to ED staff and early discussion with a renal team is advisable. * many peripheral hospitals have…

antibiotic doses for peritoneal dialysis patients

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 23:23:07 +0000

antibiotic doses for peritoneal dialysis patients see also: * suspected peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients * antibiotics empirically increased by 25% Intraperitoneal Dosing of Antibiotics in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Intermittent Continuous (once daily unless otherwise specified)

suspected peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 17 Apr 2019 09:36:51 +0000

suspected peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients see also: * spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) * renal medicine (nephrology) * antibiotic doses for peritoneal dialysis patients * Western Health renal medicine policies and procedures * ISPD Peritonitis Recommendations: 2016 Update on Prevention and Treatment introduction * patients on peritoneal dialysis are at risk of life threatening peritonitis * early recognition and Rx is important and peritonitis should be suspected if…

diarrhoea

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 27 Jan 2020 01:58:16 +0000

diarrhoea see also: * gastroenteritis * The child with gastroenteritis * traveller's diarrhoea * food poisoning * osmotic diarrhoea from excessive solutes: * ingestion of too much solutes which either cannot be absorbed or exceed the capacity for absorption * eg. lactose, fructose, aspartame, saccharine, sorbitol, laxatives

chronic diarrhoea

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 07:52:36 +0000

chronic diarrhoea see also: * diarrhoea * Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2017: Chronic Diarrhea: Diagnosis and Management (pdf) Introduction * Chronic diarrhoea is defined by duration of >4 weeks * 5% will develop an episode of chronic diarrhoea some time in their life * Failure to make a diagnosis is more likely due to overlooking a common cause than missing a rare cause of chronic diarrhoea

post-prandial diarrhoea

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 19 May 2016 00:20:54 +0000

post-prandial diarrhoea see also: * diarrhoea * irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) * colorectal cancer (bowel cancer) * diverticulitis introduction aetiology * irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) * may be helped by chronic chilli ingestion to desensitize receptors * “Habba syndrome” - dysfunctional gallbladder * may be helped by bile acid binding agents such as

diazepam

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 31 Oct 2009 22:47:39 +0000

diazepam see also benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics, induction agents Summary * 99% prot. bound; enterohep. circ; metab. to nordazepam -> oxazepam; * T½= 30-60hrs; Vd = 1.1L/kg; Clearance = 0.38ml/min/kg; * redistribution half-times: diazepam 1hr; Clinical usage and dosages Anticonvulsant

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 05 Oct 2021 03:58:04 +0000

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) see also: * coagulation pathways Introduction * DIC is a rare but serious condition that causes a consumptive widepread clotting process throughout the circulation and thus also results in bleeding tendency due to the consumption of clotting factors

dicloxacillin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 04:01:35 +0000

dicloxacillin see also: * penicillins * antibiotics for Rx of Staph. aureus * avoid prolonged courses, particularly in the elderly as risk of cholestatic jaundice, even though risk is half that for flucloxacillin * not for use in neonates - see PI introduction * dicloxacillin is a narrow spectrum penicillin active against Gram +ves including St. aureus

diets and healthy foods

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:05:48 +0000

diets and healthy foods see also: * healthy living and diets * foods that may be toxic or bad for you * FODMAPs and the low FODMAP diet * salt / sodium in food products * honey * creatine * milk and dairy products * atherosclerosis and primary prevention * 2019 Lancet commission into best diet for health and environment * 2024: Underrated aspects of a true Mediterranean diet: understanding traditional features for worldwide application of a “Planeterranean” diet * accurate evidence…

digoxin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 23 Oct 2024 00:10:12 +0000

digoxin see also: * digoxin toxicity/overdose * AF * pharmacology main index * cardiology * cardiac arrhythmias introduction: * digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used in the treatment of most types of cardiac failure and supraventricular dysrhythmias. Dosing in adults rapid digitalisation for Mx of RAF in adults usual dosing

diphtheria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Jun 2025 05:29:43 +0000

diphtheria * see also: * clinically important bacteria * vaccines Introduction * an potentially life threatening infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces the diphtheria toxin that causes the main symptoms * thanks to widespread vaccination of children with diphtheria vaccines (combined with

diplopia / double vision

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 10 Sep 2018 09:02:29 +0000

diplopia / double vision see also: * ophthalmology Introduction * this is a very common symptom * the clinician needs to determine if it is monocular or binocular Aetiology monocular diplopia * ie. double vision with one eye closed * keratoconus * astigmatism

disaster medicine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 27 May 2025 14:55:22 +0000

disaster medicine see: * Victorian State health emergency response plan (SHERP) * emergency medical retrieval services for transfer of the critically ill * radiation emergencies * disaster medical aspects for Melbourne * ACEM paper - disaster medical services (pdf) * ACEM paper - Disposition of Patients in the Emerg. Dept.on Notification of a Mass Casualty Incident (pdf) * ACEM paper - Infectious Disease and Biohazard Exposure in the Emergency Department (pdf) * Simon Bolch's Fellowshi…

disaster medical aspects for Melbourne

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Feb 2026 13:24:43 +0000

disaster medical aspects for Melbourne * see also: * disaster medicine * Australian Disaster Resilience knowledge hub * Aust. Govt. Geoscience Australia natural hazards and community safety Introduction * Melbourne is relatively fortunate it is itself in a fairly low risk region for natural disasters with the most frequent events being: * bushfires and grassfires are common events but are generally confined to more rural areas and Melbourne itself is unlikely to be directly impa…

vertebral osteomyelitis / discitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 08 Aug 2018 09:15:07 +0000

vertebral osteomyelitis / discitis see also: * epidural abscess Introduction * infection of the intervertebral discs is a potentially serious problem with a risk of sepsis / septicaemia and spread to form ostemyelitis or epidural abscess and then irreversible neurology or worse. Aetiology * most cases are haematogenous spread following bacteraemic episodes:

Disclaimer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 12 Jul 2013 04:57:32 +0000

Disclaimer This information is provided by the authors of OzEMedicine in good faith and they attempt to ensure it is up to date and accurate. FIRST DO NO HARM Use of this wiki information is at your own risk This wikipedia does NOT represent the views of, nor is it necessarily endorsed by government bodies, health services nor the ACEM, but is content created in good faith by Australian emergency physicians.

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 05 Apr 2020 04:02:17 +0000

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) see also: * acute thoracic back pain in the adult * ankylosing spondylitis (AS) Introduction * Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis is a degenerative condition of the thoracic spine in older adults characterized by undulating “osteophytic-like” bone formation along the anterior longitudinal ligament and sometimes the posterior longitudinal ligament, which may lead to partial or complete fusion of adjacent spinal levels.

internal carotid artery dissection

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 May 2014 06:01:45 +0000

internal carotid artery dissection see also: * stroke (CVA) introduction * carotid dissection is an uncommon event occurring in ~2 in 100,000 population per annum * along with vertebral artery dissection, it accounts for ~20% of ischaemic stroke (CVA) in young adults * most common age is the mid-forties

vertebral artery dissection

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 24 Apr 2019 23:38:53 +0000

vertebral artery dissection see also: * stroke (CVA) * vertebral artery aneurysm introduction * vertebral artery dissection is an uncommon event occurring in ~1 in 100,000 population per annum * along with internal carotid artery dissection, it accounts for ~20% of ischaemic stroke (CVA) in young adults * most common age is the early forties

diuretics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 02:35:31 +0000

diuretics see also pharmacology main index, hypertension, congestive cardiac failure History of diuretic use: * Use of mercurials to Rx syphilis & their common diuretic side effect led to the use of mercurial diuretics in 1920's & despite toxicity, these potent loop diuretics dominated Rx of CCF until advent of modern loop diuretics.

loop diuretics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 04 Dec 2017 06:53:24 +0000

loop diuretics see also: * diuretics * congestive cardiac failure Introduction * More rapid onset, shorter action & more potent diuresis than thiazides & thus greater homeostatic responses; * Loop diuretics are organic anions that circulate bound to proteins (>90%), limiting their Vd, and do not enter tubular fluid by means of glomerular filtration but, rather, require secretion across proximal tubular cells, through organic anion transporters (OAT1 and OAT2) and the multidrug resistan…

Osmotic diuretics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Oct 2008 07:17:09 +0000

Osmotic diuretics see also diuretics, head_injury, glaucoma Osmotic Diuretics: * Must be: * freely filtered by glomerulus; * limited reabsorption in tubule; * relatively inert; * given in sufficiently large doses to incr. osmol. of plasma & glom.filtrate; * Result in:

Thiazide diuretics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 06:47:07 +0000

Thiazide diuretics see also: * diuretics * gout * hypertension Introduction * Benzothiadiazides were synthesised in attempt to enhance potency of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors but an unanticipated chemical reaction led to substances that increased chloride excretion & thus had a different effect to

diverticulitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jul 2023 03:51:00 +0000

diverticulitis see also: * the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED introduction * diverticula are herniations of the mucosa and submucosa or the entire wall thickness through the muscularis and in Western cultures, 95-95% involve the sigmoid colon, while in those living in Africa and Asia, prevalence is only 0.2% of the population and it mainly affects the right side!

diabetes mellitus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 09 Aug 2025 10:31:14 +0000

diabetes mellitus see also: * endocrinology * Mx of 1st presentation diabetes mellitus * Mx of the diabetic patient in ED * insulin * DDx of hyperglycaemia * oral hypoglycaemic agents * metformin * hypoglycaemia * diabetic ketoacidosis * diabetes mellitus in children * risk factors and aetiology of diabetes mellitus Other references * JAMA 2008: Does This Patient With Diabetes Have Osteomyelitis of the Lower Extremity?(pdf) * Aust Presc 2008 - Preventing foot ulcers * MJA 2008 …

Mx of 1st presentation diabetes mellitus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 01:02:38 +0000

Mx of 1st presentation diabetes mellitus see also: * endocrinology * diabetes mellitus * Mx of the diabetic patient in ED * insulin * DDx of hyperglycaemia * oral hypoglycaemic agents * metformin * hypoglycaemia * diabetic ketoacidosis * diabetes mellitus in children * risk factors and aetiology of diabetes mellitus Introduction * this is a brief outline of initial ED Mx of an adult patient found to have a high blood glucose Initial Ix in ED of adults * usual ABC's of ED - mov…

risk factors and aetiology of diabetes mellitus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 May 2016 03:34:57 +0000

risk factors and aetiology of diabetes mellitus see also: * diabetes mellitus type 2 diabetes mellitus introduction * type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disease associated with: * obesity (BMI > 120% of ideal) - 90% are obese * age > 45yrs * energy dense diets may be an independent risk factor

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Jan 2023 23:37:47 +0000

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) see also: * SGLT2 inhibitor induced diabetic ketoacidosis (gliflozin DKA) * diabetes mellitus * endocrinology * insulin * hypoglycaemia * hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HSS or HONK) * diabetes mellitus in children * Western Health procedures (intranet only): * Insulin infusion (docx) * Initial Management of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycamic State (doc) * initial Mx of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (doc) * AFTB lectures - DKA * RCH - Mx of DKA in children…

SGLT2 inhibitor induced diabetic ketoacidosis (gliflozin DKA)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 01 Oct 2023 16:27:46 +0000

SGLT2 inhibitor induced diabetic ketoacidosis (gliflozin DKA) see also: * diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) * oral hypoglycaemic agents * gliflozins / SGLT2 inhibitors Introduction * until the introduction of SGLT2 inhibitors (gliflozins), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) only occurred in type I insulin-dependent diabetic patients * these agents have been shown to cause a potentially life threatening euglycaemic form of diabetic ketoacidosis

hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HSS or HONK)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 May 2015 15:31:28 +0000

hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HSS or HONK) see also: * DDx of hyperglycaemia * diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) * diabetes mellitus * insulin * Western Health procedures (intranet only): * Insulin infusion (docx) * Initial Management of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycamic State (doc) * initial Mx of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (doc) introduction * formerly known as hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma (HONK) * type 2 diabetic patients who become unstable for a period of days can develop a seve…

Mx of the diabetic patient in ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 09 Aug 2025 11:29:34 +0000

Mx of the diabetic patient in ED see also: * endocrinology * diabetes mellitus * insulin * DDx of hyperglycaemia * oral hypoglycaemic agents * metformin * hypoglycaemia * diabetic ketoacidosis * diabetes mellitus in children Introduction * diabetes mellitus is an important co-morbidity factor for patients presenting to the ED, particularly, if they are type 1 insulin dependent diabetics as these patients often have their basal insulin requirements forgotten raising the risk of

diabetes in children

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 17 Apr 2014 05:55:17 +0000

diabetes in children see also: * paediatric emergency medicine * endocrinology * diabetes mellitus * insulin * hypoglycaemia * Mx of diabetes in children going to theatre for surgery * RCH - Mx of DKA in children * RCH guideline - Mx of diabetes phone calls

Mx of diabetes in children going to theatre for surgery

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 17 Apr 2014 05:50:49 +0000

Mx of diabetes in children going to theatre for surgery see also: * paediatric emergency medicine * endocrinology * diabetes mellitus * insulin * hypoglycaemia * diabetes in children * RCH guideline - diabetes mellitus * RCH guideline - diabetes and surgery introduction * primary aims for Mx of diabetic children going to theatre for surgery and who are thus fasting are: * maintainence of euglycaemia, and,

DNA and genes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 30 Jan 2026 22:58:49 +0000

DNA and genes see also: * genetics * genomics * gene regulation * micro RNAs (miRNAs) Introduction * the human genome consists of over three billion nucleotide pairs which make up the 46 chromosomes in each nucleated cell * an average chromosome contains 130 million nucleotide pairs which if put into a line would be 4cm long!

DOACs / NOACs

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 May 2018 04:23:32 +0000

DOACs / NOACs see also: * anticoagulation Introduction * direct acting oral anticoagulants Examples * rivaroxaban * edoxaban * apixaban * dabigatran

dobutamine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 02:07:41 +0000

dobutamine see also: * inotropes * sympathomimetics * Western Health policy - Dobutamine hydrochloride (intranet only) introduction * inotrope with vasodilatation * primarily used in refractory heart failure or cardiogenic shock but avoided a sole agent in septic shock due to the risk of hypotension from the vasodilatation. * unlike dopamine, it does not selectively cause renal vasodilatation.

domestic violence

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 19 May 2024 01:34:41 +0000

domestic violence see also: * psychiatry and mental health * managing violence or the aggressive patient in the ED * cultural issues in domestic violence * sexual assault / rape * non-fatal suffocation or strangulation * Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria introduction * domestic / family violence is a crime in Australia * it has many layered factors which contribute to this complex issue however much is being done to reduce this and fortunately, Victoria has amongst the lowes…

cultural issues in domestic violence

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 23 May 2014 01:31:06 +0000

cultural issues in domestic violence see also: * domestic violence * India's dowry and how it may contribute to domestic violence in Indian families living in Australia

domperidone (Motilium)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 14 Dec 2012 05:28:16 +0000

domperidone (Motilium) * use of domperidone is associated with increased risk of serious ventricular arrythmias and sudden cardiac death, particularly in adults aged greater than 60 years taking daily doses greater than 30mg * initiate Rx at the lowest effective dose

dopamine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 04:04:01 +0000

dopamine see also: * sympathomimetics * inotropes History: * The naturally occurring immediate precursor of noradrenaline; * was once used for cardiogenic shock with renal hypoperfusion; * was once used to counteract renal & mesenteric vasoconstriction with alpha-adrenergic doses adrenaline & noradrenaline;

dopamine receptor blockers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 May 2014 08:07:00 +0000

dopamine receptor blockers see also: * sympathomimetics * dopamine * dopamine receptors introduction * dopamine receptors in the brain and autonomic ganglia are vital for a wide range of neurologic functions and are involved in the extrapyramidal movement control system, pleasure reward systems, modulation of autonomic system and prolactin secretion

dopamine receptors

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 May 2014 08:01:41 +0000

dopamine receptors see also: * sympathomimetics * dopamine * dopamine receptor blockers introduction * dopamine is a sympathomimetic amine which is an important endogenous neurotransmitter and sympathetic hormone * dopamine is removed from the synapse by dopamine transporter (DAT) * DAT is inhibited by many recreational drugs such as

doxycycline

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 31 Dec 2013 06:10:51 +0000

doxycycline see also: * antibiotics * tetracycline antibiotics introduction * a tetracycline class bacteriostatic antibiotic * active against a wide range of Gram positive and Gram negative organisms, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Rickettsiae, Borrelia, syphilis, N. gonorrhoeae, pre-erythrocytic and asexual bloodstages of Plasmodium falciparum *

DPP-1 inhibitors / Cathepsin C inhibitors

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 20:50:11 +0000

DPP-1 inhibitors / Cathepsin C inhibitors see also: * bronchiectasis Introduction * dipeptidyl peptidase-1 (DPP-1) inhibitors (aka Cathepsin C inhibitors) are the first disease-specific therapy shown to be effective in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis * DPP-1 plays a crucial role in activating various granular serine proteases including cathepsin G (CatG), neutrophil elastase (NE) and proteinase 3 (PR3)

droperidol (Droleptan)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 May 2014 06:34:18 +0000

droperidol (Droleptan) see also: * anti-psychotic medications introduction * droperidol is a butyrophenone type antipsychotic agent which is similar to haloperidol * it produces marked tranquillization and sedation as well as having an anti-emetic effect * it potentiates other CNS depressants * also produces mild alpha-adrenergic blockade, peripheral vascular dilatation,

Near drowning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 14:54:13 +0000

Near drowning * RCH guideline - near drowning

doctor's bag pharmaceutical supplies

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 12 Feb 2025 01:27:06 +0000

doctor's bag pharmaceutical supplies see also: * welcome to the OzEMedicine Wiki Introduction * Australian doctors are able to obtain certain pharmaceuticals for emergency use for patients free of charge * see * the doctor wll need to order a Prescriber Bag Supply Order Book

Drug calculations

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:56:37 +0000

Drug calculations see also pharmacology main index Drug dose calculators * RCH guideline - IV fluids * RCH paediatric emergency drug dose calculator * Cornell Uni Pediatric medical calculators * RCH paediatric drug doses * RCH therapeutic drug level monitoring guidelines (pdf) Basic calculations: * 1% = 10mg/ml; * 1:1000 = 1mg/ml; * 1:10,000 = 0.1mg/ml = 100mcg/ml; Convert mcg/kg/min to ml/hr: * [volume in flask(mls)/amount in flask(mcg)] x mcg/kg/min x weight(kg) x 60

drug dependency

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 31 Dec 2015 02:31:38 +0000

drug dependency see also: * Addiction medicine - drug and alcohol - main index and links * ethanol/alcohol dependence * opiate and opioid dependence * acute pain Mx in drug dependent patients * pain, analgesia and analgesics * marijuana / cannabis / THC * volatile substance abuse * ecstasy * amphetamines and related psychostimulant substances * cocaine * gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) * hallucinogens * Medical Practitioners Board of Victoria - article on the Drugs, Poisons & Controll…

credentialling and performance appraisals of senior doctors

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Nov 2013 05:16:08 +0000

credentialling and performance appraisals of senior doctors see also: * medical professionalism * Vic. DOH clinical engagement and credentialling of senior doctors * Vic DOH credentialling toolkit * Partnering for performance guide (375kb, pdf) * Information for senior doctors (170kb, pdf) * Tips and checklists for senior doctors (170kb, pdf) * Senior doctor, management and organisational competencies (227kb, pdf) * Western health policies (intranet only): * Managing Underperfo…

antibodies to double stranded DNA (dsDNA / anti-DNA)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Dec 2015 04:23:49 +0000

antibodies to double stranded DNA (dsDNA / anti-DNA) see also: * arthritis - clinical patterns introduction * the anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) blood test is used to help diagnose systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a person who has a positive result on a test for anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and has clinical signs and symptoms that suggest lupus

delayed sequence induction

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 22 Jan 2019 07:22:31 +0000

delayed sequence induction see also: * emergency intubation Introduction * A modification to usual RSI where procedural sedation is given to permit optimal pre-oxygenation * Ketamine is the prototypical agent used * Published by Weingart * A useful option in critically ill patients who are difficult to pre-oxygenate (ie due to agitation)

Dupuytren's contracture

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 13 Oct 2024 14:26:00 +0000

Dupuytren's contracture see also: * rheumatology * eye color phenotypes and disease associations Introduction * a painless common benign fibroproliferative disorder that leads to the formation of the collagen knots and fibres in the palmar fascia which leads to progressive flexion deformity of the fingers (sparing the thumb and forefinger) in older people generally over the age of 50yrs

cerebral dural venous sinus thrombosis (CVST)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 19 Jun 2025 08:09:10 +0000

cerebral dural venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) see also: * headache Introduction * thrombosis of the cerebral venous sinus is a rare, potentially life threatening condition which causes raised intracranial pressure (ICP) * adult prevalence is 3-16 cases per million population per year with 75% being female and mainly in young adults, presumably due to pregnancy and

deep venous thrombosis (DVT)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 17 Apr 2025 00:12:20 +0000

deep venous thrombosis (DVT) see also: * DVT prophylaxis * DVT prophylaxis for the surgical patient * DVT prophylaxis, anticoagulation and spinal anaesthesia or spinal cord injured patients * Ix of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) * Mx of suspected DVT * Mx of lower limb DVT * Rx of venous thrombosis (DVT/PE) and superficial thrombophlebitis - American College of Chest Physicians guidelines 2012 * DVT and post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) * upper limb DVT * thrombophlebitis * thrombop…

Mx of suspected DVT

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 Sep 2025 12:12:42 +0000

Mx of suspected DVT see also: * Mx of lower limb DVT * deep venous thrombosis (DVT) * upper limb DVT * Ix of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) Mx of suspected DVT in ED: * patient should be briefly assessed for: * other differentials * the patient with swollen leg(s) * presence of risk factors * traditional risk factors * cancer (including polycythaemia rubra vera), pelvic mass, hormonal Rx, recent surgery/immobilisation, pregnancy, PH or FH DVT/PE,

Mx of lower limb DVT

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 04:57:57 +0000

Mx of lower limb DVT see also: * Rx of venous thrombosis (DVT/PE) and superficial thrombophlebitis - American College of Chest Physicians guidelines 2012 * deep venous thrombosis (DVT) * Mx of suspected DVT * upper limb DVT * Mx of PE * guidelines on starting anticoagulation and warfarin Rx * AFTB lectures - venous thromboembolism * DVT prophylaxis * thrombophlebitis * for unprovoked DVT: * thrombophilia blood testing should NOT be done until at least 2 weeks after ceasing anticoa…

Ix of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 02:42:26 +0000

Ix of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) see also: * pulmonary embolism (PE) * Mx of confirmed PE * deep venous thrombosis (DVT) * Mx of suspected DVT * V/Q ventilation-perfusion lung scans * template to assist in the discharge documentation of suspected PE SSU admits * MJA 2007: simplifying the Dx of PE * AFTB lectures - venous thromboembolism * Two-level Well's score for DVT/PE * 2017: PE and syncope - the maths - D-Dimer or no D-Dimer? * see AHA 2026: 2026 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ACEP/CHEST/…

DVT prophylaxis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:57:05 +0000

DVT prophylaxis see also: * Mx of lower limb DVT * deep venous thrombosis (DVT) * risk assessment for venous thromboembolism (VTE) * DVT prophylaxis, anticoagulation and spinal anaesthesia or spinal cord injured patients * DVT prophylaxis for the surgical patient * DVT_proph_nonsurg * DVT, PE, VTE prophylaxis and risk assessment in patients with lower leg immobilization (eg BKPOP plaster for fracture ankle) * NHMRC NICS Stop The Clot patient information brochure (pdf) * NSW Govt: VTE …

DVT prophylaxis, anticoagulation and spinal anaesthesia or spinal cord injured patients

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 28 Jan 2011 03:46:04 +0000

DVT prophylaxis, anticoagulation and spinal anaesthesia or spinal cord injured patients see also: * DVT prophylaxis * risk assessment for venous thromboembolism (VTE) * Western Health DVT prophylaxis and anticoagulation guidelines including peri-operative Mx of those patients on warfarin (pdf) - intranet only DVT prophylaxis for spinal cord injury patients * Consider prophylaxis * must discuss with trauma and/or neurosurgery units

DVT, PE, VTE prophylaxis and risk assessment in patients with lower leg immobilization (eg ...

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:56:46 +0000

DVT, PE, VTE prophylaxis and risk assessment in patients with lower leg immobilization (eg BKPOP plaster for fracture ankle) see also: * DVT prophylaxis * ankle injuries and fractures * risk assessment for venous thromboembolism (VTE) * DVT / VTE risk assessment scores and tools Introduction * the clinical risk benefit analysis of DVT, PE, VTE prophylaxis in adult patients with a lower limb immobilization due to requirement of a BK POP or similar for a fractured ankle or foot is complic…

DVT prophylaxis for the surgical patient

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 28 Jan 2011 03:45:44 +0000

DVT prophylaxis for the surgical patient see also: * main DVT prophylaxis page including details of mechanical methods of prophylaxis * risk assessment for venous thromboembolism (VTE) * DVT prophylaxis, anticoagulation and spinal anaesthesia or spinal cord injured patients * Western Health DVT prophylaxis and anticoagulation guidelines including peri-operative Mx of those patients on warfarin (pdf) - intranet only As at 2010 for Western Health: DVT prophylaxis in the adult general surgi…

DVT and post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Aug 2013 08:06:07 +0000

DVT and post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) see also: * Rx of venous thrombosis (DVT/PE) and superficial thrombophlebitis - American College of Chest Physicians guidelines 2012 * deep venous thrombosis (DVT) * venous insufficiency of the leg introduction * PTS is a cluster of leg symptoms and signs attributable to previous DVT. * PTS occurs in about one-third of patients after acute DVT and up to two-thirds who have had an iliofemoral DVT

risk assessment for venous thromboembolism (VTE)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 01:09:41 +0000

risk assessment for venous thromboembolism (VTE) see also: * DVT prophylaxis * see also DVT / VTE risk assessment scores and tools VTE risk assessment for patients being admitted to hospital high risk * surgery for THR, TKR, or hip fracture * abdominal or pelvic surgery for cancer * multiple major trauma injuries

DVT / VTE risk assessment scores and tools

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 06 May 2018 07:03:35 +0000

DVT / VTE risk assessment scores and tools * see also: * risk assessment for venous thromboembolism (VTE) * DVT prophylaxis * DVT, PE, VTE prophylaxis and risk assessment in patients with lower leg immobilization (eg BKPOP plaster for fracture ankle) Caprini RAM score * originally designed for surgical inpatients * BUT was UNABLE to identify a subset of non-ICU medical inpatients who would benefit from pharmacologic prophylaxis

Rx of venous thrombosis (DVT/PE) and superficial thrombophlebitis - American College of Chest ...

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 22 May 2018 00:01:51 +0000

Rx of venous thrombosis (DVT/PE) and superficial thrombophlebitis - American College of Chest Physicians guidelines 2012 see also: * thrombophlebitis * Mx of lower limb DVT * this is a brief summary - please see the full detailed original recommendations published in American College of Chest Physicians guidelines 2012 in Chest - Volume 141, Issue 2 Suppl (February 2012) * 2016 American College of Chest Physicians guidelines available here:

upper limb DVT

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Apr 2013 02:40:46 +0000

upper limb DVT see also: * deep venous thrombosis (DVT) * DVT prophylaxis * Mx of lower limb DVT introduction * ~10% of all cases of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) involve the upper extremity resulting in an annual incidence in USA of 0.4-1 cases per 10,000 people * cases have become more common with use of central venous catheters, cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators

dysautonomia syndromes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:43:22 +0000

dysautonomia syndromes more information: * other causes of autonomic dysfunction and references * other causes of sinus tachycardia * Dr Fogoros' web page * The importance of exercise in these conditions - Arthritis Victoria fact sheet * this is NOT familial dysautonomia which is an exceedingly rare condition which only affects those of Ashkenazi Jew parentage. introduction * a variably accepted collection of syndromes which mainly occurs in young women

dyschesia (painful defecation)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 23 Jun 2019 07:26:19 +0000

dyschesia (painful defecation) see also: * anal fissure * perianal abscess * anal fistula / fistula-in-ano * faecal impaction * endometriosis * diverticulitis

dysmenorrhoea

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 02:14:51 +0000

dysmenorrhoea see also: * gynaecology * chronic pelvic pain in women * premenstrual syndrome introduction * dysmenorrhoea means painful menstruation and occurs in 3-90% of menstruating women depending on the population studied and criteria used to define it. * dysmenorrhoea may also refer to a symptom complex (perhaps better referred to as

dyspareunia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Oct 2009 22:43:40 +0000

dyspareunia see also: * gynaecology introduction * dyspareunia refers to pain on sexual intercourse in the female. * it is classically divided into: * superficial - pain on the external genitalia or vaginismus due to reflex spasm of levator ani and perineal muscles which may be psychogenic.

Dyspepsia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 30 Oct 2008 10:45:29 +0000

Dyspepsia Summary * ~25% adults in Western society experience dyspeptic symptoms (epigastric pains/discomfort) at least monthly whilst 5% experience daily symptoms * the main pathologic causes are: * peptic ulcer disease * gastro-oesophageal reflux with oesophagitis * non-ulcer dyspepsia (those that have no definite structural or biochemical explanation)

dysphagia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Mar 2026 23:09:57 +0000

dysphagia see also: * gastroenterology aetiology painful dysphagia * gastro-oesophageal reflux * burns * pharyngitis * tonsillitis * herpangina * EBV / glandular fever / infectious mononucleosis * upper GIT foreign body - eg. fish bone * aortic dissection (Ortner's syndrome) * etc non-painful dysphagia * upper GIT foreign body * stroke (CVA) * vertigo * oesophageal strictures * oesophageal cancer * stomach cancer * extrinsic masses * aortic dissection * achalasia * amy…

dysuria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 23 Jun 2019 07:27:55 +0000

dysuria see also: * urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis * sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs) * vulvovaginitis * painful bladder syndromes: * interstitial cystitis

evidence based medicine (EBM)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 13 Apr 2014 05:44:40 +0000

evidence based medicine (EBM) see also: * therapeutics - risks and benefits of therapies, medications, drugs, etc * research and innovation in emergency medicine * journal club * journal links * Medical statistical analysis * medical web portals, directories, news aggregators, etc * NNT.com's EBM analyses levels of evidence * Level I: Evidence obtained from at least one properly designed randomized controlled trial. * Level II-1: Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trial…

Ebola virus disease (EVD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 12 Dec 2014 06:02:46 +0000

Ebola virus disease (EVD) see also: * viruses * WH Ebola plan Dec 2014 * WHO - Ebola * Aust. Govt. - Ebola information * Aust. Govt. case definitions Ebola * Vic. Govt Ebola Response Plan 2014 (pdf) * if suspect a case (see below for criteria): * under law must notify the Department (DH) immediately by calling 1300 651 160 in order to enable an assessment by the Chief Health Officer (CHO) or delegate and in order to trigger other immediate public health actions.

EBV / glandular fever / infectious mononucleosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Apr 2016 06:10:11 +0000

EBV / glandular fever / infectious mononucleosis see also: * viruses * tonsillitis * NSW: patient information sheet (pdf) introduction * Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is the virus that causes glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis or IM) * a frequent infection, particularly in young adults, mainly due to spread via saliva such as kissing or sharing drinks

ECG diagnosis of AMI

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 06 Jul 2017 23:39:54 +0000

ECG diagnosis of AMI see also: * The basics of reading an ECG * patterns of ECGs * an approach to the ECG with ST elevation * acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) * William Brady's presentation on High Risk ED ECG Presentations at ICEM 2012 (pdf) introduction * ~45% of all AMI's on presentation to ED develop diagnostic ST elevation AMI, while the remainder are categorised as NSTEMI. * this is further compounded by the fact that most ST elevations on an ECG are not caused by …

benign early repolarisation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 11 Jun 2024 23:59:01 +0000

benign early repolarisation see also: * The basics of reading an ECG * patterns of ECGs * LITFL - an excellent tutorial on BER * EMRAP TV Episode 36: Benign early repolarization introduction * BER is thought to be a normal variant * occurs in 1% of population and at all ages and races but in some 13% of patients presenting to ED with chest pain! * mainly in those under 50 yrs of age and rarely in those aged > 70yrs

Brugada syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 28 Jun 2025 08:07:44 +0000

Brugada syndrome see also: * ECG diagnosis of AMI * wikipedia * Life in the fast lane's web page and ECG on Brugada syndrome Introduction * 1st described in 1986 by Brugada in Barcelona, but 1st abstract of 4 patients in 1992 and 1st paper of 8 patients in 1992 by Pedro and Josep Brugada * SCN5A gene mutation identified in 1998 and since then over 200 mutations of this gene have been identified but loss of function of sodium channel only identified in 18-30% of cases

de Winter syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 07 Sep 2023 08:12:31 +0000

de Winter syndrome see also: * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED * acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) Introduction * de Winter syndrome is an uncommon ECG pattern in patients with acute ischaemic chest pain which is found in 2% of acute LAD occlusions and is an indication for urgent coronary angiography in the same way that a

The basics of reading an ECG

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 02 Aug 2025 11:44:13 +0000

The basics of reading an ECG see also in this wiki: * cardiology * cardiac arrhythmias * cardiac conduction blocks * Pattern recognition of ECGs * an approach to the ECG with ST elevation * ECG Diagnosis of AMI * ECG Stampede exercises * Peter Kaz's Own The ECG website see also: * ECG Library.com - a nice library of ECG images with interpretations * anaesthetist.com - primer on ECGs * Utah med school's ECG learning centre * 12lead ECG.com - practice ECGs * LITFL's top 100 ECGs…

Fascicular heart blocks

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 11 Sep 2008 05:28:00 +0000

Fascicular heart blocks see also see also cardiology, basics of the ECG, ECG Diagnosis of AMI Unifascicular blocks * a conduction block that affects one of the three major infranodal conduction pathways: * right bundle branch - see RBBB * left anterior superior fascicle (LASF) eg. left anterior hemiblock (LAHB)

ECG - flat T waves

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Sep 2024 13:07:12 +0000

ECG - flat T waves see also: * cardiology * basics of the ECG * ECG - tall T waves * ECG - biphasic or inverted T waves * an approach to the ECG with ST elevation * ECG Diagnosis of AMI * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED Introduction * if generalised, may be due to: * hypokalaemia esp. if U waves present * very large chest wall (generalised low voltages) * hypothyroidism (generalised low voltages) * restrictive cardiomyopathy (generalised low voltages)

ECG - biphasic or inverted T waves

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Sep 2024 13:53:22 +0000

ECG - biphasic or inverted T waves see also: * cardiology * basics of the ECG * ECG - tall T waves * ECG - flat T waves * an approach to the ECG with ST elevation * ECG Diagnosis of AMI * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED Introduction * pathologically inverted T waves on an ECG can be very important indicators of significant disease processes Biphasic T waves * may represent life threatening

left axis deviation (LAD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 30 Sep 2009 00:54:53 +0000

left axis deviation (LAD) see also: * The basics of reading an ECG * right axis deviation (RAD) introduction * left axis deviation is an ECG finding where the mean frontal QRS axis is between -30 deg to - 90deg * the normal QRS axis is -30deg to +90deg aetiology * left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) * LAD is suggestive of LVH when other features of LVH are present, but is an insensitive indicator of LVH

Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Sep 2009 22:50:01 +0000

Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) see also: * cardiology * basics of the ECG * ECG Diagnosis of AMI * Fascicular blocks * EMRAP TV Episode 29: LBBB in ACS LBBB: * ECG: * QRS duration > 0.11sec * M shape in leads I, V5 or V6 * QS complex usually present in leads facing RV ie. V1 * but <50% have small r wave in V1 * ST elevation common in V1-4 with ST-T waves opposite in direction to terminal QRS direction

left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 16 Mar 2019 08:49:26 +0000

left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) see also: * cardiology * patterns of ECGs introduction * LVH results from chronic left-sided pressure or volume overload aetiology * pressure “systolic” overload resulting in concentric LV wall thickening: * systemic arterial

patterns of ECGs

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Sep 2024 03:25:58 +0000

patterns of ECGs see also: * cardiology * cardiac arrhythmias * LITFL ECG library - a must to check out! * LITFL killer ECG patterns part 1 - non-ischaemic * LITFL killer ECG patterns part 2 - ischaemic * basics of the ECG * ECG - tall T waves * ECG - flat T waves * ECG - biphasic or inverted T waves * an approach to the ECG with ST elevation * ECG Diagnosis of AMI * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED Obvious arrhythmias: * Ventricular fibrillation (VF) * …

right axis deviation (RAD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 30 Sep 2009 01:12:18 +0000

right axis deviation (RAD) see also: * The basics of reading an ECG * left axis deviation (LAD) introduction * right axis deviation is an ECG finding where the mean frontal QRS axis is between +90 deg to +180deg * the normal QRS axis is -30deg to +90deg aetiology * normal in children * may persistent into early adulthood, particularly if patient is tall and thin

Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 05 Nov 2024 10:19:34 +0000

Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) see also: * cardiology * basics of the ECG * ECG Diagnosis of AMI * Fascicular blocks * EMRAP TV Episode 23: Right Bundle Branch Block Introduction * due to its endocardial course, the right bundle branch in the heart is relatively fragile and is easily impaired resulting in either an incomplete or a complete RBBB on the ECG

right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 30 Sep 2009 03:37:50 +0000

right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) see also: * cardiology * patterns of ECGs * right axis deviation (RAD) introduction * RVH often results from chronic right-sided pressure overload aetiology * congenital heart disease (CHD) causing RV outflow tract obstruction such as: * pulmonary atresia * pulmonic stenosis * Fallot's tetralogy

an approach to the ECG with ST elevation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 05 Aug 2014 11:20:05 +0000

an approach to the ECG with ST elevation see also: * The basics of reading an ECG * patterns of ECGs * ECG diagnosis of AMI * EMRAP TV Episode 53: 11 causes of ST Elevation introduction * a common dilemma on a daily basis in adult ED's is the patient with an ECG with ST elevation - does this patient warrant urgent angioplasty or thrombolysis, or is it non-ischaemic in nature?

ECG - tall T waves

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Sep 2024 13:07:27 +0000

ECG - tall T waves see also: * cardiology * basics of the ECG * ECG - flat T waves * an approach to the ECG with ST elevation * ECG Diagnosis of AMI * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED Introduction * tall T waves on the ECG may represent a life threatening condition - see aetiology below Aetiology life threatening * hyperkalaemia - usually tall narrow symmetric peaked T waves *

Wellen's syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 May 2020 04:02:47 +0000

Wellen's syndrome see also: * an approach to the ECG with ST elevation * ECG diagnosis of AMI introduction * deep, prominent T wave inversion or biphasic T waves in leads V2-4 in the presence of persistent R waves * probably represents transient STEMI due to occlusion of the LAD that, before the ECG, spontaneously opened or received collateral flow.

echinococcosis (hydatids)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 05 Jan 2012 06:46:48 +0000

echinococcosis (hydatids) see also: * parasites * zoonoses * wikipedia introduction * often referred to as hydatid disease or echinococcal disease * a tapeworm parasitic disease that affects both humans and other mammals, such as sheep, dogs, rodents and horses echinococcus life cycle

eclampsia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 31 May 2023 13:24:12 +0000

eclampsia see also seizures, Obstetrics, magnesium, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia Mx of eclampsia in the ED * Airways, Breathing * if GCS still low, have a low threshold for intubation as likely to require emergent LUSCS * Circulation * iv access * left lateral position for optimised fetal circulation

E. coli

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 05 Nov 2025 11:18:06 +0000

E. coli see also: * enterobacteriaceae * carbapenemase producing or resistant enterobacteriaceae (CPE/CRE) Introduction * E.coli are extremely common bowel flora bacteria and commonly are a cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis and urosepsis * a US 2025 study suggests that ~20% of UTIs are caused by extraintestinal pathogenic E.coli strains (ExPEC) spread from contaminated meats, especially poultry

ectopic pregnancy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 01 Jan 2019 05:48:11 +0000

ectopic pregnancy see also: * gynaecology * EMRAPTV Episode 49: Ectopic Pregnancy June 2008 lecture * RCOG guidelines Mx of ectopic (pdf) introduction * ectopic pregnancy is said to occur in ~2% of all pregnancies with a rising incidence * it accounts for 9% of all pregnancy related deaths in the USA * although the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy has become more reliable and at earlier gestation with improving ultrasound technology, diagnosis is still often delayed or missed, usually b…

atopic eczema

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Feb 2026 10:12:04 +0000

atopic eczema see also: * RCH guideline - eczema * scalp and hair conditions * dermatology Introduction * a chronic inflammatory dermatitis that affects 30% of children, often starting under the age of 12 months, and some may continue to have it lifelong * it appears that a key enzyme, Granzyme B, is secreted by cells and weakens the skin barrier by cleaving through the proteins holding cells together making it easier for allergens to penetrate across, and that by knocking out Granzyme …

editors and authors of this wiki

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Dec 2025 11:29:24 +0000

editors and authors of this wiki see also: * about the OzEMedicine wiki * welcome to the OzEMedicine Wiki * information for wiki authors here, such as syntax, etc. - only authorised users are permitted to update or create Wiki pages. editor-in-chief * Dr Gary Ayton, MBBS, FACEM, OAM * past Director Emergency Department, Western Health * more than 35 years experience working in emergency departments, and over 15 years experience with computer programming.

common emergency department patient presentations

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 31 Aug 2009 04:05:32 +0000

common emergency department patient presentations Metropolitan emergency department adult presentations top ED triage symptom codes * abdominal pain = 4.7% * other = 4.1% * chest pain = 4% * shortness of breath = 3.5% * laceration = 3.2% * generally unwell = 2.7%

Working in Emergency Medicine in Australia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 27 Oct 2020 02:21:27 +0000

Working in Emergency Medicine in Australia * professional bodies including medical registration boards and ACEM Overseas trained doctors wanting to work in Australia * there are many opportunities to work in ED's in Australia as long as you fit the basic criteria for obtaining a working visa in medicine. * essentially if you are a graduate from the UK, Ireland USA, Canada or NZ, you may satisfy the

ED life hacks

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 21 Sep 2024 05:54:09 +0000

ED life hacks see also: * Western Health ED main page * Sunshine ED Fast Track Introduction This is a quick reference guide to services in ED and how to make your shift run smoother. Topics are listed on the right side as a navigation aid. If you think of anything else you would like to add contact Gary.

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 14 Mar 2023 20:40:49 +0000

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome see also: * connective tissue (CT) disorders * collagen disorders * Marfan's syndrome * joint hypermobility disorders and syndromes * see Ehlers Danlos Foundation - diagnostic types, tests and features introduction * rare genetic collagen disorder usually AD (except kyphoscoliosis and dermatosparaxis, and other less common types) affecting some 1 in 400,000 people * several sub types clinical features

eicosanoids including prostaglandins

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 11 Sep 2013 08:37:19 +0000

eicosanoids including prostaglandins see also autacoids, platelet activating factor, physiology main index, pharmacology main index Introduction: * Eicosanoids are autacoids derived from membrane phospholipids - mainly formed from polyunsaturated fatty acids (principally arachidonic acid) - 20 carbon essential fatty acids that contain 3-5 double bonds - hence eicosanoids & include

elastin disorders

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 02 Feb 2013 13:32:13 +0000

elastin disorders see also: * connective tissue (CT) disorders * collagen disorders * Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) * hallux valgus (bunions)

the acutely painful elbow

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 09:43:31 +0000

the acutely painful elbow see also: * the painful shoulder introduction * elbow pain is a very common presentation to the ED * one needs to differentiate local injury or inflammation to that from referred pain referred pain * a painful stimulus involving the diaphragm or the mediastinum commonly results in referred shoulder tip pain, usually on the same side, but can occasionally also cause pain referred distally down the arm.

dislocation of the elbow joint

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 Jan 2025 12:42:32 +0000

dislocation of the elbow joint see also: * the acutely painful elbow Introduction * the elbow is the second most commonly dislocated large joint after the shoulder joint * 80% are postero-lateral * most have osteochondral injury which may only be evident on surgical exploration but fortunately, most do not require intervention

pulled elbow

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 19 Dec 2021 06:52:50 +0000

pulled elbow see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * RCH patient information sheet - pulled elbow (pdf) introduction * pulled elbow is a very common cause of a child (usually under age 6 years) refusing to move their arm. * it is a subluxation of the immature radial head and is not detectable radiologically and thus is a clinical diagnosis.

electrocution / electrical injury

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Sep 2025 07:16:24 +0000

electrocution / electrical injury see also: * burns Introduction * the electrical flux energy is carried in the electromagnetic fields surrounding wires and other components of an electric circuit * most injuries occur due to becoming part of the electrical circuit by contact

elephantiasis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 05 Jan 2012 04:36:38 +0000

elephantiasis see also: * parasites * travel medicine * wikipedia introduction * elephantiasis is a disease that is characterized by the thickening of the skin and underlying tissues, especially in the legs and male genitals * it is caused by either: * filariasis in tropical regions and Africa - especially Kenya where 6% of the population are affected in endemic areas

elevated hemidiaphragm

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Nov 2020 01:12:50 +0000

elevated hemidiaphragm see also: * the chest X-ray (CXR) Introduction * the diaphragm normally flattens during inspiration * the diaphragm is the primary muscle for inspiration since it accounts for 80% of the power required for respiration. * an elevated hemidiaphragm is usually an incidental finding on an inspired CXR and generally not symptomatic due to the compensation and recruitment of other inspiratory muscles and the other hemidiaphragm

electromagnetic field (EMF) health hazards

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 07:49:49 +0000

electromagnetic field (EMF) health hazards see also: * Ionising radiation * * Introduction * electromagnetic waves such as radio waves and light waves have an electrical wave and a magnetic wave at right angles to it and thus sources can give off both an electric field and a magnetic field

empty sella syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 31 May 2025 23:31:10 +0000

empty sella syndrome see also: * neurology introduction * empty sella is usually an incidental finding seen in some patients on CT brain scan * it implies that the pituitary is either shrunken or displaced from the sella turcica by subarachnoid fluid due to raised intracranial pressure with herniation of the arachnoid space into pituitary fossa through a deficient diaphragm, found in 20% of the population

EM in the UK

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 May 2016 23:32:12 +0000

EM in the UK see also: * NHS junior doctors award rates agreement with BMA 2016 * no longer weekend penalties but a percent increase in salary depending upon how many weekends work pa to a maximum salary increase of 10% if > 7 full weekends worked pa * night shift penalty reduced from 50% to 37%

ENA (extractable nuclear antigen)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Dec 2015 03:57:14 +0000

ENA (extractable nuclear antigen) see also: * pathology introduction * ENA is a blood test looking for extractable nuclear antigens which are >100 different soluble cytoplasmic and nuclear antigens. * autoantibodies to these antigens are associated with particular

encephalitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 30 Jan 2026 12:53:04 +0000

encephalitis see also: * meningitis * encephalopathy * Herpes simplex virus (HSV) introduction * inflammation of the brain parenchyma which may or may not be associated with meningitis * the most common cause in in immunocompetent adults in Western society is caused by herpes simplex virus, while varicella may be life threatening in immunocompromised patients and thus patients with suspected encephalitis should generally by started on high dose iv antivirals

encephalopathy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Aug 2018 12:50:30 +0000

encephalopathy see also: * encephalitis * neurology * progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) * multiple sclerosis (MS) introduction * a broad term which is variably used but essentially is used when there is acute or subacute global organic dysfunction of cerebral function which may or may not be reversible * this usually results in inability to concentrate, personality changes, lethargy, loss of cognitive function,

infective endocarditis (including SBE)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 13 Jun 2023 02:50:25 +0000

infective endocarditis (including SBE) see also: * The febrile adult presenting to the ED * wikipedia introduction * non-infective endocarditis or marantic endocarditis is due to thromboses on previously normal heart valves and occurs in hypercoagulable states including pregnancy and may cause emboli but not the septic or inflammatory characteristics of infective endocarditis which is the topic of this article.

endocrinology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 29 Dec 2023 23:06:08 +0000

endocrinology * diabetes insipidus * diabetes mellitus * diabetic ketoacidosis * diabetes mellitus in children * thyroid physiology and hormones * hyperthyroidism * hypothyroidism * endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)

end of life care

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 08 Sep 2023 07:56:53 +0000

end of life care see also: * ethical issues in emergency medicine * NSW College of Emergency Nursing - End of Life guidelines (pdf) * NSW Govt - End of Life Care and decision making guidelines * death and the potentially dead * Safer Care Victoria - Checklist for care plan for preparing patient to die at home * Victorian Advanced Care Directives forms * A Good Death - a NZ film about end of life care and advance care planning * The Age 2014: Looking for a way to go * louisvillelecture…

endolymphatic hydrops including Meniere's disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 27 Sep 2013 08:40:16 +0000

endolymphatic hydrops including Meniere's disease see also: * ED Mx of vertigo and BPV * tinnitus * deafness / hearing loss introduction * refers to conditions associated with excess fluid build up in the endolymphatic spaces of the inner ear * this typically causes vertigo, tinnitus, fullness in the ear(s) and possibly sensorineural deafness

endometriosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 22 Feb 2026 12:43:27 +0000

endometriosis see also * gynaecology * RIF or pelvic pain * LIF or pelvic pain * dysmenorrhoea * chronic pelvic pain in women * Endometriosis Care Centre Of Australia * Epworth Julia Argyrou endometriosis centre introduction * endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial glandular and stromal tissue outside the uterine cavity. * it is dependent upon oestrogen * clinical flare ups tend to have a catamenial (cyclical) pattern, occurring between 24h before and 72h after the…

endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Apr 2026 00:46:46 +0000

endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) see also: * endocrinology * foods that may be toxic or bad for you * * WHO publication 2002 Global assessment on the state of the science of endocrine disruptors Introduction * endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals which can mimic, block, or interfere with the body's hormones * 95% of people have endocrine disruptin…

enoxaparin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 04 Jun 2021 22:56:44 +0000

enoxaparin see also: * anticoagulants introduction * enoxaparin (Clexane) is a low molecular weight (LMW) heparin which is usually given bd or daily s/c in the prevention or Rx of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) or in Mx of acute coronary syndromes, but can also be given as an initial iv bolus. * It has several actions on the coagulation pathway through binding to antithrombin III. The antithrombotic activity is related to inhibition of thrombin generation and inhi…

ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:30:26 +0000

ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT) * paediatric emergency medicine * otitis media * otitis externa * deafness / hearing loss * drug induced ototoxicity * ED Mx of vertigo and BPV * epistaxis * sinusitis * odontogenic sinusitis * nasopharyngeal carcinoma * the child with a sore throat * sore throats in adults * Ludwig's angina - floor of mouth infection * Lemiere's syndrome * Vincent's angina - fusospirochaetal infection of the pharynx and tonsils * Vincent's gingivitis - …

enterobacteriaceae

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 11 Jul 2024 05:54:46 +0000

enterobacteriaceae see also: * clinically important bacteria * carbapenemase producing or resistant enterobacteriaceae (CPE/CRE) introduction * fermentative, non-fastidious, oxidase negative, facultative anaerobic, Gram -ve rods genera * Escherichia (acid f.lactose) * E. coli * Edwardsiella * Citrobacter (acid f.lactose) *

Enterococci

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 03:33:02 +0000

Enterococci see also: * clinically important bacteria * Lactobacillales * streptococcus / streptococcal infections Introduction * enterococci belong to the Enterococcaceae family which belongs to the Lactobacillales * it is a large genus of lactic acid Gram positive cocci bacteria that often occur as diplococci or in short chains and can be difficult to distinguish from

enteropathy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 11 Aug 2018 11:36:19 +0000

enteropathy see also: * diarrhoea Introduction * a non-specific term that covers diseases of the intestine Aetiology * protein losing enteropathy * eosinophilic enteropathy * coeliac disease * HIV / AIDS enteropathy * lymphoma enteropathy * radiation enteropathy * tropical enteropathy

Envenomation and bites

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 28 Oct 2009 02:59:37 +0000

Envenomation and bites see: * toxinology * Australian tiger and brown snake bites

eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 27 May 2024 23:57:54 +0000

eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) see also: * Dyspepsia * oesophagitis in adults * gastro-oesophageal reflux * oesophageal cancer * gastroenterology * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED Introduction * EoE is perhaps the second most common oesophageal condition after gastro-oesophageal reflux * it is a non-IgE-mediated condition caused by various food allergies resulting in chronic oesophagitis and histologic changes dominated with eosinophils

eosinopenia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 12 Aug 2013 14:25:32 +0000

eosinopenia see also: * full blood examination (FBE) * neutropenia * eosinophilia * basophilopenia introduction * eosinopenia is usually an incidental finding of little significance to the ED physician aetiology * acute bacterial infection * corticosteroids * hypogammaglobulinaemia * physical stress * thymoma

eosinophilia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 09 Jul 2025 07:01:51 +0000

eosinophilia see also: * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions * urticaria * eosinophilic meningitis - eosinophils predominate the CSF * full blood examination (FBE) DDx of eosinophilia on peripheral blood film * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions * drug reactions: * asymptomatic eosinophilia: * olanzapine * drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): * aromatic anticonvulsants and other antiepileptics,

eosinophilic enteropathy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 08 Aug 2019 15:14:46 +0000

eosinophilic enteropathy see also: * diarrhoea * enteropathy Introduction * an enteropathy characterised by raised levels of eosinophils in the gut and / or blood * can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, and is often named by the part affected: colon (colitis), esophagus (oesophagitis), stomach (gastritis), or both the stomach and small intestine (eosinophilic gastroenteritis)

epidemiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Apr 2020 02:00:49 +0000

epidemiology see also: * pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola * pandemic epidemiology * population-attributable fraction (PAF) * risk factor and treatment benefit metrics

epididymo-orchitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 26 Nov 2013 05:35:30 +0000

epididymo-orchitis see also: * urology * acute scrotal pain or swelling * sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs) * torsion of testes introduction * epididymo-orchitis is inflammation of the testes and usually falls into one of 4 main causes: * urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis associated (usually in pre-pubertal boys, the elderly or following urethral instrumentation)

epidural abscess

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Mar 2020 04:43:04 +0000

epidural abscess see also: * acute spinal cord compression * Spinal cord syndromes and lesions Introduction * spinal infections such as bacterial vertebral osteomyelitis / discitis or epidural abscess are not only neurologic emergencies for potential acute spinal cord compression, but are life threatening, particularly once infection spreads to the CSF * this should be considered in ANY patient with midline back pain and fever, especially if they have risk factors such as

epistaxis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 27 May 2017 09:58:12 +0000

epistaxis see also: * ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT) * LITFL - Dx and Mx of epistaxis * RCH paediatric guideline - epistaxis * Co-Phenylcaine Forte Spray * topical tranexamic acid in epistaxis * avoid inserting epistaxis control devices such as Rapid Rhino in patients with known telangectasiae such as Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, as these devices tend to cause further trauma on deflation and recurrence of bleeding

ergometrine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 02:15:44 +0000

ergometrine see also: * ED Mx of 3rd stage of labour * oxytocin * Oxytocin 10 units is the preferred uterotonic agent for active management of the third stage. It is preferred over other uterotonic drugs as it is effective straight away if administered IV, and within 2 to 4 minutes of administration if given IM. It has minimal side effects and can be used in almost all women (except where there is a history of allergy to oxytocin or carbetocin).

ergot alkaloids

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 01 Jun 2020 06:49:40 +0000

ergot alkaloids see also: * ergometrine * serotonin receptors and pharmacology * migraine pharmacology: * non-selective 5HT agonists/antagonists - varies with agent - see also serotonin receptors and pharmacology * dopamine D2 agonists - see also dopamine * alpha adrenergic agonists - see also sympathomimetics * esp. on sm.muscle; * ergometrine is used as a uterotonic

erythema multiforme

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 11 Jul 2022 09:26:11 +0000

erythema multiforme see also: * acute rashes in adults * paediatric exanthems * Introduction * an uncommon non-contagious acute skin disorder possibly mediated by IgM complexes following infections (far majority are related to Herpes simplex virus (HSV)) or drug exposures. * peak incidence in the second and third decades of life

erythema nodosum

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 31 Aug 2012 00:52:38 +0000

erythema nodosum introduction * painful red nodules usually over both shins (but may occur elsewhere) due to a hypersensitivity inflammatory reactions of the subcutaneous fat cells (panniculitis) * often associated with fever, malaise, and joint pain

erythromelalgia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 19 Jun 2025 07:27:54 +0000

erythromelalgia see also: * reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) / complex regional pain syndrome / causalgia Introduction * a chronic, life-long, rare condition which causes periodic erythema, hot, burning skin sensation, mainly of feet but may also affect hands, legs, arms or face. Classification primary erythromelalgia

esmolol

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Feb 2009 10:06:29 +0000

esmolol see also beta blockers Summary: * Beta1 blocker with T1/2=10min due to rapid hydrolysis of an ester linkage by RBC esterases thus useful as antiarrhythmic & in critically ill pt. * Peak IV effect 6-10min, rapid attenuation over 20min. after stop inf.

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 26 Mar 2022 23:53:39 +0000

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) see also: * pathology * C reactive protein (CRP) introduction * ESR is generally used as a marker of acute phase reaction and inflammation, although there are now better, more specific markers of acute phase reactions including: * C reactive protein (CRP) * serum amyloid A protein

end stage renal failure (ESRF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Dec 2015 05:09:37 +0000

end stage renal failure (ESRF) see also: * acute kidney injury (AKI) / acute renal failure (ARF) * chronic renal failure

essential thrombocytosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 19 Jun 2025 07:32:22 +0000

essential thrombocytosis see also: * thrombocytosis * Janus kinase - STAT signalling introduction * a myeloproliferative disorder characterised by a high platelet count of > 600 × 10^3/µL for at least 2 months * incidence ~ 20 new cases per 1 million population per year * mainly effects middle aged and elderly

ethanol (alcohol and alcohol withdrawal)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 03 Apr 2026 04:06:05 +0000

ethanol (alcohol and alcohol withdrawal) see also: * ethanol intoxication * cirrhosis * Western Health policies (intranet only): * alcohol withdrawal * alcohol withdrawal scale Introduction * ethanol is primarily a CNS depressant acting by stimulating GABAA receptor in the CNS. * from 1996-2005 throughout Australia, each year, an average of over 80,000 were hospitalised, and over 3,000 died from alcohol attributable injury and disease caused by risky/high risk drinking - mainly due…

alcohol dependence

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 22 May 2023 06:09:48 +0000

alcohol dependence see also: * ethanol (alcohol and alcohol withdrawal); * alcoholism on Wikipedia; * drug dependency; * Addiction medicine - drug and alcohol * refeeding syndrome * TWEAK alcoholism scoring tool physical dependence: * “DT - level” requires: * blood concentration of ethanol > 100mg/dl most of waking day (intake 200-350g/d) for period of 1wk, or, * 4-7wks at levels nearer 100mg/dl;

ethical issues in emergency medicine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 May 2012 08:01:41 +0000

ethical issues in emergency medicine see also: * end of life care * NSW Govt - End of Life Care and decision making guidelines * Australian Medical Associan (AMA) Code of ethics * American Medical Association (AMA) - principles of medical ethics * NHMRC links to health ethics issues general principles of ethics in medicine autonomy * the right of the competent individual to determine what is or is not done to himself, and the right to choose one's own course

Emergency medicine exam resources

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 05 Apr 2013 09:40:43 +0000

Emergency medicine exam resources Australian exam resources * ACEM primary exam resources * ACEM fellowship exam resources * Global Medical Education Project UK exam resources * mceexam.com - Emergency medicine MCQs for the MCEM part A * mcemrevision.com - Emergency medicine MCQs for the MCEM part A USA resources

paediatric exanthems

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 24 Aug 2022 11:18:26 +0000

paediatric exanthems see also: * viruses * urticaria * acute rashes in adults introduction * “exanthems” are acute onset rashes with the term usually applied to children with fevers and macular or maculopapular rashes * the cause may be viral, bacterial, toxigenic or due to a drug sensitivity

exercise for health

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Apr 2026 04:11:20 +0000

exercise for health see also: * nature exposure and benefits to health * atherosclerosis and primary prevention * obesity and weight management * frailty * Am Heart Association recommendations for exercise in adults Introduction * regular exercise is critical to maintain cardiovascular health, reduce chronic disease risks including cancer and improve mental health * ideally there should be a variety of exercise types undertaken regularly such as walking, walking up hills or stairs, an…

exposome and health

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 00:41:57 +0000

exposome and health see also: * foods that may be toxic or bad for you * risk and the perception of risk * air pollution and health risks * the GIT microbiome * genomics * metabolome * metabonomics * transcriptome * proteome Introduction * the exposome is a measure of all the environmental or external exposures over our lifetime and the ways in which these impact our health * it includes diet, food and water toxins, lifestyle, education, income,

extrapyramidal reactions such as oculogyric crisis, dystonic reactions, akathisia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 18 Dec 2017 03:52:35 +0000

extrapyramidal reactions such as oculogyric crisis, dystonic reactions, akathisia see also: * parkinsonism introduction * acute extrapyramidal reactions are quite common neurologic reactions in some patients who take medications which block dopamine D2 receptors

extubation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 27 Mar 2016 22:15:32 +0000

extubation see also: * rapid sequence induction (RSI) for emergency intubation * assisted ventilation * Mx of the newly intubated patient in ED - post-intubation * 2016: Update on post-extubation high-flow nasal cannula to reduce reintubation

chemical injuries and burns to the eyes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 Jul 2018 07:54:48 +0000

chemical injuries and burns to the eyes see also: * Eye injuries Introduction * exposure of a chemical even in powder or dust form, may cause serious long term damage to the eye, particularly if they are alkali as they penetrate deeper into the ocular surface

eye color phenotypes and disease associations

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 13 Nov 2024 02:27:09 +0000

eye color phenotypes and disease associations see also: * ophthalmology * genetics * color blindness / color vision deficiency Introduction * phenotypic eye iris color is a genetic trait with those with blue eyes having a northern European genetic history (probably originated around the Baltic Sea region) while those of pure Asian or African ancestry, mostly have brown eyes

Eye injuries

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 10 Sep 2018 08:44:03 +0000

Eye injuries see also: * ophthalmology * chemical injuries and burns to the eyes * welder flash burns - UV keratopathy (photo keratitis) * corneal abrasions * retrobulbar haemorrhage * RCH guideline - acute eye injuries in children * RCH guideline - penetrating eye injury * RCH guideline - the acute red eye patient information sheets * Vic DHS - Eye injury - Flash burns (pdf) * Vic DHS - Eye injury - Foreign body (pdf) introduction * patients with a possible open globe inju…

welder flash burns - UV keratopathy (photo keratitis)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 23 May 2024 06:52:48 +0000

welder flash burns - UV keratopathy (photo keratitis) see also: * ophthalmology * chemical injuries and burns to the eyes * ultraviolet light exposure (UV) * RCH guideline - the acute red eye patient information sheets * Vic DHS - Eye injury - Flash burns (pdf) * Vic DHS - Eye injury - Foreign body (pdf) Introduction * exposure to UV radiation (wavelengths 295-400nm) can result in delayed onset painful eyes due to UV keratopathy Clinical features * bilateral severe eye pain wi…

Ezh2 antagonists

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 17 May 2019 09:39:36 +0000

Ezh2 antagonists see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * scleroderma * asthma * wikipedia: EZH2 Introduction * Ezh = Enhancer of zeste homolog * Ezh2 is the is the catalytic subunit of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) and a member of the SET domain family of lysine methyltransferases which function to add methyl groups to lysine side chains of substrate proteins.

facial pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 06:38:52 +0000

facial pain see also: * ophthalmology * faciomaxillary Introduction * most non-traumatic causes of facial pain have a clear tender focus or skin abnormality which may point to conditions such as: * sinusitis * odontogenic sinusitis * Periorbital and orbital cellulitis * cellulitis * skin abscess * dental abscess * acute dental pain / dental abscess * eye conditions

facial weakness

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 24 May 2017 05:34:10 +0000

facial weakness see also: * RCH guideline - facial weakness and Bell's palsy * facial nerve palsy / Bell's palsy * stroke (CVA) could it be an acute stroke? features that suggest stroke rather than facial nerve palsy * any one or more of: * new weakness of arm or leg * new dysphasia * sparing of the forehead muscles (eg. forehead folds persist)

non-traumatic facial swelling / oedema

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 17 May 2017 15:37:12 +0000

non-traumatic facial swelling / oedema see also: * facial rashes * facial trauma Introduction * non-traumatic facial swelling is a relatively common presentation to the ED Aetiology * angioedema * anaphylaxis * urticaria * insect bites * dental abscess * facial cellulitis / superficial abscess

faciomaxillary

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 04 Jun 2015 07:22:04 +0000

faciomaxillary see also: * temporomandibibular joint disorders * facial trauma * dental

faecal impaction

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 15 Jun 2019 09:34:16 +0000

faecal impaction see also: * constipation * laxatives Introduction * constipation may lead to formation of large hard stools filling up the rectum which cannot be passed and which may cause overflow fecal incontinence and thus may present as diarrhoea * bowel distention from feacal overload may cause ischaemia of the bowel wall and cause

fascia lata / fascia iliacus nerve block

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 01 Aug 2013 06:22:12 +0000

fascia lata / fascia iliacus nerve block see also: * local anaesthetic agents * femoralNblock * fracture neck of femur (#NOF) * Anaesthesia UK - fascia iliacus block (pdf) introduction * the fascia lata or fascia iliaca block is a high volume local anaesthetic block of both the femoral nerve and the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh via injection of low concentration,

Fasciola (liver flukes)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 Jul 2024 05:56:52 +0000

Fasciola (liver flukes) see also: * parasites * the febrile returned traveller Introduction * fasciola is a liver fluke (a type of parasitic worm) that can infect the liver and bile duct of exposed people and animals * two species can infect people: * Fasciola hepatica: the main species that infects people.

Favourite links for users

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Jan 2009 03:22:49 +0000

Favourite links for users Victorian users and hospitals * Western Health favourite links * Royal Melbourne Hospital favourite links * Northern Hospital favourite links * StVH favourite links * Monash Medical Centre favourite links * Alfred Hospital favourite links * Austin Hospital favourite links * Eastern Health favourite links * Epworth favourite links * Ballarat Base Hopital favourite links * St John of God, Ballarat favourite links * Geelong Hospital favourite links * Bendigo…

Austin Hospital ED favourite links

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 19 Aug 2009 02:32:40 +0000

Austin Hospital ED favourite links see also: * Austin hospital information page in this wiki * Austin Hospital policies and procedures * Austin and Northern Hospitals ED education website * Western Health ED medical education and registrar training resource page * main index page latest updates * Mx of critically severe paediatric asthma * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED internet accessible * webmail * PBS - approved medications search internet resources but only with…

Epworth Hospital ED favourite links

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 15 Apr 2009 05:46:35 +0000

Epworth Hospital ED favourite links see also: * welcome to the OzEMedicine Wiki * website 89 Bridge Rd Richmond 3121. ph: 9426 6666 * Melbourne hospitals measles outbreakmeasles internet accessible * PBS - approved medications search intranet only accessible

Western Health ED main page

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Feb 2026 03:34:44 +0000

Western Health ED main page Western Health ED medical rosters WH Western Doctors Microsite webmail patient information sheets TAC certificates Worksafe certificates MIMS UpToDate AMH PBS Therapeutic Guidelines GOOGLE SEARCH Vic Clinicians Health Channel see also: * ED life hacks * Western Health page on this wiki including links to specialty services * Western Health cardiology services * Western Health radiology services including ultraso…

Western Health favourite links

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Feb 2026 01:51:36 +0000

Western Health favourite links * main wiki index page * Western Health ED main page * webmail * patient information sheets (fact sheets) see also: * Western Health page on this wiki including links to specialty services * Western Health cardiology services * Western Health radiology services including ultrasound * Western Health Pathology Services - Dorevitch * Western Health ED nursing education resource page * Western Health ED medical education and registrar training resource pa…

Western Health ED main page

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Feb 2026 01:48:57 +0000

Western Health ED main page rosters rosters ptinfosheets TAC certificates Worksafe certificates

full blood examination (FBE)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 30 Dec 2013 06:28:52 +0000

full blood examination (FBE) see also: * anaemia * polycythaemia * febrile neutropenia * defined as temperature > 38ºC and absolute neutrophil count < 0.5 × 10^9/L or <1.0 x 10^9/L and falling rapidly * neutropenia * neutrophilia * lymphocytosis * monocytosis * lymphopenia * eosinophilia * eosinopenia * basophilopenia * thrombocytopenia * thrombocytosis

removal of embedded fish hooks

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 19 Jan 2014 22:49:42 +0000

removal of embedded fish hooks see OzEmedicine blog on fish hook removal see also: * foreign bodies in soft tissue / skin

Ingested foreign bodies

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 15 Nov 2011 06:38:31 +0000

Ingested foreign bodies * see upper GIT foreign body

Inhaled foreign bodies

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 15:11:24 +0000

Inhaled foreign bodies see also cough * RCH guideline - inhaled foreign bodies

foreign bodies in soft tissue / skin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 19 Jan 2014 23:21:10 +0000

foreign bodies in soft tissue / skin see also: * removal of embedded fish hooks introduction * failure to diagnose retained FB's in wounds are a common cause of medico legal issues * where open wound or puncture injuries are sustained with objects such as broken glass, efforts should be made to detect retained FB such as plain XR (although most glass does not show on Xrays), or better still, soft tissue ultrasound scan

upper GIT foreign body

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 15 Nov 2011 06:42:34 +0000

upper GIT foreign body see also: * FB_lowerGIT introduction * a large food bolus such as inadequately chewed meat, or accidental FB ingestion tend to become trapped at the following sites in the oesophagus: * upper oesophageal sphincter (cricopharyngeus)

febrile neutropenia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 19 Mar 2018 23:30:02 +0000

febrile neutropenia see also: * sepsis / septicaemia * neutropenia * The febrile adult presenting to the ED * vancomycin * WH policy on febrile neutropenia Mx (docx) introduction * DEFINED as temperature > 38ºC and absolute neutrophil count < 0.5 × 109/L or <1.0 x 109/L and falling rapidly * although a subgroup of low-risk neutropenic patients may be able to be managed (at home) with oral therapy, most will need to be admitted for urgent empirical IV antibiotics regardless of their cl…

febuxostat

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Oct 2015 13:16:57 +0000

febuxostat see also: * gout introduction * a xanthine oxidase inhibitor introduced in 2015, as a new Rx to lower uric acid levels in patients with chronic tophaceous gout * trials suggest it may be more effective than allopurinol but does risk cessation due to causing abnormal LFTs, and commencement needs to be covered with

fentanyl

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Aug 2011 11:21:27 +0000

fentanyl A short-acting parenteral opiate analgesic. The pharmacokinetics of fentanyl can be described by a three compartment model, with a distribution time of 1.7 minutes, redistribution of 13 minutes and a terminal elimination half-life of 219 minutes. The volume of distribution for fentanyl is 4 L/kg.

ferritin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 26 May 2018 00:37:53 +0000

ferritin see also: * iron deficiency anaemia * introduction low ferritin levels * iron deficiency anaemia high ferritin levels * raised ferritin levels are not uncommon as there are many causes, and most cases are NOT due to hereditary haemochromatosis * patients with persistently raised ferritin levels without explanation should be considered for genetic testing for HFE mutations

fetal macrosomia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 16 Apr 2013 06:44:35 +0000

fetal macrosomia see also: * Obstetrics * labour introduction * fetal macrosomia is arbitrarily defined as a birth weight over 4000 g – 4500 g, or a fetus >90th centile estimated fetal weight (EFW) for gestation or abdominal circumference (AC) * morbidity increases sharply beyond birth weights of 4,500g

foetal / fetal medicine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 17 Jun 2013 06:24:51 +0000

foetal / fetal medicine see also: * pregnancy Western Health's referral pathway 2013 * referrals to WH fetal medicine outpatient clinic / genetic counsellor via fax to extension 50700 is appropriate for women with either: * confirmed foetal abnormality

fever - the febrile response to infections

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 25 Dec 2022 07:35:58 +0000

fever - the febrile response to infections see also: * the febrile child * The febrile adult presenting to the ED * antipyretics why have a febrile response? * it is thought that the high body temperature in the febrile response helps fight off infections * the febrile mechanism is found in 5 of the 7 classes of vertebrates and it appears to be increasing in complexity with evolution so it is probably helpful to survival

The febrile adult presenting to the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 25 Dec 2022 07:36:55 +0000

The febrile adult presenting to the ED see also: * sepsis, SIRS and septic shock * infectious diseases * fever - the febrile response to infections * NSW CEC Sepsis Kills program * NSW CEC adult sepsis pathway chart (pdf) * patients with severe sepsis or meningitis MUST have EARLY resuscitation and iv antibiotics within 60 minutes * patients on cytotoxic chemotherapy within past 2wks should be treated as per febrile neutropenia and triaged as 2 and given empirical antibiotics within 3…

the febrile child

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 06 Jul 2017 21:57:44 +0000

the febrile child see also: * paediatric emergency medicine * febrile convulsions * antibiotics * meningitis * pneumonia * urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis * osteomyelitis * septic arthritis * infectious diseases * fever - the febrile response to infections * sepsis /septicaemia in the paediatric patient * RCH guideline - febrile child < 3yrs old * RCH guideline - illness in the returned traveler * RCH guideline - febrile neutropenia * NSW NETS - febrile chi…

Fever with petechial or purpuric rash

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 03 Jul 2013 04:12:40 +0000

Fever with petechial or purpuric rash see also: * meningitis * RCH guideline - febrile child with petechia/purpura * the petechial rash / purpura * necrotizing fasciitis

fibroblast growth factors (FGF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 16 Aug 2025 06:43:47 +0000

fibroblast growth factors (FGF) see also: * cytokines * Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) * bone physiology Introduction * FGFs are cytokines which may have autocrine, paracrine and endocrine actions * The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is a group of multifunctional signaling molecules that have a wide variety of functions.

fibrinogen

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 03 Nov 2022 05:16:29 +0000

fibrinogen see also: * anticoagulants * Introduction * a circulating glycoprotein synthesized in the liver which is converted by thrombin to fibrin to create a fibrin-based blood clot * fibrin is broken down by plasmin to form D-Dimers * high serum levels may be a predisposing factor to

uterine fibroids (leiomyomas)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 02:19:10 +0000

uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) see also: * gynaecology Introduction * uterine fibroids are common in women (present in 2-10% of pregnant women although this is likely an under-estimate due to difficulty in Dx, incidence of 40% - 60% by age 35 and 70% - 80% by age 50)

fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 03 Nov 2013 06:51:28 +0000

fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) see also: * aortic dissection features and diagnosis * stroke (CVA) * connective tissue (CT) disorders introduction * an uncommon angiopathy predisposing to dissection of medium sized arteries * ~1% of middle aged women may have this condition affecting either renal arteries (60-75% of cases), craniocervical arteries (25-30% of cases, 95% of whom involved internal carotid mainly extracranially at C1-2 level, while 12-43% involve the vertebral arteries), vi…

fibromyalgia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 08 Apr 2010 09:33:00 +0000

fibromyalgia see also: * wikipedia * rheumatology introduction * During the 1980s, the term fibromyalgia came to the forefront in rheumatology and orthopedics. * it is believed to be a primary autonomic nervous system dysfunction and is grouped as one of the dysautonomia syndromes *

filariasis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 05 Jan 2012 04:54:14 +0000

filariasis see also: * parasites * travel medicine * elephantiasis * wikipedia introduction * filariasis are infectious tropical conditions caused by microfilariae (thread-like nematode parasites) belonging to the superfamily Filarioidea, which are spread by blood feeding arthropods such as black flies and mosquitoes.

fire and emergency procedures

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 07 Jun 2018 07:37:32 +0000

fire and emergency procedures see also: * aseptic non-touch technique (ANTT) Introduction •Remain calm and focused. Reassure and support others to remain calm. •Raise the alarm by dialling 444 and providing the appropriate details to the switchboard. •On hearing a respond PA announcement, report to the area warden. For codes red, orange, purple, yellow and brown, the area warden can usually be found next to the red warden intercom phone (WIP) phone. •Follow the instructions of the area wa…

flail chest

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 06 Jul 2020 00:31:57 +0000

flail chest see also: * fractured ribs * trauma to the chest Introduction * the flail segment moves paradoxically (ie. moves in when the rest of the chest is expanding and out when the rest of the chest is moving in). * this paradox will only be present in the spontaneously breathing patient, as mechanical ventilation will cause all segments to move the same way at the same time.

flecainide

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 18 Sep 2012 08:53:48 +0000

flecainide see also: * pre-excitation syndromes including WPW * supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) * atrial fibrillation * use of flecainide in patients with structural heart disease, and particularly those with ejection fraction < 40% has been associated with life threatening and occasionally fatal ventricular arrhythmias. * thus flecainide should be avoided unless there is echocardiographic evidence of absence of structural heart disease or severe LVF

illness following floods

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Dec 2022 22:33:35 +0000

illness following floods see also: * insect bites and stings Introduction * major flooding events have an enormous impact on local communities in particular * this impact may be further compounded by a range of illnesses that result from living in flooded / inundated areas or walking in flood waters, drinking flood contaminated water, use of generators for emergency power, mould exposures, etc

flucloxacillin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 03:59:20 +0000

flucloxacillin see also: * penicillins * antibiotics for Rx of Staph. aureus dicloxacillin introduction * flucloxacillin is a narrow spectrum penicillin active against Gram +ves including St. aureus * not active against Gram negative bacilli, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus, nor Streptococcus faecalis.

familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 14 Aug 2013 08:27:50 +0000

familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) see also: * the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED introduction * autosomal recessive hereditary condition characterised by episodes of fever and serosal inflammation causing abdominal pain or pleuritic chest pain or, particularly in North Africans, synovitis and joint pain * mainly occurs in those descended from Sephardic Jews, Ashkenazi Jews, Armenians, Turks, North Africans, Arabs, and, less commonly, Greeks and Italians.

FODMAPs and the low FODMAP diet

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 20 Jan 2019 19:38:05 +0000

FODMAPs and the low FODMAP diet see also: * irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) * healthy living and diets * Monash University - FODMAP diet and smartphone apps * introduction * many gastroenterologists now believe that excessive levels of FODMAPs in the diet in at risk persons leads to symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and that reducing the level of …

folic acid / folate

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 10 Mar 2025 05:21:28 +0000

folic acid / folate se also: * vitamins Introduction * folic acid is an essential micronutrient, mainly ingested from leafy vegetables Folic acid deficiency * may cause: * macrocytic anaemia * neural tube birth defects Folic acid supplementation

scalp folliculitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Feb 2026 09:38:09 +0000

scalp folliculitis see also: * dermatology * facial rashes * scalp and hair conditions introduction * scalp pustules are a relatively common problem and often recurrent * there are many causes and the various conditions can be divided in to those causing superficial pustules or vesicles vs those causing deeper granulomas

foods that may be toxic or bad for you

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 03 Apr 2026 04:08:55 +0000

foods that may be toxic or bad for you see also: * toxinology * blue-green algae (BGA) toxins in waterways * food poisoning * air pollution and health risks * bio-accumulations and long term health * diets and healthy foods * Toxins (Basel). 2010 Sep Naturally Occurring Food Toxins Introduction * anything taken too much is bad for you - even water and oxygen * foods can cause illness if: * a person has a medically specific intolerance * a person has an allergy -

food allergy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 09 Mar 2026 06:48:20 +0000

food allergy see also: * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions * foods that may be toxic or bad for you Introduction * immunoglobulin E (IgE)–mediated food allergy, the most common type of food allergy, often develops early in life, lasts a lifetime and can be life threatening and cause anaphylaxis * peanut and tree nuts are two of the most common foods that cause allergic reactions, and are the most persistent and dangerous, with the highest lifetime risk for anaphylaxis.

food bolus impaction in adults

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 May 2024 06:31:01 +0000

food bolus impaction in adults ee also: * eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) * choking * gastroenterology * oesophageal rupture or perforation including Boerhaave syndrome Introduction * impacted food bolus in the oesophagus usually occurs in adults with an underlying condition such as: * eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) - this is thought to be the cause in around half the patients especially if there is a PH of asthma or hay fever

food poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 23 Oct 2025 22:11:45 +0000

food poisoning see also: * gastroenteritis * The child with gastroenteritis * traveller's diarrhoea * diarrhoea Introduction * illness after eating food may be caused by either: * toxins in the food produced by bacterial contamination of the food * symptoms tend to occur very soon after ingestion eg. Staph, E.coli toxins,

acute foot drop

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 Jan 2020 12:08:32 +0000

acute foot drop see also: * the injured foot * sciatica * cauda equina syndrome (CES) * compartment syndrome Introduction * acute foot drop is an uncommon presentation to the ED but often represents a genuine time critical emergency * foot drop is due to acute weakness of tibialis anterior (TA) * foot dorsiflexors are typically innervated by the L5 nerve root, but there may be considerable segmental overlap and anatomical variations, adding to the complexity of innervation

the painful foot

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 22 Jan 2026 06:42:08 +0000

the painful foot see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * the injured foot * ankle injuries and fractures introduction * there are many common causes to foot pain * emergent causes to be considered include: * osteomyelitis - common in children as haematogenous spread, in others compound fracture is a more common cause *

forensic medicine, crimes and prisoners

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Jun 2017 05:33:06 +0000

forensic medicine, crimes and prisoners see also: * medico-legal issues in the ED resources * ACEM paper - Forensic Testing and Examination in Emergency Departments (pdf) * Forensic and Medical Sexual Assault Clinicians Australia (FAMSACA) Victoria * Vic. Institute Forensic Medicine (VIFP) * DNA testing - paternity, body identification, pre-natal, immigration * toxicology testing or expert opinion services * donor tissue bank * expert opinion * forensic medicine courses Cri…

paediatric limb fractures

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 26 May 2013 09:33:45 +0000

paediatric limb fractures see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * fractured distal radius in children * Bier's block - iv regional anaesthesia for LAMPs * scaphoid fracture * elbow fractures in children * the child with a limp * supracondylar fracture humerus in children patient information sheets * see also patient information sheets * RCH - fractures (pdf) * RCH - plaster care (pdf) * Vic DHS - Fractures and plaster care (pdf) * Vic DHS - ankle sprains (pdf) * Vic DHS - Soft ti…

Bier's block - iv regional anaesthesia for LAMPs

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 02 Jan 2026 23:35:49 +0000

Bier's block - iv regional anaesthesia for LAMPs see also: * local anaesthetic agents * fractured distal radius in children * orthopaedics in the ED * EDTeaching.com's video on Bier's blocks * introduction * LAMP is an abbreviation (Local Anaesthesia Manipulation and Plaster) for a procedure performed on a fractured bone or dislocated joint, where it is manipulated with the aid of a local anaesthetic

fractures and dislocations of the fingers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 03 Jul 2013 03:56:07 +0000

fractures and dislocations of the fingers see also: * fractures of the metacarpal * the injured hand introduction * see the injured hand for guide to how to refer these injuries to the plastics team crush injuries of finger-tip * these are extremely common injuries and if fracture of the distal phalanx is evident on XRay, then it can be assumed there is a significant nail bed injury associated, and if there has been any bleeding, it can be assumed, that the fracture is compound and at …

fractures of the metacarpal

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 03 Jul 2013 03:46:32 +0000

fractures of the metacarpal see also: * plastic surgery * the injured hand * fractures and dislocations of the fingers introduction * ~30-40% of all fractures involving the hand are metacarpal fractures fracture neck 5th metacarpal * this is one of the most common fracture presentations to the ED * accounts for ~10% of all hand fractures

elbow fractures in children

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 Apr 2012 06:20:46 +0000

elbow fractures in children see also: * paediatric limb fractures * the acutely painful elbow * interpreting elbow Xrays - radiologyassistant.nl - this gives excellent explanations - just brilliant!

fractured distal radius in children

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2009 08:43:11 +0000

fractured distal radius in children see also: * paediatric limb fractures * Bier's block - iv regional anaesthesia for LAMPs introduction * please see paediatric limb fractures for general principles, analgesia and tips * any associated ulnar fracture can be managed on its merits (manipulated if angulated, otherwise ignored), EXCEPT in the very uncommon scenario of a Galeazzi fracture - dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint - these should be referred to ortho team for early Mx.

supracondylar fracture humerus in children

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 26 May 2013 09:35:14 +0000

supracondylar fracture humerus in children see also: * RCH guideline on supracondylar fractures and Gartland classification * paediatric limb fractures

fractured ribs

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 09 Nov 2024 21:36:49 +0000

fractured ribs see also: * trauma to the chest * flail chest Introduction * fractured ribs are often well visualised on CXR, but may be poorly shown or not detectable on plain CXR or even rib views - ~50% of fractures are missed on CXR * patients with high impact injuries to the thorax (eg. fall from a roof), or high risk patients with poor respiratory reserve (eg. elderly), should have a low threshold for having a

scaphoid fractures

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 17 Dec 2015 22:51:42 +0000

scaphoid fractures see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * Ballarat ED Clinical Practice Guidelines for Mx of scaphoid fracture (pdf) * * * UK patient information sheet - scaphoid fracture * BMJ 2013: Investigation of suspected scaphoid fractures introduction * fracture of the scaphoid is a critical diagnosis to be made early …

fracture base of skull

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 30 May 2017 06:16:59 +0000

fracture base of skull see also: * head injury in the adult patient * paediatric head injury * trauma introduction * skull fracture indicates substantial force was involved * basilar skull fractures have a high incidence of intracranial haemorrhage * the following assumes other injuries have been managed and a primary and secondary survey carries out, in particular, cervical spine injury should be actively considered, as up to 15% of patients with skull fracture sustain a Cx spine frac…

fragile X

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 26 Jul 2011 08:03:18 +0000

fragile X see also: * dementia introduction * genetic disorders caused by mutation of the Fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) gene on the X-chromosome * mutation at that site is found in 1 out of about every 2000 males and 1 out of about every 259 females.

frailty

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 06 Nov 2025 00:08:38 +0000

frailty see also: * geriatrics * exercise for health Introduction * frailty is the accumulation of deficits with ageing resulting in mobility issues, loss of independence * the level of frailty is an important factor in: * falls risk * depression due to mobility issues, loss of independence

frostbite

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 01 Aug 2020 12:01:44 +0000

frostbite see also: * hypothermia introduction * frostbite is necrosis of skin (usually extremities) resulting from a combination of cold-induced vasoconstriction and the low skin temperature itself and usually occurs when skin temperature falls below below −2°C

fructose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 20 Sep 2025 06:55:45 +0000

fructose see also: * carbohydrates and sugars * obesity and weight management * diabetes mellitus Introduction * fructose is a naturally occurring sugar found in many fruits and in honey * apples and pears have a high amount of fructose and a high fructose:glucose ratio which may cause more malabsorption issues

frusemide / furosemide / Lasix

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Dec 2015 05:11:19 +0000

frusemide / furosemide / Lasix see also: * diuretics introduction * a potent potassium losing loop diuretic mainly used in the Rx of congestive cardiac failure * inhibits sodium and chloride absorption in the ascending limb of Henle's loop and in both the proximal and distal tubules

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 19 May 2024 03:14:19 +0000

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) see also: * gynaecology * luteinizing hormone (LH) * Inhibin * polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Introduction * FSH is synthesized and secreted by the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland and, along with luteinizing hormone (LH), regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body, and in particular, stimulates the maturation of primordial germ cells required for ovulation and spermatogenesis.

fundoscopy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 11 Dec 2024 05:45:50 +0000

fundoscopy see also: * ophthalmology * American Academy of Ophthalmology's EyeWiki Introduction * fundoscopy can provide important clinical information for many emergency presentations as well as for detection of severity of chronic disease such as hypertension, diabetes, etc, however, it remains under-utilized in the ED for various reasons such as:

fungi

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Feb 2026 10:49:09 +0000

fungi see also: * tinea fungal infections * microbiology * clinically important bacteria * antibiotics * antifungal agents Introduction * the fungus kingdom consisting of some 2.2 million to 3.8 million species is separated from plant, bacteria, protozoa and animal kingdoms by the presence of chitin-glucan complexes in their cell walls

gabapentin (Neurontin)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 12:41:20 +0000

gabapentin (Neurontin) see also: * neuropathic pain Introduction * gabapentin is a gabapentinoid anticonvulsant neuropathic pain modulator commonly used in patients with chronic pain and those with focal seizures * 1st approved for use in the United Kingdom in 1993 * pregabalin (Lyrica) is related in structure to gabapentin and has a similar activity and use profile

gabapentinoids

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 11 Jul 2025 06:33:12 +0000

gabapentinoids see also: * gabapentin (Neurontin) * pregabalin (Lyrica) * neuropathic pain * anticonvulsants

gait disturbance

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Aug 2019 07:14:59 +0000

gait disturbance see also: * ataxia * normal pressure hydrocephalus * weakness of the lower limb(s) / weak in the knees * Parkinson's disease

gastroenteritis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 02 Feb 2020 15:00:40 +0000

gastroenteritis see also: * food poisoning * diarrhoea * The child with gastroenteritis * traveller's diarrhoea * dehydration * anti-emetics * the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED introduction * the diagnosis of gastroenteritis in the ED is essentially one of exclusion and generally requires both vomiting and diarrhoeal illness. * in Australia, it is the treating doctor's legal responsibility to notify the government of 2 or more cases

gastroenterology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 11 Aug 2018 08:25:34 +0000

gastroenterology see also: * Dyspepsia * upper GI bleeding * oesophageal varices * pancreatitis * peptic ulcer disease * hepatitis * cirrhosis * portal hypertension * ascites * hepatic encephalopathy * coeliac disease * inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) * Crohn's disease * ulcerative colitis * colitis * lower GIT bleeding * gastroenterology at Western Health podcasts and other resources * Video podcast - Acute Hemorrhagic Emergencies by Stuart Swadron (56min)

The child with gastroenteritis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 07 Jul 2011 06:03:58 +0000

The child with gastroenteritis see also: * paediatric emergency medicine * the febrile child * dehydration * gastroenteritis * RCH guideline - vomiting and diarrhoea * NSW NETS - gastroenteritis (pdf)

gallbladder polyps

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 06:19:50 +0000

gallbladder polyps see also: * biliary colic * gallbladder and bile duct tumours * more details of GB polyps, see Introduction * most are benign but as delayed diagnosis of malignancy is a poor prognosis, and even benign ones may become symptomatic, elective cholecystectomy may be indicated

growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Sep 2024 00:30:09 +0000

growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) see also: * hormones * innate immunity * cachexia * anorexia Introduction * the peptide hormone growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) wa discovered in 1997 and has been found to have a range of roles in physiology and pathophysiologic processes

genetics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 00:45:41 +0000

genetics see also: * sex determination * DNA and genes * genomics introduction * the human genome consists of ~3 billion (3×10^9) base pairs of DNA organized as 23 chromosomes of which: * 3% of which encodes genes: * “coding genes” can produce mRNA which is used to produce protein

sex determination

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 12 Jul 2019 16:40:23 +0000

sex determination see also: * genetics Introduction * in all eutherian mammalian species including humans, sex determination is primarily based upon the genetic karyotype of XX for females and XY for males however, we now know there are many autosomal genes which are required to allow the bi-potential gonads to differentiate into either ovary or testes (or if it fails a non-functional or dysfunctional gonad - the

gene regulation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Aug 2025 03:46:28 +0000

gene regulation see also: * micro RNAs (miRNAs) * DNA and genes Introduction * for a cell to function properly, necessary proteins must be synthesized at the proper time. * gene regulation is the process used to control the timing, location and amount in which genes are expressed as RNA and as a result protein is produced

general medicine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 30 Jan 2009 00:22:49 +0000

general medicine * heat illness and heat stroke * hypokalaemia * hyperkalaemia * hyponatraemia * diabetes mellitus * hypertension

genomics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 00:37:16 +0000

genomics see also: * DNA and genes * risk and the perception of risk * the GIT microbiome * proteome * metabolome * exposome and health * transcriptome Introduction * a patient's genomics generally refers to the individual patient's DNA and epigenetic modifications which can be found in the blood or in tissues and which may reflect impact a wide range of clinical responses, metabolic handling of medications, and risk for various diseases

general surgery

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 Jan 2019 04:52:06 +0000

general surgery see also Main index * pre-operative assessment * the patient with acute abdominal pain * the child with abdominal pain * peritonitis * appendicitis * pancreatitis * diverticulitis * cholecystitis * ascending cholangitis * biliary colic * inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) * constipation * small bowel obstruction * large bowel obstruction * colitis * ischaemic colitis * caecal volvulus * sigmoid volvulus * colorectal cancer (bowel cancer) * peptic ulcer disea…

gentamicin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:54:11 +0000

gentamicin see also; * antibiotics * aminoglycoside antibiotics * WH guideline - Gentamicin - Interval Adjustment Dosing Method for Adults (pdf) - WH intranet only * WH guideline - Gentamicin Administration in the Neonate and Child (pdf) - WH intranet only introduction * belongs to the aminoglycoside antibiotics which were originally obtained from Streptomyces species * ototoxic & nephrotoxic if high dose or prolonged use * active mainly against enteric Gram -ve bacteria * ATG rec…

geriatrics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 24 Sep 2023 10:25:23 +0000

geriatrics see also: * ageing * frailty * aged care index * geriatric trauma - trauma in the elderly * Geriatric depression scale * home care for the elderly * residential aged care - hostel and nursing home care * end of life care * delirium * fracture neck of femur (#NOF)

gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 30 May 2024 06:58:59 +0000

gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) see also: * drug dependency * addiction medicine (alcohol and other substance use) introduction * a naturally occurring substance similar in structure to GABA, the neurotransmitter. * GHB is found in the brain, particularly in the basal ganglia, and readily crosses the blood brain barrier and placenta.

ghrelin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 13 Feb 2022 07:11:10 +0000

ghrelin see also: * insulin * cholecystokinin (CCK) * glucagon Introduction * Ghrelin is a hormone released into circulation from the stomach and plays a key role in stimulating food intake by inhibiting vagal afferent firing. * Circulating ghrelin levels are increased by fasting and fall after a meal.

giardiasis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 03 Dec 2015 22:14:53 +0000

giardiasis see also: * parasites * gastroenteritis * the febrile returned traveller introduction * in humans is a diarrheal infection of the small intestine caused by a single-celled protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia. * giardiasis is caused by the ingestion of infective cysts * multiple modes of transmission, including person-to-person, water-borne (eg. hikers drinking contaminated stream water from cattle faeces), and venereal

ginger

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 06:14:28 +0000

ginger see also: * anti-emetics * hyperemesis gravidarum Introduction * ginger is the rhizome of Zingiber officinale) and is commonly used in foods and for motion sickness and as an antiemetic * in Turkey and nearby regions, ginger has also been used to enhance milk production in women who had vaginal births however, its use as a galactagogue has not been well studied

gingivitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 05:57:49 +0000

gingivitis see also: * dental * dental caries * periodontitis Introduction * simple gingivitis is very common and painless and mainly due to poor dental hygiene - see periodontitis * acute ulcerative gingivitis is relatively common and painful, and usually caused by primary Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, or hand, foot and mouth infection in children

gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Jul 2021 03:51:49 +0000

gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) see also: * stomach cancer Introduction * a rare type of GIT tumour (some are benign, some are malignant) believed to originate in cells found between muscle layers of the gastro-intestinal tract, called Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and generally grow outwards

lower GIT bleeding

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 27 May 2013 02:12:40 +0000

lower GIT bleeding see also: * upper GIT bleeding * diverticulitis introduction * bright red bleeding not mixed with stool after bowel actions which is present on the toilet bowel and/or toilet paper which resolves soon after and is not associated with haemodynamic instability is most likely to be

upper GIT bleeding

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 13 Nov 2021 12:37:18 +0000

upper GIT bleeding see also: * AFTB Lectures - upper GIT bleeding (2008) * AFTB Lectures - oesophageal varices (2016) * lower GIT bleeding Introduction * upper GIT bleeding is a potentially life threatening condition and may present as either: * coffee ground vomits * frank haematemesis * melaena * acute the shocked hypotensive patient or syncope / near syncope * chronic or subacute iron deficiency anaemia

the GIT microbiome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 22:43:48 +0000

the GIT microbiome see also: * gut-brain axis and the GIT microbiome * the oral microbiome * clinically important bacteria * the number of microorganisms that colonize the human body is 10 times the number of human body cells, and the number of microorganism genes is 150 times the number of human genes * in 2024, researchers, by leveraging cutting-edge proteogenomics and comparative genomics techniques to comprehensively annotate more than 964 million non-redundant smORFs across 75 habit…

glaucoma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Oct 2013 07:42:13 +0000

glaucoma see also: * ophthalmology introduction * aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary body in the posterior chamber of the eye. It diffuses from the posterior chamber, through the pupil, and into the anterior chamber. From the anterior chamber, the fluid is drained into the vascular system via the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm canal contained within the angle.

glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) peptide analogs (eg. Ozempic)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Feb 2026 11:35:48 +0000

glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) peptide analogs (eg. Ozempic) see also: * oral hypoglycaemic agents * obesity and weight management * glucagon Introduction * these peptides mimic the action of the incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and need to be given by s/c injection * patients with pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus often have defects in the effect of incretin

glucagon

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 11 May 2014 12:43:45 +0000

glucagon see also: * hormones * insulin introduction * a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas, that raises blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver, and turns off glycolysis * it can be also given parenterally to Rx

glomerulonephritis (GN)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 28 Oct 2013 07:49:22 +0000

glomerulonephritis (GN) see also: * nephrotic syndrome * renal medicine (nephrology) introduction * inflammation of the renal glomeruli with virtually all forms being mediated by an immune process (except for Alport's syndrome and TGBM disease) * spectrum ranges from: * asymptomatic cases

gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonists (GnRH agonists)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 29 Jan 2014 01:09:39 +0000

gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonists (GnRH agonists) see also pharmacology main index; endometriosis; anti-androgens * PBS Nafarelin product information (pdf) pharmacology * GnRH agonists stimulate release of pituitary gonadotrophins LH and FSH, with consequent initial increase of ovarian and testicular steroidogenesis. * continuous dosing rather than physiologic pulsatile dosing gradually abolishes the stimulatory effect on the pituitary gland.

gonococcus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 10 Nov 2023 01:13:50 +0000

gonococcus see also: * clinically important bacteria * pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) * sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs) * epididymo-orchitis * wikipedia introduction * the gonococcus (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) is an obligate aerobe, bean-shaped diplococcus, fastidious, oxidase +ve Gram -ve coccoid discovered in 1879 * it is transmitted by sexual contact and co-infections with other causes of

gastro-oesophageal reflux

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 27 May 2024 23:35:11 +0000

gastro-oesophageal reflux see also: * Dyspepsia * oesophagitis in adults * eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) * oesophageal cancer * gastroenterology * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED introduction * often abbreviated as GOR, GORD or GERD (gastro-esophageal reflux disease) * one of the most common causes of retrosternal chest pain often confused with cardiac pain, hence its common name - heartburn

Gastro-oesophageal reflux in infants

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 15:13:16 +0000

Gastro-oesophageal reflux in infants * RCH guideline - GOR in infants

gout

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 28 Jan 2026 10:29:59 +0000

gout see also: * colchicine * non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) * uricosuric agents * hyperuricaemia * allopurinol * urolithiasis / renal stones / renal calculi historical perspective * Described by Hippocrates * Podagra was the foot goddess, a bad tempered virgin, who attacked victims after they overindulged. * Autumn crocus used to Rx arthritis in 6th Century *

online bookings for GPs

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 14 Jul 2016 18:17:16 +0000

online bookings for GPs see: * Medical One bookings * Health Engine search and online bookings for GP's Australia wide * only includes practices which have signed up, thus Medical One is not included * eg. appointments available today near St Albans, Vic

Graves disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Oct 2021 07:15:15 +0000

Graves disease see also: * thyroid physiology and hormones * hyperthyroidism * Mx of a low TSH * thyroid storm * thyroiditis Introduction * Graves-Basedow thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease affecting the thyroid gland which results in “toxic diffuse goitre” and a range of clinical features including hyperthyroidism * accounts for 50-80% of cases of

groin pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 06 Oct 2022 02:36:12 +0000

groin pain see also: * back pain in the ED * flank pain * hip pain introduction * there are a multitude of causes of groin pain * the ED clinician needs to systematically exclude the more serious causes such as abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), strangulated groin herniae +/- bowel obstruction, and acute scrotal pain or swelling such as torsion testes

Grover's disease (transient acantholytic dermatosis)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 07:26:57 +0000

Grover's disease (transient acantholytic dermatosis) see also: * acute rashes in adults Introduction * a common acquired itchy mainly truncal rash characterised by acantholysis * described by Grover in 1970 Epidemiology * most often affects Caucasian men over 50 years of age with sundamaged skin

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 27 Sep 2013 05:13:29 +0000

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) see also: * weakness of the lower limb(s) / weak in the knees * Vic. Better Health Channel patient information on GBS * NINDS information page on GBS * wikipedia introduction * aka Landry's ascending paralysis * Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute onset autoimmune demyelinating condition which appears to be triggered by viral or bacterial infections, particularly

gut-brain axis and the GIT microbiome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 05 Nov 2025 10:11:26 +0000

gut-brain axis and the GIT microbiome see also: * the brain * the GIT microbiome Introduction * the gut-brain axis links emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions which is modulated by gut microbiome - microbiota and GBA appears to be bidirectional, through signaling from gut-microbiota to brain and from brain to gut-microbiota by means of neural, endocrine, immune, and humoral links

gynaecology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 02:11:55 +0000

gynaecology * Royal Australian & NZ College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists - college statements and guidelines * RANZCOG guideline Ix of intermenstrual and post-coital bleeding (pdf) * RANZCOG guideline Mx of menopause (pdf) * Statement on anticoagulation in pregnancy & puerperium * RANZCOG - termination of pregnancy * MJA 2009 - A consensus statement on the management of pregnancy and delivery in women who are carriers of or have bleeding disorders such as haemophilia * RIF o…

potential complications of gynaecologic surgery

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 03 Sep 2025 10:30:38 +0000

potential complications of gynaecologic surgery see also: * gynaecology Introduction * depending upon the type of procedure, potential local complications of surgery include: * UTI * urinary retention * uterine issues * vault haematoma post-hysterectomy

a guide to a healthy vagina

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 11 Sep 2017 23:40:55 +0000

a guide to a healthy vagina see also: * gynaecology a gynaecologist's tips for reducing vulval irritation * see https://jeanhailes.org.au/contents/documents/Resources/Booklets/The_vulva.pdf - Jean Hailes Women's Health - patient information booklet on vulval health care for women (pdf) for more details * Don’t use any soap or perfumed bath products to wash your vulva – only use water or soap substitute * Never use talcum powder on your vulva (seems it may increase risk of ovarian cancer)…

hereditary angioedema (HAE)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:40:30 +0000

hereditary angioedema (HAE) see also: * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions * angioedema * anaphylaxis * RCH guideline - angioedema - C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency * at Western Health, icatibant is available after hours in the night store and accessible by the AHA introduction * hereditary angioneurotic oedema is an autosomal dominant condition caused by either a reduced (type I) or dysfunctional (type II) C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) which is a blood protein enzyme which norma…

haematemesis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 15 Jun 2019 05:36:33 +0000

haematemesis see also: * upper GIT bleeding Introduction * haematemesis is blood in vomitus from upper GIT bleeding, lesser severity may produce “coffee-gounds” vomitus of altered blood * it may or may not be associated with melaena

haematology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 27 Oct 2021 05:19:39 +0000

haematology see also: * anaemia * iron deficiency anaemia * vitamin B12 (cobalamin) * haemolytic anaemia * sickle cell disease (SCD) * thalassemia * aplastic anaemia / pancytopenia * paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria * leukaemia * lymphoma * myeloproliferative disorders * multiple myeloma * myelofibrosis * thrombocytopenia * Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

haematuria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 02 Jul 2022 01:09:49 +0000

haematuria see also: * urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis * urology * renal medicine * RCH guideline - haematuria aetiology by site haematologic * coagulopathy * sickle haemoglobinopathies glomerular (esp. if glomerular RBCs &/or red cell casts) * primary glomerular disease * multisystem disease: * SLE, HSP, HUS, PAN, Wegener's granulomatosis, Goodpasture's syndrome

haemochromatosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 16 Nov 2023 22:31:09 +0000

haemochromatosis see also: * liver diseases * iron poisoning * haemosiderosis Introduction * the excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a homozygous recessive inherited disorder that causes excessive iron absorption from the gut * NB. “secondary haemochromatosis” due to acquired causes is called

haemopericardium

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 24 Aug 2019 12:18:05 +0000

haemopericardium see also: * pericarditis * cardiac tamponade * trauma Introduction * hemopericardium is blood within the pericardial sac * death is generally more likely to be caused by the cause of the haemopericardium rather than by the effects of the haemopericardium although if it collects rapidly it may of itself cause death through

Haemophilia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 22:35:11 +0000

Haemophilia * RCH guideline - haemophilia

haemoptysis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 30 Jul 2021 23:18:04 +0000

haemoptysis see also: * acute cough in the adult Introduction Is it really haemoptysis? * pseudohemoptysis * blood coming from the upper airways eg. posterior epistaxis, sinusitis, * haematemesis * pH < 7, blood is dark red or brown not bright red aetiology

The Gunnar-Thevathasan haemorrhagic crescent sign

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 Dec 2014 02:52:22 +0000

The Gunnar-Thevathasan haemorrhagic crescent sign * Eponymous signs and syndromes abound.. * This one can be diagnosed in the ED when the history of soft tissue injury of the patient's knee is followed by the appearance of a haemorrhagic crescent under the ipsilateral malleoli days to weeks later. The patient may be concerned that they have a DVT because of calf swelling or pain, but this is NOT a DVT.

haemorrhoids

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 03:46:56 +0000

haemorrhoids see also: * ano-rectal pain * World J Gastroenterol. 2012: Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management Introduction * haemorrhoidal issues affect up to a third of adults and is most prevalent in 45-65 yr olds while being uncommon under 20 yrs old * internal “primary” haemorrhoids * form due to congestion of the superior haemorrhoidal venous plexus resulting in prolapse of the mucosa above the dentate line

haemosiderosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 16 Nov 2023 22:58:12 +0000

haemosiderosis see also: * liver diseases * iron poisoning * haemochromatosis Introduction * the excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to an acquired cause and often called “secondary haemochromatosis” * NB. “primary haemochromatosis” is due to an homozygous recessive inherited disorder that causes excessive iron absorption from the gut

hallux valgus (bunions)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 02 Feb 2013 13:33:26 +0000

hallux valgus (bunions) see also: * orthopaedics in the ED introduction * bunions are a common genetic condition with incidence increasing with age: * 3% in persons aged 15-30 years * 9% in persons aged 31-60 years * 16% in those older than 60 years * of those under age 60 years, ~90% are genetic

haloperidol

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 May 2014 07:00:37 +0000

haloperidol see also: * anti-psychotic medications introduction * droperidol is a butyrophenone type antipsychotic agent which is similar to droperidol (Droleptan) * it produces marked tranquillization and sedation as well as having an anti-emetic effect * it potentiates other CNS depressants * also produces mild alpha-adrenergic blockade, peripheral vascular dilatation,

hand hygiene for health workers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 26 Nov 2023 09:24:49 +0000

hand hygiene for health workers see also: * aseptic non-touch technique (ANTT) * prevention of infection in healthcare - standard precautions * clinically important bacteria * NHHI staff Hand hygiene mandatory competency module for Australian healthcare workers Introduction * Micro-organisms are transmitted from one patient to another via a healthcare worker's hands (HCW) in 5 sequential steps: * organisms on patient's skin or shed onto surrounding objects (fomites)

hantavirus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 27 Jan 2020 19:26:39 +0000

hantavirus see also: * Introduction * Hantaviruses are a family of viruses spread mainly by rodents and can cause varied disease syndromes in people worldwide. * Infection with any hantavirus can produce hantavirus disease in people. * Hantaviruses in the Americas are known as

History of use of anti-arrhythmic agents

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 28 Aug 2008 07:45:51 +0000

History of use of anti-arrhythmic agents see also: antiarrythmics, pharmacology main index, historic perspectives of medicine History of anti-arrhythmic drugs: * Noted that pts on cinchona for malaria treatment were occasionally cured of AF - the 1st recorded use of this was in 1749 by Jean-Baptiste de Sénac. * Wenckeback (1914) reported on effects of quinine alkaloids in certain arrhythmias which impressed Frey (1918) who studied use of cinchonine, quinine & quinidine in AF & found quinidi…

happiness

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 May 2017 08:58:09 +0000

happiness see also: * depression * sadness * stress * Aust. survey on well-being 2015 * Youtube 1hr lecture - science of happiness what is happiness? * Subjective wellbeing or happiness = self-reported (high positive mood + low negative mood + high life satisfaction) * overall most people are happy by nature and remain around this baseline unless there are chronic conditions which reduce happiness such as unemployment, disability, dysharmony,

haptoglobin (Hp)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 May 2018 23:35:58 +0000

haptoglobin (Hp) see also: * haemolytic anaemia * lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) Introduction * serum haptoglobin is used as a marker of haemolytic anaemia and is also an acute phase reactant * haptoglobin binds free haemoglobin and the complexes are then removed from circulation by the reticuloendothelial system, mostly, by the spleen.

HAS-BLED bleeding risk scoring tool for anticoagulation Rx

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 04 Apr 2014 06:05:46 +0000

HAS-BLED bleeding risk scoring tool for anticoagulation Rx see also: * antithrombotic Rx for prevention of stroke * warfarin * general anticoagulation guidelines * MDCALC online calculator introduction * anticoagulant bleeding risk scoring systems are generally quite complex * HAS-BLED appears to be the scoring tool that is currently recommended

hepatitis B virus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 16 Jan 2025 22:49:43 +0000

hepatitis B virus see also: * viruses * hepatitis C virus * hepatitis * cirrhosis * hepatocellular carcinoma hepatitis B * Aust. Prescriber 2009 - The management of hepatitis B transmission * highly transmissible if no vaccination (~10x more infectious than with similar exposure to hepatitis C virus and ~100x more infectious than needlestick exposures to HIV / AIDS) * can occur via a number of routes - percutaneous (needlestick, IVDU, tatooing, or body piercing), parenteral (transf…

hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blockers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 02:54:22 +0000

hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blockers see also: * congestive cardiac failure * beta adrenergic blockers Introduction * hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blockers are used to Mx congestive cardiac failure Pharmacology * hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels

hepatitis C virus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Oct 2023 02:50:47 +0000

hepatitis C virus see also: * viruses * hepatitis B virus * HIV / AIDS * hepatitis * cirrhosis * hepatocellular carcinoma introduction * a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) hepacivirus, a member of the flaviviridae viruses * the most frequent cause of parenteral non-A, non-B hepatitis worldwide. * causes 20% of acute viral hepatitis cases in USA. * mainly spread by blood transmission, primarily from sharing needles between

headache

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 12 Mar 2025 23:11:45 +0000

headache see also: * meningitis * the child with headache * subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) * migraine * acute unilateral headache * cervicogenic headache * a diagnostic approach to the adult with acute headache * AFTB lectures - headache introduction: * patients with headache as a prime feature are a worrying group of patients as there are a number of potentially life threatening or morbid conditions that, although uncommon, are easily missed:

cervicogenic headache

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 Feb 2024 02:37:37 +0000

cervicogenic headache see also: * headache * migraine Introduction * headaches arising from irritation in the upper neck are very common and can cause unilateral temporal/retro-orbital headaches as well as occipital headaches and can precipitate migraine * a common site of irritation is at C2/3 or C3/4 facet joints which are postero-lateral and often involved in degenerative or arthritic pathology, or acutely if prolonged stresses are applied such as during sleep, holding phone by the he…

cluster headache

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 16 Sep 2016 06:18:20 +0000

cluster headache see also: * acute unilateral headache introduction * recurrent clusters of sudden onset lancinating retro-orbital headaches lasting minutes to 3 hours usually occurring in the early hours of the morning (perhaps REM sleep mediated) causing the patient to become agitated, restless and walk around

a diagnostic approach to the adult with acute headache

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 25 Aug 2024 01:57:16 +0000

a diagnostic approach to the adult with acute headache * the following is a STEPWISE diagnostic algorithm provided as an AID to diagnosis of headache in the adult patient - one should not just jump to step x without considering each of the preceding steps

The child with a headache

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 04:12:30 +0000

The child with a headache see paediatric emergency medicine, meningitis, headache, child with head injury, sinusitis, migraine * RCH guideline - headache

post LP headaches (PLPH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 27 Apr 2013 07:11:24 +0000

post LP headaches (PLPH) see also: * headache introduction * occurs in 18-32% of patients who undergo lumbar puncture * PLPH is believed to be caused by adenosine-induced cerebral vasodilatation * usually starts within 48hrs (but not within 1hr) of lumbar puncture or epidural procedures although may be delayed for up to 14 days.

acute unilateral headache

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 18 Jan 2025 21:36:18 +0000

acute unilateral headache see also: * headache introduction * is there a Horner's syndrome present? * consider internal carotid artery dissection which needs emergency Ix * if male and occurring at night, consider cluster headache * is there ant/lateral neck pain, new tinnitus or monocular blindness?

head injury in the adult patient

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 30 Jul 2025 08:02:33 +0000

head injury in the adult patient see also: * trauma * paediatric head injury * concussion * patient information sheets - head injury * Monash Concussion Clinic for children and adults - a low cost clinical psychology/neuropsychology service - an income tested sliding fee applies * Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein levels are 97% accurate up to 7 days post injury of detecting brain injury such as concussion

paediatric head injury

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 30 Mar 2016 21:21:36 +0000

paediatric head injury see also: * paediatric emergency medicine * RCH guideline - head injury * NSW NETS - head injury (pdf) * head injury in the adult patient * Monash Concussion Clinic for children and adults - a low cost clinical psychology/neuropsychology service - an income tested sliding fee applies * Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein levels are 97% accurate up to 7 days post injury of detecting brain injury such as concussion

healthy living and diets

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 12 Dec 2025 07:03:46 +0000

healthy living and diets see also: * diets and healthy foods * salt / sodium in food products healthy living * do not smoke * do not abuse substances * these will generally take you down a dark path you may not get back from - there are no easy ways of managing the hardships of life - substances will only make them worse

heat rash / miliaria rubra

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Jul 2022 11:13:13 +0000

heat rash / miliaria rubra see also: * acute rashes in adults * urticaria Introduction * an annoying “prickly” rash mainly involving flexures wear sweat tends to collect in response to prolonged hot humid conditions * common in those travelling to tropical areas when it mainly affects areas covered by clothing

heat waves

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 15 Aug 2018 09:29:04 +0000

heat waves see also: * Vic DHS patient information sheet - preventing heat stress * Vic DHS community resources for managing heatwaves * WH preparing for heatwaves (intranet only) * heat illness and heat stroke introduction * heat waves are common in Australia * in the southern parts of Australia, they are particularly a problem in January when 3-7 days in a row of 40degC or more are possible * such heat waves are associated with an increase in mortality, particularly of the elderly w…

heat illness and heat stroke

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 07:16:22 +0000

heat illness and heat stroke see also: * Vic DHS patient information sheet - preventing heat stress * Vic DHS community resources for managing heatwaves * heat waves * hyperthermia * malignant hyperthermia * hypothermia introduction * heat illness encompasses a spectrum of severity including: * heat oedema * heat rash (prickly heat) * heat cramps * tetany * heat syncope * heat exhaustion

heavy metals

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 23 Jan 2026 04:44:09 +0000

heavy metals see also: * foods that may be toxic or bad for you * toxicology Introduction * heavy metals are generally regarded as toxins, particularly as they tend to be poorly eliminated and thus tend to accumulate with chronic exposures resulting in cellular toxicities * there is no formal definition of a heavy metal but tends to be context-driven such as in toxicology, but they are generally metals with a density > 10 g/cm³ such as lead (11.3g/cm³) and mercury (13.5g/cm³) although ar…

Helicobacter pylori infection

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 07 Jan 2014 05:39:14 +0000

Helicobacter pylori infection see also clinically important bacteria; gastro-oesophageal reflux; peptic ulcer disease; Dyspepsia; Introduction * H. pylori is the dominant factor in the multifactorial disease peptic ulceration & its eradication should decrease incidence of DU in humans by over 90%; * Most people infected with H. pylori are asymptomatic but infection confers a lifetime risk of peptic ulcer disease of 15% to 20%, and of gastric cancer of up to 2%.

HELLP syndrome in pregnancy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 15 Jun 2024 09:22:05 +0000

HELLP syndrome in pregnancy see also: * liver function tests (LFTs) * pre-eclampsia and eclampsia introduction * HELLP is an acronym for the 3 main features: * haemolysis * elevated liver enzyme levels * low platelet level * it is a potentially life threatening complication of pregnancy * occurs in ~ 1 in 300 pregnancies, and in up to 12% of cases of

hepatitis A

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 Mar 2015 23:27:49 +0000

hepatitis A see also: * hepatitis * Vic Health - information on hep A * Vic Health - health alerts introduction * currently there is an outbreak in Australia due to imported frozen berries (Feb 2015), so have a low index of suspicion. clinical presentation * incubation period is 15 to 50 days. * transmission occurs via the faecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, or through direct hand-to-mouth contact with the faeces of an infectious case.

heparin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 12 Aug 2023 12:53:37 +0000

heparin see: * anticoagulants, * Historical perspective of anticoagulants * pharmacology main index * warfarin * enoxaparin * RCH guidelines - anticoagulation therapy in children Clinical usage: * prior to commencement take bloods for APTT, INR, FBE, LFT's full IV heparin Rx where increased risk of bleeding * eg. as adjunct to thrombolysis, the elderly, anti-platelet medications, post-op.

hepatic encephalopathy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 11 Aug 2018 07:41:10 +0000

hepatic encephalopathy see also: * gastroenterology * hepatitis * cirrhosis * ascites * assessment of hepatic function * prescribing drugs in patients with liver impairment * AFTB lectures - acute liver failure factors that contribute to encephalopathy: * elevated levels of gut derived substances due to portosystemic shunting: * ammonia * false neurotransmitters (eg. octopamine) * changes in sensitivity of brain to inhibitory neurotransmitters (eg. GABA)

assessment of hepatic function

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 20 Nov 2023 12:59:34 +0000

assessment of hepatic function see also: * cirrhosis * prescribing drugs in patients with liver impairment * liver diseases * liver function tests (LFTs) evaluating hepatic function * unfortunately, there is no single test that measures liver function. index of suspicion of impaired function from clinical history * history of ethanol (alcohol and alcohol withdrawal) and illicit substance use

hepatitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 16 Nov 2023 13:08:42 +0000

hepatitis see also: * gastroenterology * infectious diseases * liver function tests (LFTs) * jaundice (icterus) * liver diseases * cirrhosis * hepatic encephalopathy * assessment of hepatic function * prescribing drugs in patients with liver impairment * ethanol (alcohol and alcohol withdrawal) * viruses * hepatitis A * hepatitis B virus * hepatitis C virus * hepatocellular carcinoma introduction causes of hepatitis * ethanol (alcohol and alcohol withdrawal) * steatohep…

hepatomegaly

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 16 Nov 2023 13:10:32 +0000

hepatomegaly see also: * hepatosplenomegaly * splenomegaly * lymphadenopathy * liver diseases introduction * patients with hepatomegaly or splenomegaly should be advised to avoid all contact sports as there is a risk of fatal organ rupture * rupture risk is higher in older patients as the capsule thins with age

hepatosplenomegaly

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 19 Oct 2024 11:27:38 +0000

hepatosplenomegaly see also: * hepatomegaly * splenomegaly * lymphadenopathy introduction * craniocaudal measurement of 11-13 cm is frequently used as the upper limit of normal splenic size on imaging studies * 2-5% of the population have a palpable spleen * patients with hepatomegaly or splenomegaly should be advised to avoid all contact sports as there is a risk of fatal organ rupture

herbicides

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Aug 2011 11:19:37 +0000

herbicides see also toxicology Glyphosate (Roundup, Zero): introduction: * glyphosate is the most widely used general purpose herbicide in the world & is a common household product * retail sale volumes exceed the volume of the next 6 leading herbicides combined

herniae

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 Apr 2018 08:53:37 +0000

herniae see also: * groin herniae * hernia_hiatus introduction * abdominal herniae excluding groin or inguinal herniae: * ventral * incisional hernia * develop in 10-15% of sites of surgical incision in the abdominal wall as a result of failure of the fascial layers to close post-operatively

groin herniae

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 Apr 2018 08:53:52 +0000

groin herniae see also: * herniae * groin pain * hip pain * undescended testes (cryptorchidism) * JSLS 2006: Hernias as a Cause of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women * at Western Health, all adult patients presenting with inguinal herniae problems should be referred to surgical registrar to ensure timely surgical Mx and prevention of complicated disease introduction

hepatitis E viruses (HEV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 03 Jul 2025 23:27:24 +0000

hepatitis E viruses (HEV) see also: * hepatitis * * * HEV infection is a notifiable disease in Victoria * The disease is not endemic in Australia, and the majority of cases reported to date have occurred in travellers * In Victoria in 2010, 11 cases were notified.

heart failure with preserved EF (HFpEF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 04:10:36 +0000

heart failure with preserved EF (HFpEF) see also: * congestive cardiac failure introduction * patients with heart failure who have LVEF > 49% * see heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) for Mx of those with LVEF < 50% * HFpEF prevalence is increasing and now accounts for ~50% of patients with heart failure in Australia

heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 04:07:43 +0000

heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) see also: * cardiology * cor pulmonale * acute pulmonary oedema (APO) * Mx of the wheezy elderly patient - acute pulmonary oedema versus asthma * AFTB lectures - APO * heart failure with preserved EF (HFpEF) * congestive cardiac failure * NB. age > 65 with primary Dx of CCF are admitted to cardio-geriatric unit at Western Hospital if present to Western Health Introduction * the following applies to patients with LVEF < 41%

hiatus hernia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 17 Oct 2016 08:55:42 +0000

hiatus hernia see also: * gastro-oesophageal reflux * SAGES US guidelines for Mx of hiatus hernia introduction * hiatus hernia is when a portion of the stomach passes up through the diaphragmatic oesophageal hiatus * there are 4 types: * type I: sliding (95%) - where the lower oesophageal sphincter slides above the diaphragmatic oesophageal hiatus

hidradenitis suppurativa

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 06 Apr 2014 12:40:11 +0000

hidradenitis suppurativa see also: * skin_abcess * perianal abscess introduction * a chronic follicular occlusive disease that affects the intertriginous axillary, groin, perianal, perineal, and inframammary skin staging * stage I: abscess formation without sinus tracts or scarring

high pressure fluid spray / hydraulic injury

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 21 Jan 2025 12:23:46 +0000

high pressure fluid spray / hydraulic injury see also: * plastic surgery Introduction * high pressure fluids can cause initially innocuous injury but devastating delayed injuries Epidemiology * most common in laborers in industry using high pressure sprays or hydraulics such as paint, automotive grease, solvents and diesel oil

avascular necrosis hip / femoral head

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 09 Oct 2013 04:06:06 +0000

avascular necrosis hip / femoral head see also: * hip pain introduction * avascular necrosis of the femoral head is responsible for some 12% of hip arthroplasties * incidence tends to be bimodal: * as Perthe's disease in pre-pubescent children * in adults under age 50 years, especially men aged 30-50.

labral tear hip joint

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 24 Oct 2014 03:08:18 +0000

labral tear hip joint see also: * hip pain * A comprehensive review of hip labral tears. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. Jun 2009; 2(2): 105–117 introduction * tear of the labrum of the acetabulum is said to account for 20-50% of “idiopathic” hip pain where there is no obvious cause * diagnosis is often delayed by 2 years as the labrum is not well demonstrated on US, XRay, CT or MRI scans, although a MRA scan does have better sensitivity for detecting these tears.

hip pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 03 Jan 2025 10:21:52 +0000

hip pain see also: * knee pain * flank pain * back pain * groin pain * the limping child * rheumatology * RCH guidline - the child with hip pain or irritable hip * AAFP DDx of hip pain * J Fam Pract. 2003 August;52(8):607-617: an algorithmic approach to Dx of hip pain differential diagnoses of groin/hip/thigh pain paediatric * irritable hip / viral synovitis (very common) * septic arthritis hip (uncommon) * Perthe's disease (aged 3-9 years, uncommon) *

histamine physiology, receptors and antihistamines

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 01 May 2012 07:08:29 +0000

histamine physiology, receptors and antihistamines see also: * autacoids * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions * anaphylaxis * antihistamines (H1) * allergic rhinitis * pharmacology main index introduction * 1st detected (with ACh) in ergot extracts as stimulants of uterus, but later both proved to be contaminants of ergot due to bacteria; * 1st isolated from body 1927 in various tissues hence histamine;

histoplasmosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 25 Apr 2014 02:04:08 +0000

histoplasmosis see also: * fungi * antifungal agents introduction * histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum which grows as a yeast at mammalian body temperatures * it is mainly found in soils of organic rich river valleys between latitudes between 45° north and 30° south, and is spread via droppings from birds and bats

historic perspectives of medicine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 16 Jan 2013 14:45:46 +0000

historic perspectives of medicine history of medicine blogs * Wonders and marvels - medical history blog by Holly Tucker * Aus Med Industry's timeline of medicine in Australia timelines of medical history in this wiki * timeline of events in the history of medicine * history of anaesthesia * angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)and related * anticoagulants * beta adrenergic blockers * calcium channel physiology and pharmacology * pulmonary embolism * ischaemic heart dise…

HIV / AIDS

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 29 Jan 2024 06:32:30 +0000

HIV / AIDS see also: * viruses * antiretroviral agents * AIDS Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection (PrEP) * these medications are used to reduce the risk of getting HIV infection * see * examples include: * emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate * emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide

HLA-B27

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 26 Nov 2023 10:09:21 +0000

HLA-B27 see also: * immunology * genetics * ankylosing spondylitis (AS) * adaptive immunity introduction * Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) B27 is a class I surface antigen encoded by the B locus in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6 and presents antigenic peptides (derived from self and non-self antigens) to T cells.

human metapneumovirus (HMPV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 26 Sep 2023 23:44:05 +0000

human metapneumovirus (HMPV) see also: * viruses * coryza / the common cold / viral rhinopharyngitis / rhinitis Introduction * a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Pneumoviridae (which also includes human respiratory syncytial virus / human orthopneumovirus (HRSV)) * 1st isolated in 2001 although appears to have been circulating at least 50yrs prior *

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM or HOCM)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 01 Sep 2017 11:39:22 +0000

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM or HOCM) see also: * cardiomyopathy introduction * idiopathic hypertrophy of the myocardium resulting in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) which is usually assymetric involving the interventricular septum in 2/3rds of cases * 25% have obstructed outflow at rest, while 70% have obstructed outflow under certain conditions (

homelessness / no fixed abode

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:10:07 +0000

homelessness / no fixed abode see also: * social issues * poverty * addiction medicine (alcohol and other substance use) Introduction * home ownership is increasingly out of reach for most people * divorce is likely to mean loss of home ownership, especially if the couple had failed to pay off the loan and the mortgage is still a high proportion of home value

home oxygen

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Jul 2014 05:09:08 +0000

home oxygen see also: * oxygen * medical gases * hypoxia * respiratory medicine * chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) adult domiciliary oxygen therapy indications * continuous oxygen (ideally > 19hrs/day): * is indicated to improve longevity & quality of life if either: * stable daytime PaO2 is < 55 mmHg at rest *

honey

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 19 Jan 2025 22:44:27 +0000

honey see also: * diets and healthy foods Introduction * honey is primarily composed of fructose (33-43%), glucose (25-35%), sucrose (0.2-2%) and water (17-20%) but also contains other substances which can have anti-oxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory actions such as:

hormones

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 11 Mar 2026 02:02:42 +0000

hormones see also: * autacoids * cytokines introduction * hormones are substances secreted from cells which act on target cells via cell membrane receptors * they may be: * autocrine - act on the same cell which secreted it * paracrine - act on local cells

Horner's syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 Jan 2015 02:03:12 +0000

Horner's syndrome see also: * stroke (CVA) * neurology clinical features * classic triad of: * miosis (constricted pupil) * partial ptosis * loss of hemifacial sweating (anhidrosis) * ie. everything gets less or smaller aetiology * brainstem stroke (CVA) * lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg's):

human papilloma virus (HPV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 22 Oct 2024 02:51:19 +0000

human papilloma virus (HPV) see also: * viruses * sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs) Introduction: * over 150 types but 15 are high risk types for inducing neoplasia / cancer / tumours in humans (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82), 3 as probable high-risk (26, 53, and 66) and 12 as low-risk (6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81, and CP6108).

oestrogen hormone replacement therapy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 22 Mar 2009 09:57:28 +0000

oestrogen hormone replacement therapy see also: * oestrogens summary * Recently, two major epidemiological studies found that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women increased the risk of breast cancer. One of the studies also found that HRT increased the risk of cardiovascular disease and thrombosis. As a consequence, women were advised to cease this therapy.

Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 07 Oct 2013 06:16:16 +0000

Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) * RCH guideline - HSP * The use of prednisolone has NOT been shown to make clinically important improvements in the rate of long-term renal complications. * It HAS been shown to reduce the duration of abdominal and joint pain and may reduce the risk of abdominal complications.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Mar 2026 11:34:15 +0000

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) see also: * sore throat and mouth in children * antiviral agents * viruses * sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs) Introduction * along with varicella-zoster virus, is a member of the neurotropic alpha group of the viral family herpetoviridae * class 1, enveloped double-stranded DNA virus which replicates via their own DNA polymerase but use host RNA polymerase to build mRNA

haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 09 Sep 2023 06:43:46 +0000

haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) see also: * thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) Introduction * 1st defined as a syndrome in 1955 * causes a similar clinical condition to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) but with: * being more common in children * less neurologic abnormalities * more renal impairments

hydralazine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Oct 2013 07:29:03 +0000

hydralazine see also: * vasodilators * antihypertensives introduction * rapidly acting antihypertensive agent thought to directly act on peripheral arterioles primarily * increases renal and cerebral blood flow, increases plasma renin activity and causes sodium and water retention

hydrocephalus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 25 May 2020 01:43:05 +0000

hydrocephalus see also: * normal pressure hydrocephalus * The patient with a V-P shunt (VPS)

normal pressure hydrocephalus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 25 May 2020 01:43:17 +0000

normal pressure hydrocephalus see also: * hydrocephalus * weakness of the lower limb(s) / weak in the knees * The patient with a V-P shunt (VPS) Introduction * normal pressure hydrocephalus can occur at any age but most commonly occurs in the elderly when it may present as dementia with disturbed gait (usually wide-based) and urinary incontinence * although it may follow an intracranial pathology such as

hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 26 Mar 2020 00:58:53 +0000

hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) see also: * malaria * acute hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine overdose / toxicity (Plaquenil) Introduction * hydroxychloroquine is an oral quinine type anti-malarial agent for prophylaxis and Rx of chloroquine-sensitive malaria cases * it also has uses in Rx of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Q fever and porphyria cutanea tarda * may have a role in Rx of

hydroxyurea

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 03 Jul 2025 02:14:14 +0000

hydroxyurea see also: * cytotoxic agents * polycythaemia rubra vera Introduction * hydroxurea is an oral anti-metabolite medication used to Rx certain bone marrow disorders such as myeloproliferative diseases (polycythaemia rubra vera, essential thrombocytosis), sickle cell disease (SCD), CML (but now replaced by imatinib), systemic mastocytosis with associated hematological neoplasm(SM-AHN), and as a 2nd line agent in

hyperaldosteronism

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 12 Jun 2023 10:05:52 +0000

hyperaldosteronism see also: * aldosterone antagonists * hypoaldosteronism * aldosterone * hypertension * endocrinology * physiology main index Introduction * hyperaldosteronism is due to excessive aldosterone secretion from the adrenals and causes hypertension with hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis * it is characterized by a high serum level of aldosterone and a low serum renin level if primary and a high serum renin level is secondary

hyperalgesia - increased sensitivity to painful stimuli

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 22 Sep 2024 06:22:49 +0000

hyperalgesia - increased sensitivity to painful stimuli see also: * allodynia - painful touch when there should not be pain * neurology Introduction * hyperalgesia is an increased sensitivity to painful stimuli * allodynia - painful touch when there should not be pain is pain felt with non-painful stimuli * affects 15-50% of people with neuropathic pain

hypercalcaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 22 May 2018 01:15:18 +0000

hypercalcaemia see also calcium Aetiology: * primary hyperparathyroidism * hypercalcaemia of malignancy - bone metastases / SCC lung / Ca kidney / multiple myeloma / lymphoma * sarcoidosis/vitamin D intoxication/milk-alkali synd./immobilisation * thyrotoxicosis/thiazides/familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia

hypercalcaemia of malignancy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 23 Aug 2009 03:50:25 +0000

hypercalcaemia of malignancy see also hypercalcaemia; calcium common oncologic causes: * multiple myeloma * breast carcinoma * squamous cell carcinoma lung * lymphoma * renal cell carcinoma summary: * most common metabolic emergency in Oncology * symptoms if rapid rise or very high levels > 3.0 mmol/l

hyperemesis gravidarum

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 03 Jul 2025 00:51:34 +0000

hyperemesis gravidarum see also: * gynaecology; * Obstetrics; * pregnancy; * anti-emetics * The Womens Hospital melbourne (RWH) Patient info sheet * The Womens Hospital melbourne (RWH) clinical guideline on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy * Introduction * nausea and vomiting effect up to 85% of pregnant women * usually mild and self-limiting, frequently resolving …

DDx of hyperglycaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 21 May 2019 00:41:27 +0000

DDx of hyperglycaemia see also: * diabetes mellitus * diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) * hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HSS or HONK) introduction * blood glucose levels are normally kept within strict limits to prevent hypoglycaemia or dehydration from osmotic diuresis resulting from high levels of glucose in the blood with resultant glycosuria

hyperkalaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 12 Feb 2023 02:11:58 +0000

hyperkalaemia see also: * potassium physiology * hypokalaemia * rhabdomyolysis * UK Newcastle Mx flow chart (pdf) * Life in the fast lane - hyperkalaemia * medications which may cause or contribute to hyperkalaemia introduction * hyperkalaemia is a potentially life-threatening emergency, but first one should ensure that the lab result is not a spuriously high result from post-venesection haemolysis of the blood specimen - if there is no ECG evidence, and no obvious reason for it, chec…

hyperkalemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Feb 2009 03:25:13 +0000

see hyperkalaemia

hyperkeratosis / thickened skin / ichthyosis / lichenification

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 05:42:56 +0000

hyperkeratosis / thickened skin / ichthyosis / lichenification see also: * dermatology Introduction * hyperkeratosis is excessive keratin buildup specifically in the outermost skin layer (stratum corneum), often from friction, pressure, or inflammation, forming rough, scaly patches like calluses

hyperlipidaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 09 Aug 2024 00:49:25 +0000

hyperlipidaemia see also: * cardiology; * atherosclerosis - risk factors and molecular genetics * acute severe hypertriglyceridaemia (SHTG) * xanthelasma Introduction * Hypercholesterolaemia is a major risk factor along with smoking, hypertension and diabetes for developing atherosclerosis and primary prevention. * Coronary heart disease is almost entirely due to atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. * atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries also plays a major role in

hypermagnesaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 07:16:14 +0000

hypermagnesaemia see also: * magnesium * hypomagnesaemia introduction * high plasma magnesium levels is rare as the kidney is very efficient at excreting high levels * it may be iatrogenic during iv magnesium sulphate infusions * elevated levels of magnesium appear to have a

joint hypermobility disorders and syndromes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 14 Mar 2023 20:34:24 +0000

joint hypermobility disorders and syndromes see also: * collagen disorders Introduction * people with joint hypermobility (JHM) have a higher ratio of collagen III to collagen I (28-46% cw normal of 18-21%) * these people have a much higher degree of flexibility than normal but in general, cannot develop as much strength without very careful and rigorous training

hypernatraemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:17:30 +0000

hypernatraemia see also: * sodium physiology * dehydration * RCH guideline - hypernatraemia introduction * hypernatraemia may be life threatening if severe, of if sodium level rapidly rises or rapidly falls aetiology reduced water intake * elderly patients with reduced thirst or ability to drink

dietary oxalates and hyperoxaluria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 06:41:22 +0000

dietary oxalates and hyperoxaluria see also: * urolithiasis / renal stones / renal calculi * Qld health patient information for renal stones including dietary advice (pdf) Introduction * calcium oxalate stones account for 75-80% of urolithiasis / renal stones / renal calculi Physiology * excessive amounts of oxalates in the urine (“hyperoxaluria”) is a significant risk factor in the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones as urinary calcium concentrations are typically 10 times high…

hyperparathyroidism

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 13 Apr 2025 10:35:51 +0000

hyperparathyroidism see also: * parathyroid hormone (PTH) Introduction Primary hyperparathyroidism due to functional tumours causes * hypercalcaemia, hypophosphataemia, osteitis cystica, Ca stones kidneys; * Rx options include: * excision of tumour * cinacalcet * decreases PTH secretion

hypertension

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 02:40:34 +0000

hypertension * RCH guideline - hypertension in children * antihypertensives Introduction * it is important that BP be measured correctly: * cuff should be at the level of the heart * cuff should be the correct size for the patient * arm should be resting on a desk - arm resting on the lap or unsupported gives BP readings 4-9mmHg higher

sudden transient surges in BP

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Jun 2025 13:23:22 +0000

sudden transient surges in BP see also: * hypertension Introduction * for most patients with hypertension, BP is chronically elevated but some people with or without pre-existing hypertension may develop a sudden transient surge in their BP, mostly this is driven by the sympathetic system in response to severe pain, distress or anxiety and will usually settle when these are addressed, but there are some more serious albeit less common causes to consider and in these situations, the surge m…

hyperthermia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 07:33:46 +0000

hyperthermia see also: * hypothermia Introduction * a raised body core temperature may be due to a number of causes: * normal physiology in pregnancy and menstrual cycle * fever - the febrile response to infections * heat illness and heat stroke * in addition it may occur in response to medications such as: *

hyperthyroidism

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Oct 2021 07:17:54 +0000

hyperthyroidism see also: * thyroid physiology and hormones * hypothyroidism * Mx of a low TSH * Mx of high TSH * thyroid storm * Graves disease * thyroiditis introduction * untreated hyperthyroidism may lead to: * loss of weight (but may cause paradoxic weight gain if it also causes congestive cardiac failure) * osteoporosis * atrial fibrillation * ophthalmopathy * an inflammatory eye disease that develops in the orbit in association with autoimmune thyroid disorders, par…

acute severe hypertriglyceridaemia (SHTG)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 29 Apr 2020 05:19:28 +0000

acute severe hypertriglyceridaemia (SHTG) see also: * hyperlipidaemia * Introduction * acute severe and very severe hypertriglyceridemia causes cause chylomicronemia syndrome and is the 3rd most common cause of pancreatitis and should be suspected when obvious lipaemia is present on venipuncture blood specimens

hyperuricaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Feb 2026 04:52:15 +0000

hyperuricaemia see also: * uric acid * gout * uricosuric agents * oncology Introduction * whilst low serum urate levels are associated with lower muscle mass, chronic illness and thus is associated with higher morbidity, high uric acid (urate) levels (hyperuricaemia) is associated with

hypoalbuminaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:49:59 +0000

hypoalbuminaemia see also: * nephrotic syndrome Introduction * hypoalbuminaemia is often a marker of general illness and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates * albumin is a negative acute phase reactant in that serum levels FALL during acute inflammatory responses

hypoaldosteronism

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 18 Jan 2010 03:37:45 +0000

hypoaldosteronism see also: * aldosterone * aldosterone antagonists (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) ) * type IV renal tubular acidosis * wikipedia introduction clinical features * hyperkalaemia - often called type IV renal tubular acidosis even though metabolic acidosis is not a significant feature * urinary sodium wasting => volume depletion and hypotension aetiology hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism

hypocalcaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Dec 2013 03:48:04 +0000

hypocalcaemia see also calcium aetiology: * if plasma phosphate high: * if plasma PTH low: * hypoparathyroidism - idiopathic/post-surgical * if plasma PTH high: * chronic renal disease (secondary hyperPTH) * pseudohypoparathyroidism * plasma phosphate normal or low:

hypoglycaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 09 Jul 2025 07:10:07 +0000

hypoglycaemia see also: * diabetes_mellitus * hypoglycaemia in the non-diabetic patient * neonatal hypoglycaemia * RCH guideline - hypoglycaemia in children * RCH: oral hypoglycemic poisoning in children * Western Health P&P - Mx of hypoglycaemia in adult diabetics (doc - WH Intranet only) Introduction * in diabetic patients, hypoglycaemia is usually defined as blood glucose concentration less than 3.5 mmol/L Aetiology * diabetic patients on hypoglycaemic agents * supplemental

neonatal hypoglycaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 22 May 2021 04:15:17 +0000

neonatal hypoglycaemia see also: * diabetes_mellitus * hypoglycaemia in the non-diabetic patient * hypoglycaemia * RCH guideline - hypoglycaemia in neonates neonatal hypoglycaemia and resultant hypoglycaemic encephalopathy * there are indications that even moderate neonatal hypoglycemia may be associated with structural brain abnormalities, impaired neurodevelopment, impaired executive function and visual motor function and poor school performances

hypoglycaemia in the non-diabetic patient

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:48:12 +0000

hypoglycaemia in the non-diabetic patient see also: * hypoglycaemia * RCH guideline - hypoglycaemia in children Introduction * hypoglycaemia in patients who are not taking oral hypoglycaemics or insulin is an uncommon presentation to ED * Whipple's triad: * documentation of low blood sugar *

oral hypoglycaemic agents

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 03 Sep 2025 10:47:43 +0000

oral hypoglycaemic agents see also: * insulin * metformin * hypoglycaemia * diabetes mellitus introduction * although for many years sulfonylureas were the first drugs to be used in new cases of type 2 diabetes (NIDDM), in the 1990s it was discovered that obese patients might benefit more from metformin.

hypokalaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:11:34 +0000

hypokalaemia see also: * potassium physiology * Life in the fast lane - Mx of hypokalaemia * Western Health procedure: Potassium chloride infusion * 1g KCl = ~13mmol K+ * all intravenous potassium chloride should be prescribed in millimols * potassium chloride should not be administered at a rate greater than 10mmol/hour in adults on general wards * the maximum peripheral concentration of potassium chloride solution is 10mmol/100ml

hypomagnesaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:17:58 +0000

hypomagnesaemia see also: * magnesium * hypermagnesaemia * hypocalcaemia introduction * magnesium is an important cation and often forgotten but low plasma levels may cause clinical effects, particularly severely low levels * unlike calcium, it is not under significant hormonal control and mobilisation of reserves from bone takes weeks

hyponatraemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:17:18 +0000

hyponatraemia see also: * sodium physiology * Mx of hyponatraemia * dehydration * cardiac failure * diabetes insipidus * hypernatraemia introduction * hyponatremia is a serum sodium < 135 mmol/L * most cases are caused by excessive water intake (oral or iv) and subsequent retention of water, particularly at risk are those with impaired ability to suppress ADH secretion, or if they have primary polydipsia which overwhelms the renal ability to excrete water (max. amount normal people c…

Mx of hyponatraemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Aug 2018 12:34:55 +0000

Mx of hyponatraemia see also: * aetiology of hyponatraemia * sodium physiology * dehydration * for children see: RCH guideline - hyponatraemia in children Mx of the patient with hyponatraemia * hyponatraemia must NOT be corrected rapidly as there is a significant risk of permanent brain injury * DO NOT give 0.9% saline or dextrose solutions in the ED for these patients

hypoparathyroidism

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 11 Aug 2018 03:39:40 +0000

hypoparathyroidism see also: * parathyroid hormone (PTH) Introduction * hypoparathyroidism is usually due to excision of parathyroid glands and causes slowly developing hypocalcaemia over days/wks leading to tetany Aetiology * surgical * post-thyroidectomy with incidental removal of parathyroid glands or their blood supply

hypophosphataemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:18:26 +0000

hypophosphataemia see also: * phosphate Introduction * hypophosphatemia is usually asymptomatic even if severe, however, levels below 0.32mmol/L may cause symptoms such as seizures, muscle weakness, and even coma Aetiology transient intracellular shifts * acute respiratory alkalosis

hypotension

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 May 2014 06:35:01 +0000

hypotension see the shocked hypotensive patient

hypothermia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 11 Jun 2024 12:07:02 +0000

hypothermia see also: * frostbite * * hyperthermia Introduction * many animals are able to enter a hypothermic physiologic state of torpor or hibernation at times of starvation and this appears to be activated at least in mice, by avMLPA neurons in the hypothalamus

hypothyroidism

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 31 Mar 2020 22:59:07 +0000

hypothyroidism see also: * thyroid physiology and hormones * Mx of high TSH Introduction * hypothyroidism is a common chronic condition with an incidence of 3.5/1000 women and 0.6/1000 men. * subclinical hypothyroidism is detected in 4–8% of the general population and in up to 15–18% of women aged more than 60 years. 4–18% of patients will progress to overt hypothyroidism each year.

hypovolaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Dec 2015 05:23:52 +0000

hypovolaemia see: * the shocked hypotensive patient * dehydration

hypoxia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Jul 2014 07:24:43 +0000

hypoxia see also: * oxygen * arterial and venous blood gases (ABGs/VBGs) * home oxygen * respiratory medicine oxygen content in blood introduction * hypoxic hypoxia can be arbitrarily defined as arterial oxygen partial pressure of less than 80mmHg in room air * an arterial PO2 < 60mmHg indicates respiratory failure as, at oxygen levels below this, the Hb-oxygen dissociation curve is steep which means that the ability for Hb to carry much oxygen to the tissues is markedly diminished, …

Historical perspectives on ACE inhibitors and related drugs

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Sep 2008 01:03:07 +0000

Historical perspectives on ACE inhibitors and related drugs see historic perspectives of medicine, ACE inhibitors, pharmacology main index Timeline: * Human ACE is a large protein with 1278 AA residues that cleaves dipeptide units from substrates with diverse AA sequences, but preferred substrates have only one free carboxyl group in the carboxyl-terminal AA, & proline must not be the penultimate AA:

history of anaesthesia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Mar 2009 02:46:40 +0000

history of anaesthesia see also: * historic perspectives of medicine * anaesthetics a brief history of local anaesthesia * 1860: Niemann purifies cocaine, an alkaloid contained in the leaves of Erythroxylon coca, a shrub growing in the Andes. * 1880: Von Anrep observed the local anaesthetic effects of

Historical perspective of anticoagulants

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 14 Oct 2008 11:02:02 +0000

Historical perspective of anticoagulants see also anticoagulants, historic perspectives of medicine, history of PE Timeline * around 1900, in rural US, veterinarians were puzzled by the mysterious sweet clover disease that caused cattle to develop fatal spontaneous bleeding. * heparin was discovered in 1915 by Jay McLean, searching for a pure procoagulant in dog liver & heart, but finding anticoagulants instead. McLean's insight & perserverence in pursuing this strange lead resulted in the …

Historic perspective of beta adrenergic blockers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 14 Sep 2008 13:31:14 +0000

Historic perspective of beta adrenergic blockers see beta blockers Timeline: * adrenergic responses classified as “alpha” & “beta” in 1948 * in late 1950's it was proposed that blockade of beta actions may be of benefit in Rx of angina & hypertension

Historical perspective of calcium channel physiology and pharmacology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Sep 2008 00:55:18 +0000

Historical perspective of calcium channel physiology and pharmacology see historic perspectives of medicine Timeline: * It was reported in 1960 that verapamil, a putative coronary vasodilator, possessed -ve inotropic & chronotropic effects not seen with nitrate vasodilators. *

history of cardiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Mar 2026 04:58:20 +0000

history of cardiology see also: * historic perspectives of medicine * a brief history of medicine in Melbourne and Victoria * timeline of events in the history of medicine * History of use of anti-arrhythmic agents 21st century 2020's * AI enabled research based on genome analysis, microbiomes, transciptomes, etc * ED bedside ultrasound becomes common place for POCUS echocardiography * mechanical circulatory support:

Historical perspective on ischaemic heart disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 05 Nov 2017 09:25:31 +0000

Historical perspective on ischaemic heart disease see also: * ischaemic heart disease (IHD) * historic perspectives on medical discoveries * epidemiology: * Am Heart Assoc. prevalence of ischaemic heart disease and cardiac infarcts and cardiac arrest by age group, etc Historical perspective: * angina pectoris clearly described in 18th century by Heberden * Einthoven 1st described the string galvanometer in 1901 * Cohn introduced the

timeline of events in the history of medicine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Mar 2026 04:00:41 +0000

timeline of events in the history of medicine see also: * historic perspectives of medicine * a brief history of medicine in Melbourne and Victoria * history of cardiology 21st century 2020's * Covid-19 pandemic * AI enabled research based on genome analysis, microbiomes, transciptomes, etc * 1st neural implant in a paralysed patient allows patient to play chess using thought control in 2024

a brief history of medicine in Melbourne and Victoria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 01:43:45 +0000

a brief history of medicine in Melbourne and Victoria see also: * timeline of events in the history of medicine * western_history * RMH history * RCH history * timeline of vaccination in Victoria 21st century * Feb 2026: new Footscray Hospital opens * May 2019: Joan Kirner Womens and Childrens Hospital (JKWCH) at Sunshine Hospital opens * 2018: Labour wins state elections and announces funding for the building of a new Footscray Hospital

Historical perspectives of pulmonary embolism and its Mx

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 14 Oct 2008 10:59:41 +0000

Historical perspectives of pulmonary embolism and its Mx see also historic perspectives of medicine, pulmonary embolism (PE), historical perspectives of anticoagulant Rx Historical events: * 11th C: death due to “sudden breathless sleep” found to be due to thrombus in pulmonary vessels * 1846: classic triad of venostasis, hypercoagulability & vessel wall inflammation causing DVT was worked out by von Virchow who also was the 1st to show that pulm. arterial thrombus 1st develops in deep vein…

historical perspectives of psychiatry and mental health care

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Feb 2022 12:43:24 +0000

historical perspectives of psychiatry and mental health care see also: * psychiatry and mental health * historic perspectives of medicine clinical aspects of psychiatric care * BC - Hippocrates 4 personality types - choleric, melancholic, sanguine, & phlegmatic * 1792 French physician Philippe Pinel introduced humane treatment approaches to those suffering from mental disorders

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 02 Jan 2026 02:57:14 +0000

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) see also: * RIF pain in the ED * arthritis - clinical patterns * general surgery * gastroenterology * Crohn's disease * ulcerative colitis introduction * inflammatory bowel disease is the generic term for a range of “autoinflammatory” diseases including: * Crohn's disease * ulcerative colitis * microscopic colitis: * more common in older adults (50-70 years old) and women

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 10 Jan 2026 19:39:01 +0000

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) see also: * dysautonomia syndromes * coeliac disease * the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED * carbohydrates and sugars * the GIT microbiome introduction * IBS is a functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits in the absence of any detectable organic cause and is thus a diagnosis of exclusion.

intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) in adults

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 20 Jan 2016 07:12:18 +0000

intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) in adults see also: * stroke (CVA) * subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) * intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) in adults introduction * ICH may be caused by penetrating and non-penetrating trauma to the head * sites of non-traumatic ICH: * basal ganglia in 40-50% * lobar regions in 20-50% (mainly in those aged < 45 yrs in association with AVMs)

infectious diseases

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Dec 2023 00:45:48 +0000

infectious diseases see also: * microbiology * viruses * clinically important bacteria * fungi * antibiotics * antiviral agents * RCH antibiotic guidelines * Vic. DHS infectious diseases Blue Book * Vic. DHS infectious diseases school exclusion periods * Vic. DHS notification of notifiable infectious diseases * RCH specimen collection handbook * Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases (ASID) - guidelines, etc * Australian Biosecurity research centre (ABCRC) for emerging…

idarucizumab (Praxbind)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:56:23 +0000

idarucizumab (Praxbind) see also: * product information sheet (pdf) introduction * idarucizumab is a humanised monoclonal antibody fragment (Fab) molecule derived from murine IgG1 isotype antibody molecule, marketed in Australia as Praxbind™ as a specific reversal agent for

If current blockers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 23 Dec 2013 05:49:59 +0000

If current blockers see also: * congestive cardiac failure introduction * If blockers are agents which specifically inhibit the If “funny current” in the sino-atrial node which is responsible for pacemaking * these agents may also cause transient visual disturbances via interaction with hyperpolarisation-activated currents (Ih) in the retina

immunoglobulins

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 Nov 2023 12:10:56 +0000

immunoglobulins see also: * serum electrophoresis * immunology * adaptive immunity * intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions introduction * a group of “antibody” proteins which form the “humoral” immune system and are produced by B lymphocytes - see adaptive immunity IgA * a type of immunoglobulin that protects against infections of the mucous membranes lining the mouth, airways, and digestive tract

IgA deficiency

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 13 Jul 2019 17:10:03 +0000

IgA deficiency see also: * immunodeficiency introduction * IgA deficiency is a subset of humoral (B-cell) immunodeficiencies * low or absent serum IgA levels may be an isolated immunoglobulin deficiency such as selective IgA deficiency, or be also associated with deficiency of other immunoglobulins such as IgG and IgM as with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)

insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 30 Mar 2023 22:17:38 +0000

insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) see also: * endocrinology * insulin * growth hormone / somatotropin Introduction * insulin-like peptides are ancient peptides which evolved in metazoans long before vertebrate evolution, however, the basal vertebrate tetrapoidization events of chromosomal duplication resulted in increased diversification of these peptides and the ancestral insulin-like gene diverged into insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-2, and several ILPs including relaxin and relaxin-like pepti…

ischaemic heart disease (IHD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 Feb 2023 10:04:51 +0000

ischaemic heart disease (IHD) see also: * cardiology * atherosclerosis and primary prevention * acute myocardial infarction * Mx of chest pain in the ED * acute coronary syndromes * EBM for interventions in acute coronary syndromes * historical perspectives and timelines on IHD including the major research trials Epidemiology: general points: * also referred to as coronary artery disease (CAD) * incidence of coronary events = rate of occurrence of totality of fatal & non-fatal even…

interleukin-1b (IL-1b)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Jul 2022 10:11:23 +0000

interleukin-1b (IL-1b) see also: * fever - the febrile response to infections * interleukin-6 (IL-6) * cytokines * immunology Introduction * an important mediator of the inflammatory response, and is involved in a variety of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. * this and the eight other interleukin 1 family genes form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 2

interleukin-6 (IL-6)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 27 Aug 2025 07:30:36 +0000

interleukin-6 (IL-6) see also: * immunology * inflammation * CRP - science and pathophysiology Introduction * IL-6 is an important mediator of the acute phase immune response acting as an immediate warning and systemic activation mechanism and acts as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, activating both.

Immunisation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 May 2013 02:18:12 +0000

Immunisation see also infectious diseases * RCH immunisation guidelines * RCH guideline - opportunistic immunisation * Aust. Govt immunisation schedule * 10th edition of the Australian Immunisation Handbook 2013 * tetanus * viruses * needlestick injury * hepatitis * meningitis

the immunocompromised patient in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 14 Jun 2022 02:27:00 +0000

the immunocompromised patient in the ED see also: * immunodeficiency * immunosuppressants * oncology * sepsis / septicaemia Introduction * the immunocompromised patient is a high risk patient presenting to ED * they are at high risk of severe sepsis / septicaemia, atypical presentations, and rapid progression of surgical emergencies such as

immunodeficiency

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 04 Apr 2017 00:27:43 +0000

immunodeficiency see also: * immunology * * the immunocompromised patient in the ED primary immunodeficiencies * these are genetic conditions and there are over 100 known conditions * most present in childhood with abnormally frequent (recurrent) or unusual infections * transmission is often X-linked and thus males are affected more than females

intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 28 Jul 2016 07:15:10 +0000

intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) * RCH guideline - iv immunoglobulin * immunoglobulins introduction * as of Sept 26th, 2016, a clinician must be registered with the National Blood Authority's BloodSTAR online system in order to be able to order IVIg for a patient

immunology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 Feb 2024 06:15:38 +0000

immunology see also: * innate immunity * adaptive immunity * autoimmune disease * inflammation * anaphylaxis * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions * immunodeficiency * immunoglobulins * cytokines * autacoids * fever - the febrile response to infections * multiple myeloma * pentraxins: * CRP * pentraxin 3 (PTX3) * public hospital immunology outpatient clinics in Victoria * RMH, Alfred, Monash, Box Hill * NB. suspected autoimmune rheumatologic conditions can usually be …

immunosuppressants

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 22 Aug 2023 04:59:39 +0000

immunosuppressants see also: * pharmacology main index * progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) * immunodeficiency * the immunocompromised patient in the ED classes of immunosuppressant medications * azathioprine * corticosteroids * cyclosporin * methotrexate * cytotoxic agents * immunosuppressive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) * topical immune modifiers: * imiquimod - Rx of solar keratoses, BCC, etc * selective interleukin inhibitors: * canakinumab - IL-1beta inhibi…

immunosuppressive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 22 Aug 2023 05:00:01 +0000

immunosuppressive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) see also: * immunosuppressants * innate immunity * adaptive immunity * chemotherapy for cancers Introduction * immunosuppressive monoclonal antibodies are a subset of monoclonal antibodies which target specific proteins on the T-lymphocyte or B-lymphocyte surface to result in immune suppression

inclusion body myositis (IBM)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 27 Sep 2013 06:53:48 +0000

inclusion body myositis (IBM) see also: * polymyositis (PM) * dermatomyositis introduction * rare but increasingly prevalent (with the aging population) chronic inflammatory myopathy * slowly progressive weakness and wasting of both distal and proximal muscles, of both arms and legs, and unlike

induction agents for anaesthesia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Mar 2009 05:27:10 +0000

induction agents for anaesthesia see also: * anaesthetics * rapid sequence induction (RSI) for emergency intubation * neuro-muscular blockers iv induction agents * features: * lipid-solubility => rapid crossing of BBB => rapid plasma:brain equilibrium * short duration of action - redistribution to other tissues * general principles:

prevention of infection in healthcare - standard precautions

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Dec 2023 00:42:36 +0000

prevention of infection in healthcare - standard precautions see also: * hand hygiene for health workers * aseptic non-touch technique (ANTT) * infectious diseases Principles * ALL body fluids may contain transmissible infectious agents Standard Precautions for Infection Prevention * Standard precautions are work practices that provide a first-line approach to infection prevention in the healthcare environment and apply to ALL patients regardless of infectious status.

infertility

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Apr 2026 00:32:36 +0000

infertility see also: * gynaecology * follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) * luteinizing hormone (LH) introduction * defined as the inability for a couple to concieve within 1 year of unprotected intercourse * 15% of couples meet this criterion * 35% of these are due to female factors alone, 30% due to male factors alone, 20% due to combined male and female factors, and 15% are unexplained

influenza

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Feb 2026 08:35:56 +0000

influenza see also: * viruses * oseltamivir (Tamiflu) * zanamivir (Relenza) * Western Health influenza pandemic information * Timeline of spread of H1N1 pandemic 2009 * Vic. DHS Chief Medical Officer's influenza alerts * CDC website for latest updates on Swine influenza A (H1N1) infection outbreak * Aust. Govt responses to the potential pandemic phase * Victorian DHS influenza pandemic site * Australian flu pandemic site * WHO information on swine flu * UpToDate.com - Epidemiology,…

Inhibin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 19 May 2024 03:16:56 +0000

Inhibin see also: * gynaecology * follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) * luteinizing hormone (LH) * activin Introduction * hormone secreted by luteal cells & also by Sertoli cells of testes. Actions: * the main inhibitory feedback mechanism for pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion in males and has a major role in regulation of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion in females

innate immunity

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Mar 2026 21:36:28 +0000

innate immunity see also: * immunology * adaptive immunity * cytokines introduction * innate immunity is a term used to refer to all types of immunity excluding adaptive immunity (acquired / adaptive immunity relies upon immune cells such as T-cell and B-cell lymphocytes which produce antibodies and these immune systems arose late in evolution, appearing in vertebrates), and thus is relatively non-specific

inotropes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Apr 2012 11:16:59 +0000

inotropes see also: * sympathomimetics introduction * inotropes are drugs that increase the force and velocity of myocardial contraction resulting in increased contractility and stroke volume, and therefore cardiac output. * vasopressors increase vascular tone, resulting in raised mean arterial pressure (MAP), and systemic vascular resistance.

INR

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 01 Sep 2009 05:03:14 +0000

INR see also: * anticoagulants * activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) * Mx of excessive INR or bleeding on warfarin Rx introduction * the International Normalised Ratio or INR test measures the overall activity of the extrinsic coagulation pathway. * performed by adding thromboplastin to an aliquot of the patient's plasma * length of time taken for the mixture to clot is called the prothrombin time.

insecticides

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Aug 2011 11:19:57 +0000

insecticides see also: acetylcholinesterase inhibitor poisoning - organophosphate insecticides, etc, toxicology, pharmacology main index Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides: 4 groups: i) DDT & its analogues: * DDT, methoxychlor, TDE ii) benzene hexachlorides: * BHC, lindane iii) cyclodienes: * aldrin, chlordane, diedrin, heptachlor iv) toxaphenes

insect bites and stings

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 13 Mar 2026 12:34:43 +0000

insect bites and stings see also: * animal bites in Australia * ticks in Australia * centipede bites * bed bugs * human louse / lice * toxinology * anaphylaxis * illness following floods * introduction * biting and stinging insects of medical concern include: * Diptera - mosquitoes, flies and gnats * Hymenoptera - ants, bees and wasps * Phthiraptera - lice

High Insulin-Dextrose - Euglycaemia Therapy (HIET)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 07 Aug 2017 12:54:03 +0000

High Insulin-Dextrose - Euglycaemia Therapy (HIET) see also: * Introduction * novel treatment for calcium channel blocker OD, can be considered in beta-blocker OD * considered if refractory to IV fluids, calcium and inotropic support * insulin has inotropic effect on heart - may take 20-30minutes to start after high dose bolus

insulin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 20 Feb 2023 00:02:22 +0000

insulin see also: * diabetes mellitus * diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) * hypoglycaemia * High Insulin-Dextrose - Euglycaemia Therapy (HIET) * insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) * ghrelin * Western Health Intranet - Insulin prescribing, administration, etc * insulin overdose - wikitox introduction * insulin dosing should be considered in terms of: * basal dosing with a long acting agent * prandial dosing prior to meals with regular insulin * corrective dosing with rapid acting ins…

insulin resistance

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 08 Jun 2023 23:08:29 +0000

insulin resistance see also: * obesity * diabetes mellitus * insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) Introduction * insulin resistance is when cells in your muscles, fat, and liver don’t respond well to insulin and can’t easily take up glucose from blood. * as a result, your pancreas makes more insulin to help glucose enter your cells

interferons

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 19 Jul 2024 07:57:17 +0000

interferons see also: * immunology * innate immunity * adaptive immunity * cytokines Introduction * interferons are a group of immune system signalling proteins belonging to the group of cytokines, named as they “interfere” with viral replication and were first described in 1957 * in general, type I and II interferons are responsible for regulating and activating the immune response, in particular to viral infections, while type III interferons have important roles in both viral and fu…

interscapular thoracic back pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Jan 2026 10:36:22 +0000

interscapular thoracic back pain see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * acute thoracic back pain in the adult * the painful shoulder * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED Introduction * pain between the shoulder blades is a relatively common problem and may be either referred pain or due to local causes Referred pain * many causes of anterior chest pain also radiate through to the scapular region

interstitial cystitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 02 Jan 2014 06:05:00 +0000

interstitial cystitis see also: * urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis introduction * interstitial cystitis is the term given to chronic urinary frequency, urgency, and pelvic pain of unknown etiology but with evidence of cystitis on cystoscopy * patients may have sterile pyuria * 90% are female, median age 40yrs but may occur in pre-pubertal children

interstitial lung disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 03 Dec 2016 08:36:04 +0000

interstitial lung disease see also: * respiratory medicine introduction * a diverse group of parenchymal lung diseases which result in damage to the lung interstitium with varying patterns of inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis * it is important to distinguish between idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other idiopathic interstitial pneumonias with a primary inflammatory pathogenesis as there are major prognostic and therapeutic implications.

emergency intubation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:55:41 +0000

emergency intubation see also: * anaesthetics * rapid sequence induction (RSI) for emergency intubation * delayed sequence induction * induction agents for anaesthesia * neuro-muscular blockers * assisted ventilation * Mx of the newly intubated patient in ED - post-intubation * nasogastric tube insertion * Western Health's intubation video on Vimeo Introduction * emergency intubation is endotracheal intubation outside of theatre environments * induction of anaesthesia and attempte…

intussusception

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 07 Jan 2011 05:24:40 +0000

intussusception * RCH guideline - intussusception

ipratropium

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Mar 2009 07:11:04 +0000

ipratropium see also: * asthma * paediatric asthma * anti-muscarinic anticholinergic agents introduction * a quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent which is minimally absorbed (<1% of dose) when inhaled and thus has localised action to the respiratory system * use is mainly confined to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) * paediatric doses via inhaler should ideally be delivered using a spacer.

intravenous iron Rx

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Sep 2019 07:10:07 +0000

intravenous iron Rx see also: * iron deficiency anaemia * intravenous iron Rx (ferric carboxymaltose) at Western Health * NPS.org.au: ferric carboxymatose * Nat. Blood Authority Australia March 2016: Iron product choice and dose calculation for adults (pdf) general information * there are 3 forms of parenteral iron for use in Australia: * iron polymaltose (Ferrum H and Ferrosig) * immediate HS reactions are common with iron polymatose - one MUST first use a small test dose

intravenous iron Rx (ferric carboxymaltose) at Western Health

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:54:35 +0000

intravenous iron Rx (ferric carboxymaltose) at Western Health see also: * iron deficiency anaemia * intravenous iron Rx * Melbourne Haematology Patient information sheet * Nat. Blood Authority Australia March 2016: Iron product choice and dose calculation for adults (pdf) Introduction * ideally, patients requiring an iron infusion should be referred to Western Health's MADU outpatient service at Sunshine Hospital and NOT the emergency department as it is NOT an emergent problem. * when…

isoniazid

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Apr 2014 03:57:46 +0000

isoniazid see also: * isoniazid overdose * tuberculosis (TB) * antibiotics introduction * isoniazid (INH) has bacteriostatic activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the first line chemotherapeutic agents used in treating tuberculosis (TB) * high doses may cause pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiency states * isoniazid overdose results in reduced CNS GABA and seizures and coma which requires high dose iv

isotretinoin (Roaccutane)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 07 Apr 2014 07:57:29 +0000

isotretinoin (Roaccutane) see also: * retinoids * dermatology introduction * isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) is an oral retinoid that has dramatically changed the Rx of a number of conditions, particularly acne vulgaris * it regulates growth and differentiation of epithelial cells by inhibiting epithelial proliferation

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 23:07:22 +0000

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) * RCH guideline - ITP

intravenous drug users (IVDU) or injection drug use (IDU)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 May 2011 06:30:42 +0000

intravenous drug users (IVDU) or injection drug use (IDU) see also: * drug dependency * opiate and opioid dependence * infective endocarditis (including SBE) introduction * intravenous drug users are a high risk patient group * ED issues include: * drug seeking behaviour * overdose, particularly, opiates and opioids * drug toxicity reactions, particularly,

ivermectin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 03 Sep 2021 03:07:19 +0000

ivermectin see also: * parasites Introduction * a revolutionary “wonder-drug” being the 1st endectoside which was developed in the late 1970's derived from avermectin which was discovered in soil with a Japanese organism that produced it. * it has played a major role in under-developed countries fighting

in-vitro fertilisation (IVF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 29 Jan 2014 01:11:59 +0000

in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) see also: * ovulation induction for IVF * Monash IVF clinic * Melbourne IVF clinic * IVF Australia

intravenous (iv) fluids

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 05 Jul 2016 07:43:38 +0000

intravenous (iv) fluids see also: * dehydration * diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) * introduction * ideally a iv crystalloid would be close to physiologic and minimise incompatibilities with blood transfusions and other medications, these means: * no calcium * an osmolarity close to blood of 285mOsm/L

home "backyard" intra-uterine fertilisation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 23 Dec 2011 01:46:45 +0000

home "backyard" intra-uterine fertilisation see also: * gynaecology introduction * occasionally a couple may present to ED with severe uterine pain after attempting intra-uterine fertilisation (IUF) at home. * they may have watched how the IVF professionals do it and after failed professional attempts decide to try it themselves using syringe and catheter which the spouse inserts into the cervix to inject semen.

intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) in adults

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 20 Jan 2016 07:10:13 +0000

intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) in adults see also: * stroke (CVA) * subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) * intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) in adults introduction * non-traumatic bleeding into the intracranial ventricles in adults is generally the result of either: * subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) * extension of intracerebral haemorrhage (usually in the thalamic ganglionic region) which is generally caused by:

Janus kinase - STAT signalling

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Aug 2025 04:30:10 +0000

Janus kinase - STAT signalling see also: * myelofibrosis * myeloproliferative disorders * polycythaemia rubra vera * Janus kinase inhibitors * for more detail: * 2017: The role of JAK-STAT signaling pathway and its regulators in the fate of T helper cells Introduction * Type I and II cytokine receptors are a conserved family of transmembrane proteins including the receptors for interleukins, interferons, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, growth hormone, leptin and colony stimulating …

JAK inhibitors

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 28 Jan 2026 09:46:33 +0000

JAK inhibitors see also: * Janus kinase - STAT signalling Introduction * the JAK-family of cytokine receptors consists of four members: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2 that have different association patterns to receptors and are part of the Signal Transducer and Activation of Transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway

jaundice (icterus)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 08 Feb 2025 06:13:37 +0000

jaundice (icterus) see also: * ascending cholangitis is a life threatening condition which requires immediate Rx and is suggested by presence of fever, RUQ pain and jaundice (Charcot's triad) * hepatitis * cirrhosis * liver diseases * assessment of hepatic function * neonatal jaundice a diagnostic approach to the adult patient with obstructive pattern of abnormal LFT's

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Apr 2026 11:25:01 +0000

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) see also: * WHO fact sheet * malaria * dengue fever * viruses * Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) * * in 2026, the Victorian Govt advisary now has been updated to recommend recreational campers who go to northern half of Victoria should consider getting the Japanese encephalitis vaccine

Janus kinase inhibitors

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 22 Aug 2024 15:06:01 +0000

Janus kinase inhibitors see also: * myelofibrosis * myeloproliferative disorders * polycythaemia rubra vera * Janus kinase - STAT signalling introduction * the Janus kinase family of enzymes are associated with cell surface cytokine receptors and are part of the Signal Transducer and Activation of Transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway * in 2005, an acquired mutation of the Janus kinase 2 gene (V617F mutation) was discovered in >95% of patients with

the swollen joint and its diagnostic workup

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 26 Mar 2018 05:23:23 +0000

the swollen joint and its diagnostic workup see also: * osteomyelitis and septic arthritis * rheumatoid arthritis * rheumatology * arthritis - clinical patterns * assessment of joint function and arthritis severity * extra-articular clinical features of rheumatologic conditions * RCH guideline - the acutely swollen joint diagnostic workup of the patient with non-traumatic joint pain * there are no good screening tests for rheumatic diseases, a thorough history and examination with a …

Kambo poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 May 2023 10:19:23 +0000

Kambo poisoning see also: * toxinology Introduction * Kambo is a purging ritual using topically applied poison scraped from the back of the Amazonian giant tree frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor, kambô or sapo) that induces severe vomiting and exponents use it to

Kaposi's sarcoma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 31 Aug 2020 10:41:19 +0000

Kaposi's sarcoma see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * HIV / AIDS * viruses Introduction * 1st described by Moritz Kaposi in 1872 * it became an AIDS defining illness in 1981 * it is not a true sarcoma as it is a tumor arising from mesenchymal tissue Prevalence * mainly occurs in Western cultures in those who have immune deficiency such as:

Kawasaki disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 30 Aug 2012 07:26:37 +0000

Kawasaki disease * RCH guideline - Kawasaki disease introduction * a necrotising vasculitis affecting children involving the medium sized arteries with a predilection for the coronary arteries diagnostic criteria * fever persisting for at least five days, plus 4 of the following 5 features:

keratitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 28 Sep 2025 23:54:38 +0000

keratitis see also: * ophthalmology * welder flash burns - UV keratopathy (photo keratitis) Introduction * keratitis is inflammation of the cornea and may be caused by a variety of mechanisms: * Herpes simplex virus (HSV) * welder flash burns - UV keratopathy (photo keratitis) * bacterial - including Pseudomonas * a major issue in the immunocompromised, diabetic or those wearing contact lenses

ketamine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 22 Aug 2025 10:39:39 +0000

ketamine see also: * induction agents * RCH guideline - ketamine use in the paediatric ED introduction * ketamine is a unique anaesthetic agent in that rather than causing general depression of neuronal activity, it causes dissociative anaesthesia which generally maintains airway reflexes and is generally safer that other anaesthetic agents, although it has it's own adverse effect profile and its relatively long duration of action means it may not be as suitable for very brief procedural …

ketorolac

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 31 May 2025 03:42:59 +0000

ketorolac see also non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) introduction: * Structurally & pharmacologically related to tolmetin & indomethacin, however, unlike these pyrolle acetic acid derivatives, it is a cyclic propionic derivative. * It is the most potent analgesic of the NSAID's & can be used in adults instead of narcotics to avoid the associated dependence problems of the narcotics.

kisspeptin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 Jan 2017 06:59:44 +0000

kisspeptin see also: * androgens * oestrogens Introduction * kisspeptin is an endogenous peptide hormone discovered in 1996 and receptors for it were discovered in 2000 * within the hypothalamus, kisspeptin is released from kisspeptin neurons and acts on nearby GnRH neurons to have a central role in regulation of LH secretion

dislocation of the knee joint

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 08 Feb 2014 22:28:49 +0000

dislocation of the knee joint see also: * the acutely injured knee in ED * trauma * after 8 hours of ischaemia, most will require an above knee amputation!!! * urgent reduction is critical! * assume all patients have a vascular injury until proven otherwise introduction * an

knee pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Dec 2016 04:26:39 +0000

knee pain see also: * hip pain * groin pain * the limping child * rheumatology differential diagnoses of knee pain paediatric * referred pain from the hip - see hip pain * eg. slipped upper femoral epiphyses (aged 9-15yrs) * osteomyelitis * septic arthritis knee (uncommon) * knee trauma - fractures femur/patella/tibia/fibula, dislocation patella/

koilonychia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 02 Oct 2012 08:51:37 +0000

koilonychia see also: * clinical signs introduction * koilonychia is a term to denote a concave “spooning” of the nails * it is most commonly caused by severe iron deficiency anaemia which may also cause angular stomatitis, altered tongue papillae (eg. atrophic glossitis), diffuse hair thinning, and dry, dull hair with split ends.

kyphosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 25 Sep 2023 09:11:17 +0000

kyphosis see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * scoliosis Introduction * kyphosis is the excessive convex bowing of the thoracic spine causing a hunchback appearance * it can be graded in severity by the Cobb angle taken in sagittal view ( the greatest angle at a particular region of the vertebral column, when measured from the superior endplate of a superior vertebra to the inferior endplate of an inferior vertebra)

labetalol

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 17 Jul 2017 07:09:47 +0000

labetalol see also beta blockers Introduction: * Racemic mixture of 4 isomers (beta-block 5 x alpha1-block): * RR: beta-block 4 x racemic; alpha1-block 20% of racemic; intrinsic beta2 agonist * RS: almost devoid blocker effects; * SR: almost no beta-block; alpha1-block 5 x racemic;

labial abscess / Bartholins abscess

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 14 Jul 2016 04:05:42 +0000

labial abscess / Bartholins abscess see also: * skin abscesses * JAMA 2016 - epidemiology of female pubic grooming introduction * labial abscesses belong to two distinct groups: * Bartholin abscess which is an infection of the Bartholin gland in the lower half of the labia * other labial abscesses which usually start as a folliculitis, often following pubic hair grooming, but may be due to spread of a virulent Staph. aureus infection from other parts of the body

labour

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Nov 2013 04:49:56 +0000

labour see also: * Obstetrics * ED Mx of 1st stage of labour * Mx of cord prolapse * ED Mx of 2nd stage of labour - emergency delivery * Mx of shoulder dystocia in labour * ED Mx of emergency breech delivery * ED Mx of 3rd stage of labour - delivery of placenta * fetal macrosomia * preterm labour / premature labour * WH policy - Observations of Labouring Women (docx) - intranet only features of normal labour: 1st stage: * typically lasts 10hr in nulliparous & 8hrs in mult…

1st stage of obstetric labour

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 02 Nov 2008 12:31:19 +0000

1st stage of obstetric labour see labour; Mx of cord prolapse; ED Mx of 2nd stage of labour - emergency delivery; initial assessment of mother & baby: * check antenatal & prenatal record for: * complications * estimated gestation * Rh gp & Abs * group B streptococcal culture on vaginal swab * => needs prophylactic IV penicillin during labour & to neonate

Emergency delivery - 2nd stage of labour

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 18 Apr 2011 03:59:48 +0000

Emergency delivery - 2nd stage of labour see also: labour; ED Mx of emergency breech delivery; Mx of shoulder dystocia in labour; Mx of cord prolapse; neonatal resuscitation * Youtube animation of cephalic delivery cephalic delivery: * have mother grasp post. aspect of distal portion thighs with hips & knees flexed * encourage mother to “bear down” during contractions by holding breath with chin on chest for count of 10, repeated 2 or more times during each contraction, with quick breath …

ED Mx of 3rd stage of labour

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 01 Jun 2020 06:13:26 +0000

ED Mx of 3rd stage of labour see also: * labour * post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) * post-partum / puerperial complications * WH policy - Management of the Third Stage of Labour (docx) - intranet only * if blood loss > 500mL then Mx as per post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) delivery of placenta: * if mother Rh negative then take cord blood to determine need for maternal Rh Anti-D physiologic Mx for PPH low risk patients who have consented to the potential increased risk of PPH

ED Mx of emergency breech delivery

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 01 Jun 2023 14:23:14 +0000

ED Mx of emergency breech delivery see also labour breech position: * 3-4% of all deliveries (7% of 32wk & 25% of 28wk deliveries) * factors associated: * polyhydramnios, oligohydramnios, hydrocephalus, previous breech, pelvic tumours, uterine anomalies

laceration repair - glue vs staples vs sutures

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 Jul 2018 06:24:22 +0000

laceration repair - glue vs staples vs sutures see also: * paediatric lacerations * tetanus prophylaxis * plastic surgery * the injured hand * other resources: * Wound Management in the Emergency Department by Hartmut Gross (pdf) staple repair * staples are useful where a cosmetic result is not critical and are particularly useful for scalp lacs where healing time and cosmetic outcomes are similar to suturing while being faster, cheaper and potentially avoiding painful LA injection…

paediatric lacerations

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 Jul 2018 06:00:40 +0000

paediatric lacerations see also: * tetanus prophylaxis * plastic surgery * the injured hand * laceration repair - glue vs staples vs sutures * RCH guideline - lacerations * RCH guideline - tetanus-prone wounds

serum lactate and lactic acidosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 Jan 2018 01:18:55 +0000

serum lactate and lactic acidosis see also: * sepsis / septicaemia * Introduction * the normal serum lactate range is up to 2 mmol/L (18 mg/dL) * raised serum lactate > 4 mmol is often used as a marker for severe sepsis or localised ischaemia such as bowel or limb ischaemia and its use in at risk patients helps to detect occult severe sepsis or bowel ischaemia earlier

the lactating patient in ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Feb 2026 10:14:14 +0000

the lactating patient in ED see also: * milk and dairy products * post-partum / puerperial complications * Australian Therapeutic Guidelines including drugs in pregnancy for WH users * Australian Breastfeeding Association - breast and nipple care * Australian Breastfeeding Association - breast feeding main index * Australian Prescriber 2011 - analgesics in pregnancy and breastfeeding introduction * the patient who is breastfeeding raises several issues to be considered including choi…

Lactobacillales

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 03:32:17 +0000

Lactobacillales see also: * clinically important bacteria Introduction * an order of acid-tolerant Gram positive bacilli bacteria * these bacteria, usually found in decomposing plants and milk products, produce lactic acid as the major metabolic end product of carbohydrate fermentation.

lactose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 03 Jul 2019 05:30:50 +0000

lactose see also: * carbohydrates and sugars * serum lactate and lactic acidosis * lactose intolerance * lactulose Introduction * lactose is a disaccharide sugar which in nature, is only found in mammalian milk (mammals evolved 201-227 million years ago and one of the features in which they differed from sauropsids / reptilia was they had evolved to have milk producing breasts to feed their young)

lactose intolerance

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 03:07:54 +0000

lactose intolerance see also: * lactose * irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Introduction * lactose cannot be absorbed by the gut wall, absorption relies upon it being broken down into glucose and galactose which can be absorbed * mammals lose their ability to break down ingested lactose after weaning as unnecessary production of lactase in the duodenum has an energy cost and evolution generally avoids persistent unnecessary energy costs to the cell

lactulose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 03:29:42 +0000

lactulose see also: * lactose * constipation * laxatives Introduction * lactulose is a sugar which is not absorbable from the gut and hence is used as a laxative for the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy (can be given rectally for ammonia reduction) * it is made from heating lactose * it is marketed as Duphalac or Actilax (3.3g lactulose per 5mL)

reducing language barriers in clinical care

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Jun 2014 03:32:57 +0000

reducing language barriers in clinical care see also: * patient information sheets smartphone real time language translation * be aware that these are not perfect, especially for medical terminology and you may end up getting lost in translation! * as of 2014: * Word Lens

laxatives

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 03:28:54 +0000

laxatives see also: * constipation Introduction * see under Mx of constipation oral stool softeners * docusate * 240mg (2 x 120mg tablets) daily * takes 1-3 days to work * can be used in pregnancy oral bulking agents * useful if there is a dietary fibre deficiency

large bowel obstruction

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 07 Jan 2011 05:42:45 +0000

large bowel obstruction see also: * the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED * small bowel obstruction introduction * obstruction of the large bowel results in proximal dilatation (and potentially dilatation of small bowel) with inability to pass faeces or flatus. * excessive distension may result in perforation and

lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 May 2018 23:55:54 +0000

lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) see also: * haemolytic anaemia * haptoglobin (Hp) Introduction * serum lactic dehydrogenase * tissue breakdown releases LDH, and therefore LDH can be measured as a surrogate for tissue breakdown such as occurs in haemolytic anaemia, rhabdomyolysis and tumour necrosis and is also raised in many other conditions

lead poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 23 Jan 2026 04:45:32 +0000

lead poisoning see also: * toxicology * wikipedia Introduction * children are most at risk as lead is absorbed at a faster rate compared to adults and their faster growth and development makes them more susceptible History * lead plumbing pipes were widely used in western cities from the late 1800s

Legionella (Legionaire's disease)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Dec 2019 13:51:29 +0000

Legionella (Legionaire's disease) see also: * clinically important bacteria * pneumonia introduction * gram negative, aerobic clinically important bacteria * Legionella pneumophila * an aquatic organism mainly thriving in the cooling system of air conditioning towers at temperatures of 25-45°C, and is responsible for >90% of cases of potentially fatal Legionellossis (Legionaire's disease) and the milder form, Pontiac fever.

leishmaniasis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 29 Aug 2022 07:08:06 +0000

leishmaniasis see also: * parasites * insect bites and stings * the febrile returned traveller introduction * leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by the bite of certain species of sand fly. * human infection is caused by about 21 of 30 species that infect mammals.

Lemiere's syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 09 Nov 2024 00:30:31 +0000

Lemiere's syndrome see also: * sepsis / septicaemia * sore throats in adults Introduction * a rare syndrome caused by the anaerobe F. necrophorum secondary to oropharyngeal infections mainly in 18-35 yr olds * infection extends from the pharynx into the parapharyngeal spaces of the neck and then causes septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein

leptospirosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 31 Mar 2018 12:04:47 +0000

leptospirosis see also: * zoonoses * NSW Govt fact sheet Introduction * Leptospirosis is caused by a cork-screw shaped bacteria of the genus Leptospira. * It is transmitted by the urine and semen of an infected animal and is contagious as long as the urine is still moist

leukaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 05 Nov 2025 09:49:32 +0000

leukaemia see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * lymphoma * myeloproliferative disorders * wikipedia Introduction * usually present by causing anaemia, bleeding from thrombocytopenia, or infections or mouth ulcers from impaired immunity from inadequate mature, functional white cells * chronic forms may be detected incidentally on blood films, or by finding

leukocytosis (high WCC)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 03 Aug 2023 07:31:56 +0000

leukocytosis (high WCC) Introduction * leukocytosis refers to a raised white cell count (WCC) in the peripheral blood and this may be an acute response to a high sympathomimetic system activating stress reaction (eg. vomiting, beta agonist use, corticosteroid use), and infection, pregnancy, or it may be chronic due to a myeloid bone marrow disorder such as

leukopenia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 13 Jun 2024 01:17:13 +0000

leukopenia see also: * neutropenia * lymphopenia

levetiracetam (Keppra)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 30 Jan 2026 03:51:00 +0000

levetiracetam (Keppra) see also: * anticonvulsants * seizures Introduction * levetiracetam is a newer anticonvulsant with similar efficacy as phenytoin for status epilepticus but without the iv line incompatibility issues * main mechanism involves binding to the synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A), a key component of nerve cell vesicles, which modulates neurotransmitter release, potentially by inhibiting presynaptic calcium channels and reducing glutamate release, likely reducing excessiv…

liver function tests (LFTs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 Dec 2025 05:55:04 +0000

liver function tests (LFTs) see also: * assessment of hepatic function * liver diseases * cirrhosis * hepatomegaly * hepatitis introduction * liver functions tests are commonly ordered as a screening test for patients with upper abdominal pain, jaundice (icterus), or for a variety of other presentations. * ALT and AST are the main markers of liver damage, although thse can also be raised in muscle damage conditions

luteinizing hormone (LH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:07:09 +0000

luteinizing hormone (LH) see also: * follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

human louse / lice

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Feb 2026 10:20:15 +0000

human louse / lice see also: * insect bites and stings * bed bugs Introduction * the human louse has been a long standing pest for humans and can carry a range of pathogenic organisms Evolution * Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice / nits) * a common problem amongst school children aged 3-11yrs due to close play

lichen planus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 05:11:58 +0000

lichen planus see also: * dermatology Introduction * a chronic skin and mucosal autoimmune T-cell mediated condition Epidemiology * affects 1% of the population * mainly those aged 30-60yrs Risk factors * genetic * may be precipitated by: * stress

lignocaine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Mar 2009 02:24:49 +0000

lignocaine see also: * local anaesthetic agents * anti-arrhythmic agents * ventricular tachycardia (VT) * ventricular fibrillation (VF) history * Introduced 1948 & still the most widely used LA actions LA Action: * As for cocaine but little euphoria/fever & more prompt, longer-lasting, more intense & more extensive anaesthesia than procaine; VW class 1b anti-arrhythmic action:

Paediatric limb fractures

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 03 Jul 2013 03:59:57 +0000

Paediatric limb fractures see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * Bier's block - iv regional anaesthesia for LAMPs * the injured hand * fractures of the metacarpal * fractures and dislocations of the fingers * RCH guidelines - limb fractures * RCH guideline - procedural pain management * RCH guideline - Bier's block * RCH guideline - Local Anaesthetic, Manipulation and Plaster (LAMP)

acute limb ischaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 12 Apr 2023 05:51:50 +0000

acute limb ischaemia see also: * peripheral vascular disease (PVD or PAD) * vascular surgery * West J Med. 2000 Jul; 173(1): 60–63. Chronic lower limb ischemia introduction * acute limb ischaemia is a time critical condition which requires rapid recognition, assessment and management to save the limb and perhaps the patient's life. * it is not an uncommon cause of

the limping child

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Sep 2009 11:37:29 +0000

the limping child see also: * the child with hip pain - irritable hip vs septic arthritis * orthopaedics in the ED * arthritis - clinical patterns all ages: * trauma: * fracture * occult growth plate trauma - esp. distal fibula * haemarthrosis - usually underlying intra-articular fracture * non-accidental injuries * foreign body: * esp. feet/knees eg. occult sewing needles, rose thorns (either may be intra-articular!!)

links

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 Feb 2009 17:52:24 +0000

links introduction * there are a multitude of links throughout this wiki and these can be found using the search field at top left. * this page is an effort to provide some collation of main link pages. main link pages * welcome to the OzEMedicine Wiki * OzEMedicine blog main links page * medical blogs and podcasts * medical web portals, directories, news aggregators, etc * patient information sheets * Australian health care providers *

lipase

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 05 Mar 2025 22:43:56 +0000

lipase see also: * amylase introduction * serum lipase levels are used primarily as an indicator for acute pancreatitis when it starts to rise 3-6hrs after onset and usually peaks around 24hrs from onset, but as there is significant reabsorption from the renal tubules, levels remain elevated for 8-14 days.

lipoedema

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 22 Mar 2023 22:43:16 +0000

lipoedema see also: * obesity and weight management * the obese patient in the ED * connective tissue (CT) disorders * the patient with swollen leg(s) Introduction * often confused with obesity or lymphedema / lymphoedema, lipoedema is a separate condition independent of diet, lifestyle but is a hereditary, connective tissue disorder which results in disproportionate excessive lipoedema fat on legs and sometimes upper arms

Listeria monocytogenes / Listeriosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 15 Sep 2018 04:06:11 +0000

Listeria monocytogenes / Listeriosis see also: * clinically important bacteria Introduction * Listeria monocytogenes may cause potentially fatal sepsis or meningitis in at risk people such as neonates, pregnant women, elderly or the immunocompromised * it is found in soil and water and is spread as a food-borne infection from eating contaminated foods, particularly, fruit, vegetables, dairy products such as soft cheeses, or processed meats such as pate or cold cuts

lithium carbonate

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Jan 2014 07:29:53 +0000

lithium carbonate see also: * bipolar disorder * Aust. Prescriber Feb 2013 introduction * although lithium was first discovered to be effective in mania in 1949, by the Melbourne psychiatrist John Cade, it is still the 'gold standard' therapy. * many patients are unable to tolerate lithium and it has limited effectiveness for the depressive phase of bipolar disorders.

liver physiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 20 Nov 2023 12:44:26 +0000

liver physiology see also: * liver diseases * assessment of hepatic function * liver function tests (LFTs) * jaundice (icterus) * hepatomegaly * hepatosplenomegaly * steatohepatitis (fatty liver) * cirrhosis * prescribing drugs in patients with liver impairment * hepatic encephalopathy * hepatocellular carcinoma Introduction * the adult liver normally weighs ~1.5kg * it has a dual blood supply, both vessels entering the liver via the porta hepatis hilum on the under surface of t…

liver diseases

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 Jul 2024 04:30:27 +0000

liver diseases see also: * liver physiology * assessment of hepatic function * liver function tests (LFTs) * jaundice (icterus) * hepatomegaly * hepatosplenomegaly * liver lesions - hepatic abscesses, cysts and nodules * steatohepatitis (fatty liver) * cirrhosis * portal hypertension * prescribing drugs in patients with liver impairment * hepatic encephalopathy * hepatocellular carcinoma Introduction * liver disease is a common presentation to the ED whether it be an acute hepa…

liver lesions - hepatic abscesses, cysts and nodules

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 11 Jul 2024 05:45:18 +0000

liver lesions - hepatic abscesses, cysts and nodules see also: * liver diseases Introduction * these lesions are often found unexpectedly on ultrasound scans or CT scans hepatic cysts or abscesses DDx * pyogenic hepatic abscesses * more frequently located in the right than both or left liver lobes (60-70% vs. 25% and 15% cases, respectively)

loneliness

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:32:26 +0000

loneliness see also: * psychiatry and mental health * antidepressants * suicide * Geriatric depression scale * stress * happiness * sadness * depression Introduction * a study published Mar 2025 of 57,000 middle aged Australian women showed that those who reported persistently feeling lonely had a 3x rate of death over the 15 year study period compared to those without persistent loneliness

longevity and immortality

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 06 May 2024 01:32:32 +0000

longevity and immortality see also: * geriatrics * ageing * calculating 10yr atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk using pooled cohort equations (PCE) Introduction * 21st century science empowered by AI-driven advances currently on average add 3 months of life to every 12 months you live, thus a healthy 60 yr old on this basis could live 5 years or so more than the average life span of around 85 years (although Covid-19 pandemic may have had a negative effect on the long term quali…

Ludwig's angina - floor of mouth infection

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 05:32:26 +0000

Ludwig's angina - floor of mouth infection see also: * ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT) * sore throats in adults * acute dental pain / dental abscess * Lemiere's syndrome * Vincent's angina - fusospirochaetal infection of the pharynx and tonsils Introduction * Ludwig's angina is a rapidly progressive, bilateral, gangrenous floor of the mouth cellulitis which can cause airway compromise as well as sepsis and is a medical emergency

lumbar disc prolapse

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 07 Nov 2024 22:32:33 +0000

lumbar disc prolapse see also: * back pain in the ED * sciatica * cauda equina syndrome (CES) * high lumbar disc prolapse * cervical disc prolapse introduction * the intervertebral disc / disk comprises the annulus fibrosus and the nucleus pulposus. * lumbar disc herniation occurs when the nucleus pulposus protrudes from the defective annulus fibrosus because of its degeneration and it's a common and important cause of low

high lumbar disc prolapse

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 01 Nov 2021 02:26:49 +0000

high lumbar disc prolapse see also: * back pain in the ED * sciatica * cauda equina syndrome (CES) * lumbar disc prolapse Introduction * lumbar disc prolapse at the higher lumbar vertebral discs (L1-L3 level) account for a small minority of all lumbar disc prolapses, and as they generally affect the L2-3 nerve roots the most, and these supply the femoral nerve and not the sciatic nerve, the clinical features, and management are quite different from the usual

lumbar puncture (LP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 26 Oct 2019 01:00:39 +0000

lumbar puncture (LP) see also: * meningitis * subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) * interpretation of CSF findings * post LP headaches (PLPH) * Seupaul, R Perform an LP and analyze the results to dx bacterial meningitis. Emergency Physicians Monthly August 2008. * RCH guideline - lumbar puncture (LP) * Emedicine.com - lumbar puncture * Youtube demo LP tutorial introduction * most patients with suspected meningitis require the diagnosis to be confirmed by LP as confirmation will not only…

lung crepitations

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 05 Feb 2019 23:54:13 +0000

lung crepitations see also: * stridor * noisy breathing * wheeze Introduction * lung or pulmonary crepitations are crackling noises heard mainly on ausculatation * they are traditionally described as either: * coarse - usually due to sputum retention and generally clear on coughing

lung lesions

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 20 Nov 2023 06:47:29 +0000

lung lesions see also: * lung cancer Introduction * lung lesions are often found incidentally on CXRs or CT scans ordered by GPs or in the ED * TB and lung cancers are common and need to be excluded or followed up appropriately when suspicion arises *

lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 06:47:08 +0000

lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men see also: * urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis * sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs) * benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) * European Assoc. Urology guidelines for LUTS Introduction * lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common in men and more prevalent as they become older and can impair quality of life * they fall into three main categories:

left ventricular failure (LVF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 31 Dec 2015 04:14:15 +0000

left ventricular failure (LVF) see also: * acute pulmonary oedema (APO) * congestive cardiac failure

Lyme disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 27 Oct 2025 05:08:49 +0000

Lyme disease see also: * zoonoses * ticks in Australia * louse-borne relapsing fever * tick-borne relapsing fever * Introduction * Lyme disease is a condition caused by the spirochete bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi which is spread to humans by certain types of tick bites * given the diverse symptomatology, it's ability to imitate many other conditions, and the apparent sometimes chronic nature of the symptoms, the diagnosis has beco…

cervical lymphadenitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 05 Feb 2026 07:04:51 +0000

cervical lymphadenitis see also: * lymphadenopathy * RCH guideline - cervical lymphadenitis Introduction * enlarged cervical lymph nodes are common and usually occur in response to an URTI or tonsillitis * they may also occur with other local infections including dental or cutaneous * occasionally they may form an abscess within the node which may require surgical drainage

lymphadenopathy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 05:32:20 +0000

lymphadenopathy see also: * splenomegaly * cervical lymphadenitis introduction * the body has approximately 600 lymph nodes, but only those in the submandibular, axillary or inguinal regions may normally be palpable in healthy people * in most patients, lymphadenopathy has a readily diagnosable infectious cause.

lymphocytosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 06 Sep 2024 06:58:16 +0000

lymphocytosis see also: * full blood examination (FBE) * neutrophilia * monocytosis * lymphopenia * lymphadenopathy introduction * the finding of a raised WCC due to lymphocytosis rather than neutrophilia is generally a reassuring find which suggests viral infection rather than bacterial infections although it is a typical finding in

lymphedema / lymphoedema

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 22 Mar 2023 22:31:23 +0000

lymphedema / lymphoedema see also: * the patient with swollen leg(s) * lipoedema * obesity and weight management * the obese patient in the ED Introduction * often confused with obesity or lipoedema aetiology primary * congenital lymphedema (Milroy disease) * AD disorder; * accounts for 10-25% of primary cases * starts in 1st yr of life, usually painless, pitting oedema

lymphoma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 08:12:12 +0000

lymphoma see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * EBV / glandular fever / infectious mononucleosis * NSW Cancer Institute eviQ cancer therapy EBM website introduction * lymphomas are the 6th most common type of cancer excluding non-melanoma skin cancers with 1 in 39 people developing a NH lymphoma and 1 in 414 people developing Hodgkin's lymphoma by age 85yrs * incidence is rising in Australia (doubled in past 20 yrs)

mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 22 Aug 2025 09:52:19 +0000

mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) see also: * lymphoma * Fact sheet (pdf) * LLS Fact sheet (pdf) * Int J Molecular Sciences 2019 review article (pdf) Introduction * accounts for ~7% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases * most patients are aged over 50yrs (men have 2-7x risk) * so-called because the tumour cells originally come from the “mantle zone” (the outer edge) of the lymph node

lymphopenia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 26 Oct 2019 00:03:08 +0000

lymphopenia see also: * full blood examination (FBE) * lymphocytosis * neutropenia introduction * most commonly is due to viral infections but also occurs with many states which cause either: * neutrophilia * such as acute stress response (including exercise), corticosteroids, inflammation including bacterial infections,

lysozyme (LYZ)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 09 Jul 2025 00:50:17 +0000

lysozyme (LYZ) see also: * the GIT microbiome * innate immunity * atherosclerosis and primary prevention Introduction * lysozyme (LYZ) plays an important role in bacterial lysis, by hydrolyzing the glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine and destroying the peptidoglycan (PG)-rich cell walls of gram-positive bacteria

macular degeneration

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 21 Feb 2020 23:55:33 +0000

macular degeneration see also: * the patient with acute blurred vision or visual loss / blindness * MD Foundation booklet * MD Foundation's free Amsler Grid for regular home testing of central visual loss Introduction * MD is the main cause of legal blindness in Australia, accounting for over 50% of cases and affects 1 in 7 over the age of 50 yrs, of which 17% experience visual impairment, and some 15% of Australians over 80yrs of age have visual loss due to MD

macrolide antibiotics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Aug 2011 10:59:15 +0000

macrolide antibiotics see also: * antibiotics introduction * bactericidal, binds to 23S rRNA on the 50S subunit, activity enhanced at high pH * active against most Gram +ves, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia, Helicobacter * uses for the usual macrolides (eg. erythromycin, roxithromycin):

madarosis (loss of eyebrows)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 08 Mar 2023 11:57:08 +0000

madarosis (loss of eyebrows) see also: * dermatology Introduction * madarosis is the term used for partial or full loss of eyebrow hairs Aetiology * local causes * trauma * burns * radiation therapy * trichotillomania * alopecia areata *

magnesium

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 12 Mar 2025 22:54:09 +0000

magnesium see also: * hypomagnesaemia * hypermagnesaemia * eclampsia introduction * magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral present in the human body. More than 600 enzymes require it as a co-factor and almost 200 require it to activate critical processes in the body. * Mg is the 2nd most abundant intracellular cation, playing major roles in:

microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (MAHAs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 08 Sep 2023 09:08:28 +0000

microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (MAHAs) see also: * thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) Introduction * microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (MAHAs) are caused by spontaneous aggregation of platelets and activation of coagulation in the small blood vessels creating a fibrin mesh on endothelial walls

malabsorption

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Dec 2017 00:33:17 +0000

malabsorption see also: * diarrhoea * RCH guideline: failure to thrive in infants

malaria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:50:54 +0000

malaria see also: * travel medicine * the febrile returned traveller * transdermal detection of malaria in blood using laser to create nanobubbles in the RBC and then acoustic assessment of them bursting - low cost, battery powered devices may revolutionise diagnosis * prophylactic antimalarials do not eliminate the possibility of malaria and may extend the incubation period by many weeks, appropriate testing should always be done for a febrile traveller without obvious cause returning fr…

malignant hyperthermia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 07:29:14 +0000

malignant hyperthermia see also: * heat illness and heat stroke * fever - the febrile response to infections * hyperthermia * neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) * serotonin syndrome * amphetamine overdose * wikipedia Introduction * malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a type of severe reaction in susceptible people that occurs when given anaesthetic gases or suxamethonium * affects one in 5,000 to 50,000 cases where people are given anesthetic gases

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 07 Jun 2022 03:04:31 +0000

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) see also: * antidepressants Introduction * MAOIs were one of the early types of antidepressants but are now rarely used as there are safer alternatives for most people * the main risk is in the patient developing a potentially life threatening

Marfan's syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 02 Feb 2013 13:17:58 +0000

Marfan's syndrome see also: * connective tissue (CT) disorders * Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

marijuana / cannabis / THC

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 14 Oct 2025 04:42:51 +0000

marijuana / cannabis / THC see also: * Addiction medicine - drug and alcohol - main index and links * drug dependency * cannabinoid hyperemesis * Wikipedia - marijuana * NSW Govt - facts and links on marijuana Introduction: * recreational smoking of the products of the subtropical plant Cannabis sativa, mainly its dried resin (hashish - smoked in a pipe), oily extract from flowering tops (hash oil) , or the chopped flowering tops of the female plant (marijuana

marine stings in Australia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 Mar 2017 05:48:35 +0000

marine stings in Australia see also: * animal bites in Australia * insect bites and stings jellyfish blue bottle or Portugese man'o'war (Physalia sp.) * small blue creatures with an air sac which allows them to float with the wind on the sea surface (although often they end up stranded on beaches in their thousands as a result), and up to 1m long tentacles which can cause a painful sting lasting around 2hrs and welts lasting 1-2 days, and rarely

massage guns

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 14 Sep 2021 06:07:42 +0000

massage guns see also: * orthopaedics in the ED Introduction * percussion massage muscle guns are commonly used by professional athletes and nonathletes worldwide for warm-up and physical recovery as well as by the general community to help with low back pain and other muscle pains

mastitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 23:27:49 +0000

mastitis see also: * gynaecology * The Womens Hospital Melbourne patient fact sheet - mastitis introduction * mastitis is a common complication of lactation in the post partum period and is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus. * see the above fact sheet for its prevention and early Mx. ED Mx of established puerperal mastitis

mastocytosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 19 Oct 2024 11:16:39 +0000

mastocytosis see also: * anaphylaxis Introduction * a rare disorder affecting both children and adults caused by the accumulation of functionally defective mast cells (“mastocytes”) and CD34+ mast cell precursors * usually present as recurrent anaphylaxis or

measles

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 11 Jul 2022 05:28:25 +0000

measles see also: * viruses * paediatric exanthems * acute rashes in adults * immediately isolate and mask all patients with possible measles: * born after 1966 * high fevers with cough and either conjunctivitis or rash introduction * also called rubeola * measles virus (MV), a negative-sense enveloped RNA virus, is a member of the Morbillivirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family.

Meckel's diverticulum

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Sep 2016 07:23:34 +0000

Meckel's diverticulum see also: * diverticulitis * emedicine introduction * congenital true diverticulum anomaly of the bowel due to remnant of the embryonic vitelline duct * may contain gastric mucosa * 4-25% develop complications with surgical lifetime risk of ~6%, mostly in the 1st 2 yrs of life

medical blogs and podcasts

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 25 Nov 2014 00:18:44 +0000

medical blogs and podcasts see also: * medical web portals, directories, news aggregators, etc * health informatics * LITFL database of EM blogs * hint: there are links to specific podcasts throughout this wiki - just search for podcasts in the search field to find them Introduction * many health organisations and professionals maintain their own

mediastinitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 22 Jun 2020 13:41:37 +0000

mediastinitis see also: * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED Introduction * mediastinum is the extrapleural subdivision of the thorax located between the pleural cavities * non-suppurative mediastinitis is generally self-limiting reactive condition in association with pneumonia and pleurisy

medical gases

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Mar 2009 02:22:49 +0000

medical gases see also: * anaesthetics * home oxygen Calculating amount of gas left in cylinder * Assuming the gas is stored in the cylinder in the gaseous state as medical oxygen is: * Boyle's law: P1V1 = P2V2 * Look on the top of the cylinder, it should tell you how many litres when full (V

medico-legal issues in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Nov 2020 23:35:41 +0000

medico-legal issues in the ED see also: * your hospital policies relating to medicolegal issues * medical indemnity * forensic medicine, crimes and prisoners * left at own risk / absconding patient / missing patient / competence * managing violence or the aggressive patient in the ED * searching patients, suspicious behaviour, unknown substance, weapons or crime within the ED * professional health care bodies and registration boards * ethical issues in emergency medicine * consent * …

Hospital policies relating to medicolegal issues

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 18 Oct 2008 02:02:39 +0000

Hospital policies relating to medicolegal issues see also main medico-legal index and links NOTE: the following are generally intranet policies and only available inside the relevant health service Victoria Western Health * rights and responsibilities of patients (pdf) * Western Health Intranet policy consent for video or clinical photography (pdf)

medical web portals, directories, news aggregators, etc

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Aug 2011 00:39:06 +0000

medical web portals, directories, news aggregators, etc see also: * medical blogs and podcasts * evidence based medicine (EBM) * health informatics * tips on accessing medical journals online - includes journal search engines, web-based bookmarking, etc. * medical search engines * patient information sheets Australian emergency medicine * OzEmedicine.com - this wikipedia and medical blog * ACEM website * ASEM links resource * Emergency Medicine Australasia (EMA) - journal of the A…

melaena

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 15 Jun 2019 05:34:07 +0000

melaena see also: * upper GIT bleeding Introduction * melaena is offensive smelly dark black stools caused by large amounts of altered blood from upper GIT bleeding * it may or may not be associated with haematemesis

melanoma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Feb 2026 06:47:14 +0000

melanoma see also: * skin cancer * neoplasia / cancer / tumours introduction * melanoma is the skin cancer which causes the most deaths as it tends to metastasize early and has proven difficult to treat once it has spread * 90% of melanomas are caused by sporadic damage to the genes which occurs by chance exposure to environmental agents such as UV light

Things to do around Melbourne

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 21 Feb 2023 10:22:19 +0000

Things to do around Melbourne Day trips South-West * Werribee Mansion * historic rural mansion with large gardens - - free entry to gardens * Werribee Open range zoo * You Yangs * nice walks, picnic areas and views across to Melbourne

memory

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 Feb 2026 23:20:52 +0000

memory see also: * cognition * dementia * the brain physiology of memory * * it seems that neurons within the hippocampus have a multi-dimensionsal behaviour that responds to sensory inputs as well as keeping track of the temporal time clock sequences of memory events and thus stamping episodic memory with what, when and where components, critical to recall of these events…

meningitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 06:55:08 +0000

meningitis see also: * the child with headache * headache * causes of, and risk factors for meningitis * cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) * meningococcal septicaemia * meningococcal chemoprophylaxis * RCH guideline - meningitis * RCH guidline - acute meningococcal disease * RCH guideline - headache * NSW NETS - bacterial meningitis (pdf) * AFTB lectures - meningitis * AFTB lectures - meningococcaemia * Meningitis Mx wall chart (pdf) introduction * bacterial meningitis and meningococca…

causes of, and risk factors for meningitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 11 Mar 2026 09:45:33 +0000

causes of, and risk factors for meningitis see also: * meningitis * eosinophilic meningitis - eosinophils predominate the CSF aetiology of meningitis non-viral organisms infants under 2 months age * Group B streptococcus, * E. coli and other Gram-negative organisms (usually from UTI source) * Listeria monocytogenes, * S. pneumoniae,

eosinophilic meningitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 07 Apr 2012 05:43:23 +0000

eosinophilic meningitis see also: * causes of, and risk factors for meningitis * eosinophilia potential causes * parasites: * N fowleri * Acanthamoeba * Balamuthia * angiostrongyliasis - rarely, but most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis in SE Asia * G spinigerum * Baylisascaris procyonis * S stercolaris

meningococcal chemoprophylaxis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 04:29:42 +0000

meningococcal chemoprophylaxis see also: * meningitis * meningococcal septicaemia * meningococcus introduction * contacts of patients with invasive meningococcal disease should be considered for contact tracing and chemoproprophylaxis. * in addition, there are vaccines but these do not cover all subtypes

meningococcal septicaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 04:33:28 +0000

meningococcal septicaemia see also: * meningitis * meningococcus * meningococcal chemoprophylaxis * RCH guidline - acute meningococcal disease * AFTB lectures - meningococcaemia introduction * often presents with acute onset fever, severe muscle pains, vomiting and then drowsiness, confusion, hypotensive septicaemic shock as the petechial rash develops and rapidly becomes purpuric over minutes to hours.

meningococcus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 04:42:25 +0000

meningococcus see also: * meningococcal septicaemia * meningitis * meningococcal chemoprophylaxis * clinically important bacteria * wikipedia introduction * the meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis) is an obligate aerobe, bean-shaped diplococcus, fastidious, oxidase +ve Gram -ve coccoid * only infect humans and have never been isolated from animals because the bacterium cannot get iron other than from human sources (transferrin and lactoferrin).

meningoencephalitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 07 Jun 2014 04:07:39 +0000

meningoencephalitis see meningitis and encephalitis

menorrhagia / PV bleeding

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0000

menorrhagia / PV bleeding see also: * gynaecology * Emedicine * RCH guidelines - Mx of adolescent with menorrhagia aetiology of abnormal PV bleeding * pregnancy-related causes - miscarriage, ectopic, late pregnancy causes such as placenta praevia and abruption, retained products * haematologic causes such as warfarin or other anticoagulants, thrombocytopaenia, von Willebrand's disease, etc

menstrual cycle

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 28 Jan 2026 23:17:57 +0000

menstrual cycle see also: * gynaecology * anovulation and anovulatory menstrual cycles from wikipedia: ovulatory menstrual cycle menstrual cycle length * The length of the menstrual cycle is from the first day of menstrual flow to the day before the onset of the next menstrual flow * variations are primarily due to variations in length of follicular phase and whether ovulation has occurred or not

Mental Health Act 2014 Victoria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 03 Feb 2023 00:17:21 +0000

Mental Health Act 2014 Victoria see also: * psychiatry and mental health * forensic medicine, crimes and prisoners * use of mechanical restraints Victorian Mental Health ACT 2014 * the Mental Health Act 2014 * Vic. Govt resources * The MHA assumes that patients not subject to an order have decision-making capacity. * Therefore, as long as they are compliant with the treatment and direction of clinicians they will remain a voluntary patient.

mental health history and examination

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 19 May 2022 04:06:44 +0000

mental health history and examination * psychiatry and mental health * Mental Health Act 2014 Victoria Introduction * an ability to rapidly assess a patient from a mental health perspective is important * this includes monitoring for change over time and this further supports the importance of continual documentation of their mental state to allow comparisons

meralgia paresthetica

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 31 May 2013 13:47:50 +0000

meralgia paresthetica see also: * paraesthesiae or numbness * groin pain * wikipedia * Emedicine introduction * meralgia paraesthetica comes from the Greek words meros (thigh) and algos (pain). * it is due to compression of the lateral cutaneous femoral nerve (LCFN) of the thigh (which arises from L2 and L3 nerve roots), usually as it passes under the lateral aspect of the inguinal ligament ~10-15mm medial to the ASIS, but it may be up to 5cm medial.

mercury poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Dec 2023 13:06:04 +0000

mercury poisoning see also: * toxicology * Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2010. Mercury Exposure and Children’s Health introduction * mercury is a heavy metal which accumulates in the body and also becomes more concentrated in animals higher in the food chain * mercury has no known physiologic benefits * high levels may cause toxicity and can affect babies in utero as well as during lactation

meropenem

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 May 2013 08:15:28 +0000

meropenem see also: * antibiotics * Tazocin (piperacillin + tazobactam) introduction * a carbapenem broad spectrum antibiotic reserved for use in serious infections contraindications * HS to Beta-lactam antibiotics (incl carbapenem antibiotics, penicillins) precautions * critically ill patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections (may develop resistance, repeat sensitivity testing recommended);

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome - Corona Virus (MERS-CoV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 20 May 2020 23:22:29 +0000

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome - Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) see also: * coronaviridae / corona viruses (CoV) * SARS virus * viruses * how one man spread MERS throughout a South Korean ED in 2015 introduction * MERS-CoV currently has a ~50% mortality rate * the first reported human infection from MERS-CoV was detected in September 2012. * as of October 2013, WHO has been informed of a total of 139 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with MERS-CoV, including 60 deaths.

mesenteric panniculitis (MP) / sclerosing mesenteritis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 26 May 2019 01:36:57 +0000

mesenteric panniculitis (MP) / sclerosing mesenteritis see also: * the patient with acute RUQ pain in ED introduction * MP is a rare non-malignant disorder characterised by an acute benign fibrosing and inflammatory condition that involves the adipose tissue of the mesentery of the small bowel primarily, although colon is affected in 20%, and rarely it may involve the omentum, pancreas, mesoappendix and pelvis.

mesothelioma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 23 Apr 2012 08:06:15 +0000

mesothelioma see also: * lung cancer * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * asbestos.com - a US-based resource for patients with mesothelioma introduction * an uncommon cancer (3% of all cancers) which is almost exclusively related to exposure to asbestos with a synergistic effect of smoking * it has a latency period of 20-50 years following exposure to asbestos

metabolic acidosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 11 Sep 2018 05:18:27 +0000

metabolic acidosis see also: * acid-base physiology * arterial and venous blood gases (ABGs/VBGs) introduction * a primary metabolic acidosis is a derangement of normal physiology characterised by a low arterial pH and a low arterial bicarbonate level. * if arterial bicarbonate level is low but pH is high, then this is a compensatory metabolic acidosis which is the body's attempt to correct a prolonged primary respiratory alkalosis event - see

metabolic alkalosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 18 Jan 2010 07:05:13 +0000

metabolic alkalosis see also: * acid-base physiology * arterial and venous blood gases (ABGs/VBGs) introduction * a primary metabolic alkalosis is a derangement of acid-base homeostasis whereby arterial pH and bicarbonate levels are both raised. * persistence of a primary metabolic alkalosis usually requires either:

Metabolic disorders

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 27 Sep 2008 03:42:35 +0000

Metabolic disorders * RCH guideline - metabolic disorders * RCH guideline - death of a child with suspected metabolic disorder

metabolome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 00:41:17 +0000

metabolome see also: * foods that may be toxic or bad for you * risk and the perception of risk * air pollution and health risks * the GIT microbiome * genomics * proteome * exposome and health * transcriptome Introduction * the metabolome generally refers to the individual patient's collection of small metabolite molecules (usually < 2000 Daltons) which can be found in the blood or in tissues and which may reflect cellular function at a given point of time

metabonomics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 00:44:05 +0000

metabonomics see also: * foods that may be toxic or bad for you * risk and the perception of risk * air pollution and health risks * the GIT microbiome * genomics * metabolome * exposome and health * transcriptome * proteome Introduction * metabonomics focuses on metabolic changes caused by the exposome and health * not to be confused with the metabolome which focuses on small metabolite molecules

metamphetamine / meth / ice

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 16 Jun 2022 02:36:08 +0000

metamphetamine / meth / ice see also: * the meth epidemic video * amphetamines and related psychostimulant substances * Mx of psychostimulant toxicity from amphetamines and related substances * addiction medicine (alcohol and other substance use) * managing violence or the aggressive patient in the ED * NDARC - Ice Fact Sheet (pdf) or low res. version (pdf) * metamphetamine * releases large a…

metaraminol (Aramine)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 13 Apr 2012 04:30:10 +0000

metaraminol (Aramine) see also: * inotropes * sympathomimetics introduction * a vasopressor which can be used as iv bolus peripherally for short term Mx of hypotension * it is particularly useful at induction of anaesthesia to counteract the hypotensive effects of most induction agents in at risk patients where iv fluid bolus is not sufficient.

metformin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 23 Jun 2023 00:53:30 +0000

metformin see also: * oral hypoglycaemic agents * radiologic contrast media precautions and adverse reactions introduction * a biguanide oral hypoglycaemic agent which is very useful in the treatment of patients with insulin resistance * it was developed from the herb Galega officianalis and 1st synthesized in 1922 but overshadowed by the 1st use of insulin in the same year

methadone

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:57:15 +0000

methadone see also: * methadone overdose * WH intranet ED policy - methadone * Addiction medicine - drug and alcohol - main index and links Introduction * an opioid agonist which is well absorbed orally with a long half-life allowing once daily dosing * developed in Germany during world war II as a synthetic alternative to morphine as morphine was hard to obtain

methanol poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 Dec 2024 22:12:27 +0000

methanol poisoning see also: * toxicology * ethylene glycol poisoning * ethanol (alcohol and alcohol withdrawal) Introduction * methanol is a colourless and flammable liquid often used to produce fuel, insecticides, paint strippers, antifreeze, plastics, petrol and solvents and is the primary component of windshield washer fluid.

methaemoglobinaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 27 May 2020 06:19:26 +0000

methaemoglobinaemia see also: * hypoxia * Austin Poisons Centre guideline - Mx of methaemoglobinaemia introduction * methaemoglobin (metHb) is a dysfunctional form of Hb that is incapable of carrying oxygen. * high levels of metHb result in a form of hypoxia and can be lethal, particularly at levels > 70%. * metHb results from either:

methoxyflurane

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 07:36:21 +0000

methoxyflurane see also: * anaesthetics * pain, analgesia and analgesics * Western Health guideline on use of methoxyflurane (pdf) - only available in intranet introduction * methoxyflurane (“Penthrane”) is a volatile fluorinated hydrocarbon inhaled analgesic and anaesthetic agent. * it's use as an anaesthetic was ceased in the late 1970's as at anaesthetic concentrations it was found to cause hepatotoxicity and irreversible, dose-dependent nephrotoxicity.

methylxanthines

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 22 Feb 2014 02:40:40 +0000

methylxanthines see also: * adenosine * asthma * paediatric asthma * aminophylline * Mx of theophylline overdose/toxicity introduction * methylxanthines are a group of structurally similar, stimulant xanthine alkaloid chemicals which primarily act as competitive antagonists of adenosine at purine P1 receptors, and in higher doses, effects from their additional competitive antagonism of phosphodiesterase enzyme results in increased intracellular cAMP levels (see also

metoclopramide (Maxolon)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 May 2014 06:44:24 +0000

metoclopramide (Maxolon) see also: * anti-emetics * serotonin receptors and pharmacology introduction * a commonly used anti-emetic agent * actions include: * 5-HT3 antagonist * => actions on GIT myenteric plexus: * ⇒ decreased bowel hypermotility & increased gastric emptying *

metoprolol

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 04 Apr 2014 06:33:44 +0000

metoprolol see also: * beta adrenergic blockers introduction * metoprolol is a relatively cardioselective (ie. beta -1 receptor mainly) beta adrenergic blocking agent without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. adverse effects and C/I * see beta adrenergic blockers P/K: * rapidly absorbed from GIT * rapidly and extensively redistributed to extravascular tissues

metronidazole

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Aug 2011 11:14:16 +0000

metronidazole see also: * antibiotics introduction * unknown mechanism of action * A derivative of the substituted imidazole compounds; * Good oral/rectal absorption means that oral/supp. preps can often be used instead of IV. * appears in cerebrospinal fluid, saliva and breast milk in concentrations similar to those found in plasma.

monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 13 Jun 2021 00:22:26 +0000

monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS) see also: * multiple myeloma * immunoglobulins * oncology introduction * the most common (2/3rds of all cases) of a spectrum of diseases called plasma cell dyscrasias which also includes multiple myeloma * occurs in around 3% of those aged 50-60yrs, 5% of those aged > 70yrs, and in 10-15% of those aged over 80yrs

microbiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 27 May 2020 13:32:54 +0000

microbiology see: * clinically important bacteria * viruses * fungi * prions * parasites * bions - non-living "nanobacteria" / nanoparticles * vaccines

fetal-maternal microchimerism

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 02:26:14 +0000

fetal-maternal microchimerism see also: * pregnancy * autoimmune disease Introduction * there is a bi-directional transfer of cells between mother and fetus in animals with a uterus Fetal cell transfer * fetuses transfer cells (“FMc”) to their mother from 4th week of gestation until delivery

midazolam

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 28 Oct 2013 06:26:15 +0000

midazolam see also: * benzodiazepines * anticonvulsants * sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics * induction agents patient information sheets * RCH - seizures - safety issues and how to help (pdf) * RCH - intranasal midazolam (pdf) * RCH - buccal midazolam (pdf) Summary * short-acting water soluble benzodiazepine which can thus be used intranasally, orally as well as iv, im. * 95% prot.bound; T½=2hrs; Vd = 1.1L/kg; Clear. = 6.6ml/min/kg;

midodrine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Jul 2019 07:35:02 +0000

midodrine see also: * alpha adrenergic agonists * sympathomimetics * Autonomic dysfunction and autonomic neuropathy Introduction * midodrine is a pro-drug of desglymidodrine which is a peripherally active, selective, alpha adrenergic 1 agonist which is primarily used for the Rx of symptomatic Autonomic dysfunction and autonomic neuropathy|dysautonomia and postural hypotension]] as a result of its widespread vasoconstriction actions

mid-trimester issues and complications

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 02:16:21 +0000

mid-trimester issues and complications see also: * Obstetrics * decreased fetal movements (DFM or RFM) * fetal growth restriction (FGR / SGA / IUGR) Introduction * most women have an uneventful 2nd trimester of pregnancy * rate of miscarriage in second TM in low risk patients is only 0.5% * the early stages of fetal growth restriction (FGR / SGA / IUGR) may present, or their risk mitigated for identified high risk women

mifepristone / RU486

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 12 Jul 2020 02:55:33 +0000

mifepristone / RU486 see also: * antiprogestogens introduction * a synthetic steroid antiprogestogen used in the termination of pregnancy in the 1st 49 days of gestation * as not all women will miscarry with mifepristone alone, they are usually given the prostaglandin misoprostol 36-48hrs (buccal dose of 800mcg) after the dose

migraine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 22 Feb 2026 04:02:40 +0000

migraine see also: * Mx of acute migraine * acute unilateral headache * headache * neurology * cervicogenic headache * epidemiology: * the third most common medical condition worldwide * ranks as the seventh most disabling condition in terms of years of life lost to disability * of the general population: * 24% of females aged 40yrs have migraine

Mx of acute migraine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 28 Dec 2019 21:45:56 +0000

Mx of acute migraine see migraine, neurology, pain, analgesia and analgesics, headache see also: * NICS - Mx of acute migraine 006 (pdf) general principles * look for alarm symptoms & signs of headaches that may warrant a CT scan or alternate diagnosis * in general oral medications in acute attacks are poorly absorbed even with anti-emetic or in non-nauseated pts!! mild-moderate attack: * simple pain, analgesia and analgesics: * paracetamol (acetaminophen) +/- codeine

milk and dairy products

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:08:35 +0000

milk and dairy products see also: * lactation * the lactating patient in ED * diets and healthy foods Introduction * human breast milk is an amazing substance capable of being the sole food intake to sustain the rapid growth of babies * the far majority of infants have a gut enzyme, lactase, which can digest the lactose in milk, however, expression of the gene declines as the child gets older so many adults are relatively intolerant of lactose - the gene to allow high lactase production…

Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Jun 2020 12:29:09 +0000

Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA) see also: * acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) * troponin Introduction * presumed coronary artery related causes of raised troponin picture consistent with acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) but with minimally obstructed coronary arteries on angiography but excludes myocardial causes and type 2

mirabegron

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 02 Aug 2019 07:24:20 +0000

mirabegron see also: * sympathomimetics * overactive bladders, urgency and urge incontinence Introduction * mirabegron is a beta-3 receptor agonist agent which is primarily used in the Rx of overactive bladders, urgency and urge incontinence * the bladder wall muscle during the storage phase of bladder filling is mainly relaxed via beta 3 adrenergic stimulation, while the void phase is primarily via muscle contraction due to muscarinic M3 receptor stimulation

micro RNAs (miRNAs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 21 Mar 2025 04:09:03 +0000

micro RNAs (miRNAs) see also: * cytokines * gene regulation * DNA and genes Introduction * 1st discovered in 1993 * MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs and act as fundamental post-transcriptional modulators of several critical cellular processes * in most cases, miRNAs interact with the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of target mRNAs to induce mRNA degradation and translational repression

miscarriage

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 08:50:49 +0000

miscarriage see also: * vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy * 2nd trimester miscarriage * ectopic pregnancy * pregnancy and risks of fetal loss * Rh isoimmunisation and Anti-D prophylaxis * Western Health early pregnancy assessment service (EPAS) referral process * DOH Victoria Guidelines on Mx of bleeding in early pregnancy 2011 (pdf) * patient information sheets: * Western Health ED - early pregnancy loss - Vietnamese version introduction * miscarriage is a common problem, occu…

2nd trimester miscarriage

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Apr 2019 13:22:31 +0000

2nd trimester miscarriage see also: * miscarriage * vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy Introduction * whilst 1 in 5 pregnancies do result in miscarriage, the vast majority of these occur in the 1st trimester * only 0.5-1% of pregnancies will result in a miscarriage in the 2nd trimester between 13-20 weeks

misoprostol

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 11 Sep 2013 07:16:19 +0000

misoprostol see also: * miscarriage introduction * synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1 * induces contractions of the smooth muscle fibers in the myometrium and relaxation of the uterine cervix. * the uterotonic properties of misoprostol should facilitate cervical opening and evacuation of intrauterine debris and is commonly used in Australia

Molluscum contagiosum

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Jan 2009 12:58:02 +0000

Molluscum contagiosum see also viruses * RCH guideline - molluscum * RCH patient fact sheet - molluscum contagiosum (pdf)

monkeypox / mpox (MPVX)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 08 Apr 2025 01:11:23 +0000

monkeypox / mpox (MPVX) see also: * viruses * * In Victoria, monkeypox is an urgent notifiable condition, in accordance with Victorian statutory requirements. Introduction * a member of the poxviridae virus family (as with smallpox (SPX)) and immune responses to this family of DNA viruses generally demonstrate cross-reactivity across the various viruses

monocytosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 12 Aug 2013 15:22:57 +0000

monocytosis see also: * full blood examination (FBE) * neutrophilia * lymphocytosis * lymphopenia * lymphadenopathy introduction aetiology * recovery phase of neutropenia or an acute infection * chronic inflammation such as tuberculosis (TB), syphilis, sbe, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), sarcoidosis * lymphoma * chronic myelomonocytic (CMML) or monocytic leukaemia

morphine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Aug 2011 11:21:43 +0000

morphine see also opiates and opioids Dosage * IV bolus: 0.1-0.15mg/kg (usually 2.5mg titrated boluses for adults up to 10-15mg) * Infusion: 0.02-0.08mg/kg/hr * IM: 10mg (adults) 4h prn * maintenance of GA in an intubated patient: * usually an infusion of midazolam combined with morphine

mottled skin (livedo reticularis)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 04 Aug 2025 10:46:09 +0000

mottled skin (livedo reticularis) see also: * dermatology Introduction * mottled skin (also known as livedo reticularis) is generally pale cool skin with a reticular pattern of venous congestion, usually of all limbs - not just hands and feet as with Raynaud's phenomenon Aetiology

mouthwashes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 03:24:53 +0000

mouthwashes see also: * dental introduction * in general, mouthwashes should only be used for a short period of time to avoid adverse effects, and should never be the sole means of oral hygiene. chlorhexidine gluconate * a cationic bis-guanide with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity

mouth ulcers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 05:54:49 +0000

mouth ulcers see also: * dermatology differential diagnoses apthous ulcers * DermNetNZ * also known as aphthous stomatitis * oval or round ulcers usually on the inside of lips, cheeks or under the tongue where the mucosa is not tightly bound to underlying bone.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 11 Oct 2025 23:43:15 +0000

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) see also: * radiology Australian Medicare rebated referrals * initially Medicare would only cover MRI referred by specialists * GPs CAN refer for MRI in those over age 16yrs for a very restricted range of cases: * MRI brain - unexplained seizures or unexplained chronic headache with suspected intracranial pathology

multiple sclerosis (MS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 20 May 2025 08:22:18 +0000

multiple sclerosis (MS) for an overview of the neurological assessment see: * neurology introduction * an auto-immune disorder of the central nervous system * untreated MS results in significant physical disability during the prime of life for many with the disease

mumps

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 12 Jun 2016 22:07:38 +0000

mumps see also: * viruses introduction * once a very common paediatric viral infection primarily causing swollen bilateral parotid salivary glands, although some developed epididymo-orchitis, meningitis or pancreatitis * now very uncommon in countries with high levels of vaccination * caused by Rubulavirus which is within the genus Paramyxovirus and is a member of the family

mushroom poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 27 Dec 2025 21:25:52 +0000

mushroom poisoning see also: * psilocybin (magic mushrooms) * Fungimap * FungiOz * * Erowid.org psychoactive mushrooms and plants Introduction * inadvertent ingestion of poisonous mushrooms is a relative common event in Autumn * unfortunately in Australia, ingestion of potentially fatal death cap mushrooms (mainly found under oak trees) do tend to occur each A…

Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 09 Dec 2022 00:20:16 +0000

Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) see also: * zoonoses * viruses * Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) * Ross River virus (RRV) * Barmah Forest virus (BFV) * Introduction * a flavivirus related to Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and dengue fever transmitted by female mosquitoes mainly along the Murray River region in Australia but it is native to northern Australia * there is no person to p…

myasthenia gravis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 10 Oct 2018 06:44:42 +0000

myasthenia gravis see also: * neurology * Vic Govt notes * Introduction * an autoimmune condition, which, in the early stages, mostly affects the muscles that control eye movement, facial expression, chewing and swallowing. As the condition progresses, neck and limb muscles may also be affected, causing difficulty with holding the head up, walking upstairs and raising the arms, and later breathing may be affected.

mycobacteria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 May 2022 03:18:04 +0000

mycobacteria see also: * clinically important bacteria * Wikipedia Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) * includes M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and others * see tuberculosis (TB) Mycobacterium leprae * the main organism responsible for leprosy (Hansen's disease). * It was discovered in 1873 by the Norwegian physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen, who was searching for the bacteria in the skin nodules of patients with leprosy. It was the first bacterium to be identified as causing diseas…

mycoplasma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 11 Jul 2022 08:49:45 +0000

mycoplasma see also: * clinically important bacteria introduction * a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall around their cell membrane and thus are not affected by penicillins or cephalosporins * usual antibiotic Rx are with macrolide antibiotics but resistance is increasing * if a patient does not respond appropriately to a macrolide, a fluoroquinolone should be added to the treatment regimen

myelofibrosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 24 Nov 2014 10:12:48 +0000

myelofibrosis introduction * a myeloproliferative disorder in which the proliferation of an abnormal type of bone marrow stem cell results in the replacement of the marrow with collagenous connective tissue fibers and thus fibrosis * mainly in those over 50 years age * associated with activation of the Janus kinase pathway resulting in increased signalling in some cytokines and growth factors involved in haematopoiesis and immune functions

multiple myeloma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Mar 2026 07:27:33 +0000

multiple myeloma see also: * oncology * immunoglobulins * serum electrophoresis * hypercalcaemia introduction * multiple myeloma is the second most prevalent blood cancer (10%) after non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. * It represents approximately 1% of all cancers and 2% of all cancer deaths. * the lifetime risk of getting MM in the USA is 1 in 161

myeloproliferative disorders

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 24 Nov 2014 10:00:19 +0000

myeloproliferative disorders see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * Janus kinase inhibitors introduction * myeloproliferative disorders are a heterogenous group of at least 4 chronic disorders characterized by cellular proliferation of 1 or more hematologic cell lines in the peripheral blood, distinct from acute

myocarditis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 10 Dec 2025 20:25:46 +0000

myocarditis see also: * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED * acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) * aortic dissection * pulmonary embolism (PE) * pericarditis * cardiomyopathy * LVF or APO * cardiogenic shock * cardiac tamponade * hyperthyroidism * 2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of myocarditis and pericarditis: Developed by the task force for the management of myocarditis and pericarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Introduction * myocar…

myopathy / myositis / muscle aches and pains

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 20 Oct 2013 00:50:28 +0000

myopathy / myositis / muscle aches and pains see also: * polymyositis (PM) * dermatomyositis * rhabdomyolysis * weakness of the lower limb(s) / weak in the knees * sepsis / septicaemia introduction * patients with acute onset generalised aches and pains should be initially worked up to exclude underlying sepsis / septicaemia, even if they are afebrile (consider WCC, CRP, blood cultures, etc) or viraemia such as

N-acetyle cysteine (Parvolex)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:46:04 +0000

N-acetyle cysteine (Parvolex) see also: * paracetamol overdose * while patients are on Parvolex infusions, pathology investigations which utilise Trinder-like reaction analyses may give falsely low results - examples are lipids, uric acid and lactate. * anaphylactoid reactions most likely in high iv administration rates with low serum paracetamol levels

Naegleria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 02 Mar 2023 22:17:28 +0000

Naegleria see also: * parasites * * MJA 2016 article: Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in North Queensland introduction * Naegleria fowleri is an aerobic amoeba which lives in waters at temperatures above 25degC (eg. thermal springs) and can cause rare fatal encephalitis (primary meningoencephalitis (PAM) ) if the 10-35 micron trophozoites gain access to nasal mucosa of humans - such as with playing, swimming, underwater diving i…

Sodium bicarbonate

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 03 Nov 2008 04:22:28 +0000

Sodium bicarbonate see also sodium physiology, acid-base pathophysiology IV sodium bicarbonate * 8.4% sodium bicarbonate: * 8.4g per 100ml = 100mmol of sodium and 100mmol of bicarbonate per 100ml = 1mEq/ml * usual iv bolus dose: * 1mmol/kg = 1ml/kg Clinical usage of iv sodium bicarbonate

non-accidental injury (NAI)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 06:41:46 +0000

non-accidental injury (NAI) see also: * paediatric limb fractures other resources * Patterns of skeletal fractures in child abuse: systematic review. BMJ 2008 Oct 2; Hosted on NICS blog

naloxone (Narcan)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 07 Nov 2017 04:23:36 +0000

naloxone (Narcan) see also: * opiate and opioid antagonists * opiates and opioids * heroin or other opiate overdose * methadone overdose Introduction * naloxone is an opiate antagonist used to reverse the respiratory depressant effects of opiates and opioids such as heroin * it has a short half life of 60-90 minutes which is much shorter than most opiates and thus there is a risk of rebound respiratory depression once it has worn off, and risk of death

naltrexone

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 May 2014 04:51:55 +0000

naltrexone see also: * opiate and opioid antagonists * Mx of severe acute opiate withdrawal due to inappropriate use of naltrexone * opiates and opioids introduction * naltrexone is a long acting opioid receptor antagonist used in addiction medicine * it should NOT be used in opiate-dependent persons within 7-10 days of last opiate dose otherwise there is a high risk of a severe, potentially life threatening acute opiate withdrawal reaction.

Nappy rash

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 27 Sep 2008 03:46:01 +0000

Nappy rash * RCH guideline - nappy rash

narcolepsy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 20 Feb 2010 09:42:29 +0000

narcolepsy see also: * insomnia introduction * narcolepsy is a disorder that sparks sudden daytime bouts of tiredness or sleep * it seems that narcolepsy is caused by auto-antibodies which target the protein Trib2 which is produced by neurons that also secrete the substance

nasal obstruction

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 05 Feb 2019 21:56:48 +0000

nasal obstruction see also: * noisy breathing Introduction * nasal obstruction is usually transient due to rhinitis may there are less common causes and more chronic causes * it may cause stertor and snoring Aetiology * adenoid hypertrophy * congested nose / rhinitis * nasal polyps

nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 08 Jun 2021 04:35:18 +0000

nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs see also: * pathology Introduction * nasal swabs may be either: * “deep nasal” * only pass 2-3cm into the nose and are thus less “invasive”, more comfortable, less risky but for many infections are less sensitive for detecting the infection

nature exposure and benefits to health

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:16:18 +0000

nature exposure and benefits to health see also: * depression * anxiety * stress Introduction * it has been long known that “fresh air and sunshine” along with regular exercise, in particular, walking, are important to health and wellness * many studies are now showing there are important psychological and health benefits to getting out into nature

ncbi_esummary

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 19 Aug 2008 12:06:51 +0000

Here is a namespace for ncbi_esummary cache.

neck pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Apr 2019 00:05:29 +0000

neck pain see also: * non-traumatic upper neck pain * neckpain_lower * cervical disc prolapse - usually C5/6 with severe radicular neuropathic pain radiating down arm(s) * cervical spine injury * cervical lymphadenitis * acute neck stiffness may also be due to * meningeal irritation * meningitis * subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) * pleural irritation * pneumonia * retropharyngeal abscess

non-traumatic upper neck pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 24 Apr 2019 23:34:06 +0000

non-traumatic upper neck pain see also: * neck pain * neckpain_lower Introduction * upper cervical pain is a relatively common condition in adults and is a common cause of cervicogenic headaches * there is usually focal tenderness and possibly trigger points and there may be worsening of the pain on ROM testing of the cervical spine

open wounds to neck

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 02 Jan 2026 21:54:09 +0000

open wounds to neck see also: * trauma * burns * soft tissue trauma Introduction * open wounds such as knife wounds to the neck which penetrate platysma are potentially life threatening with potential for vascular, trachea, oesophageal, nerve injury as well as pneumothorax, etc.

necrotizing fasciitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 03 Jul 2013 04:50:05 +0000

necrotizing fasciitis see also: * skin necrosis * cellulitis introduction * necrotizing fasciitis is a life or limb threatening, generally rapidly progressive infection of the fascia under the skin which soon results in purpura, cutaneous anaesthesia then skin necrosis due to ischaemia from interruption of the perforating arteries supplying the skin via the fascial layer

needlestick injury

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 20 Dec 2017 06:57:24 +0000

needlestick injury see also viruses, hepatitis, HIV / AIDS, antiviral agents * RCH guideline - needlestick injury Mx of adults with needlestick injury * for staff members, see your hospital's policy on Mx of needlestick injuries there is usually a pack to assist in managing staff. * for community acquired non-staff members

neonatal jaundice

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Aug 2013 09:05:14 +0000

neonatal jaundice see also: * Victorian Neonatal Handbook - Jaundice in the first two weeks of life, phototherapy * RCH guideline - neonatal jaundice * jaundice (icterus)

neonatal resuscitation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Oct 2023 06:16:07 +0000

neonatal resuscitation see also: * Neonates * Resuscitation * Dr Andrew Tagg's video on neonatal resuscitation * Victorian Neonatal Resuscitation Project learning packages * Flowchart (pdf) * * Safer Care Vic - neonatal intubation Apgar Scoring System: * not much help in resuscitation, however, an APGAR of 0 at 10 min has such a poor prognosis that further resuscitation attempts are generally considered futile and is a…

Neonates

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 Dec 2025 19:55:49 +0000

Neonates * RCH: Recognition of the seriously unwell neonate and young infant * nappy rash * jaundice (icterus)

neoplasia / cancer / tumours

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 27 Mar 2026 21:57:05 +0000

neoplasia / cancer / tumours see also: * tissue growth disorders * oncology * pathology * neoplasia / cancer aetiologic factors * neoplastic spread * cytotoxic agents * tumour markers * cachexia * specific tissue tumours: * oropharyngeal cancer * nasopharyngeal carcinoma * oesophageal cancer * stomach cancer * pancreatic cancer * gallbladder and bile duct tumours * hepatocellular carcinoma * colorectal cancer (bowel cancer) * Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP or "jelly be…

neoplasia / cancer aetiologic factors

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 16 Apr 2025 00:42:57 +0000

neoplasia / cancer aetiologic factors see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours introduction * carcinogenesis modifiable causes * 40% of cancers in adults are thought to be attributable to potentially modifiable lifestyle factors: * Cigarette smoking (19% of cases and 29% of cancer deaths)

neoplastic spread

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 29 Jan 2024 06:39:46 +0000

neoplastic spread see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours introduction * A dominant clone forms in tumours (selected by microevolutionary process) & this is the sole clone is present in the tumour & in metastases but there may be phenotypic heterogeneity with different receptors, etc. expressed.

adrenal tumours

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 07 Oct 2020 01:19:04 +0000

adrenal tumours see also: * renal malignancies * neoplasia / cancer / tumours introduction * 0.6-1.3% of CT scans of the abdomen reveal an incidental adrenal mass - the incidentaloma * adrenal masses are present on autopsy of 1.4-9% of people who were not known to have adrenal disease with a rate of 2% in younger adults, rising to 8-10% in the elderly

gallbladder and bile duct tumours

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 27 Mar 2026 22:32:12 +0000

gallbladder and bile duct tumours see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * pancreatic cancer Introduction * gallbladder cancers are rare and often diagnosed late with poor prognoses * bile duct cancers (cholangiocarcinomas) are often small, difficult to reach and surrounded by inflammation or scar tissue, standard biopsy and cytology methods often fail to give clear diagnosis hence new biomarkers such as BiliSeq have been developed to improve diagnosis sensitivity from below 50% to ove…

bladder cancer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 24 Jun 2023 10:44:34 +0000

bladder cancer see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * Introduction * prevalence appears to be falling * lifetime risk: 1 in 28 men, 1 in 91 women * 90% are aged over 55yrs with average age at diagnosis being 73 yrs Risk factors * smoking * linear relationship between pack years and bladder cancer incidence and peak effect is at 15 cigarettes per day

primary brain tumours

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 08 Jan 2026 22:33:52 +0000

primary brain tumours see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * brain evolution and development * arachnoid cysts * CT brain Introduction * most primary brain tumours are meningiomas or gliomas * 6% of all malignant primary brain tumours are lymphomas Meningiomas * tumours arising from arachnoidal cap cells in the meninges *

breast cancer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 10 Jun 2024 09:27:57 +0000

breast cancer see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * US National Cancer Institute - breast cancer prevention, aetiology and genetics introduction * risk factors * breast cancer risk calculator * PH carcinoma-in-situ or carcinoma of breast: * ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) are at increased risk * if a woman has had breast cancer, her risk of developing a second primary breast cancer is 2-6 times the risk seen in the general population of d…

cervical cancer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Oct 2009 23:51:38 +0000

cervical cancer see also: * human papilloma virus (HPV) * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * oncology * wikipedia introduction * 500,000 cases world-wide annually * 2nd most common gynaecologic malignancy and is essentially a sexually transmitted disease * in the early 20th century it was noted that cervical cancer is rare in Jewish women who only have Jewish men as partners, and is rare in virginal nuns, but common in 2nd wives of men whose first wife died from cervical cancer.

colorectal cancer (bowel cancer)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 28 Jan 2026 10:43:05 +0000

colorectal cancer (bowel cancer) see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (LAMN) * risk factors * see * Australians born after 1990 have twice the risk of colon cancer than those born in 1950, and 4x the risk of rectal cancer - similar trends in many other countries - but the cause of this is not…

stomach cancer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Jan 2026 22:35:08 +0000

stomach cancer see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * introduction * 2nd most common cause of cancer-related death in the world * remains difficult to cure as most present late * 14th most common cancer in Western cultures and ranks about 7th in cancer causes of mortality, and median age at Dx is around 70yrs, with 25% present with localized disease, 31% with regional disease, 32% with metastatic disease

hepatocellular carcinoma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 22 Aug 2025 23:49:36 +0000

hepatocellular carcinoma see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * cirrhosis * hepatitis Introduction * globally, liver cancer is the 5th most common cancer in men, and the 7th most common in women * 80-90% have cirrhosis as the main risk factor * it is rare < 40 years age, and reaches a peak at 70 years age

Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (LAMN)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 May 2022 07:57:03 +0000

Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (LAMN) see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * colorectal cancer (bowel cancer) Introduction * a rare adenoma malignancies of the appendix (0.4-1% of GIT neoplasms but prevalence rising in Western countries by 3% per annum) with symptoms varying depending on the clinical manifestations

lung cancer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 06:11:43 +0000

lung cancer see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * palliative care * lung lesions introduction * the vast majority of primary lung cancers are carcinomas which are divided into: * non small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) - accounts for 80% * small cell carcinoma (SMLC) “oat cell” - accounts for 17%

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 15 Feb 2025 01:00:15 +0000

nasopharyngeal carcinoma see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT) * oropharyngeal cancer Introduction * nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a rare cancer of the naso-pharyngeal region * there are 3 main sub types: * type 1: SCC - mainly older adults * type 2: non-keratinizing carcinoma *

oesophageal cancer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 13 Sep 2025 07:52:11 +0000

oesophageal cancer see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours introduction * the most common tumours of the oesophagus are primary oesophageal tumours - in Australia, over 70% are SCC, the remainder are adenocarcinoma. * survival is still poor, particularly if late diagnosis as metastatic disease at diagnosis reducing 12 month survival rates to a third of those with local disease only.

oropharyngeal cancer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:59:51 +0000

oropharyngeal cancer see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * human papilloma virus (HPV) * nasopharyngeal carcinoma introduction * 0.7% of men will develop oropharyngeal cancer (prior to widespread HPV vaccination) * there appears to be 2 distinct groups of oropharyngeal cancer: * HPV infection (mainly HPV type 16) related: * now accounts for ~70% of oropharyngeal cancers

ovarian tumours

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 Feb 2026 00:17:23 +0000

ovarian tumours see also: * gynaecology * the patient with an adnexal mass * oncology introduction * ovarian tumours occur in all stages of a woman's life, from childhood, when they are mostly disgerminomas, through the reproductive age, when functional cysts predominate, to menopause when up to 30% of all ovarian tumours are borderline or malignant.

pancreatic cancer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 05 Jun 2025 02:27:11 +0000

pancreatic cancer see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * pancreatitis Introduction * “pancreatic cancer” usually refers to adenocarcinoma of the exocrine pancreatic ducts which accounts for 85% of all pancreatic neoplasia * 95% of all malignant pancreatic tumours arise from the exocrine pancreas and are pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC), many of these develop from a precursor lesion called pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN)

prostate cancer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 09 Nov 2024 19:39:37 +0000

prostate cancer see also: * urology * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * prostate specific antigen (PSA) * benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) introduction * typically a disease of men over age 50 years, but those at risk tend to be advised screening from age 40 years * localised cancer is usually asymptomatic and is usually discovered by the detection of a nodule on rectal examination, or finding an elevated

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP or "jelly belly")

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 16 Nov 2025 08:11:20 +0000

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP or "jelly belly") see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours Introduction * pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare slowly growing mucin-producing tumor in the abdomen and pelvis which often starts in the appendix but can also rarely arise from mucinous tumors of other sites such as the colon, stomach, pancreas, lung, breast, gallbladder, fallopian tubes, or ovaries

renal malignancies

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 02:17:17 +0000

renal malignancies see also: * renal masses and cysts * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * renal medicine (nephrology) * wikipedia - RCC introduction * most malignant tumours of the kidney in adults are renal cell carcinoma * the other main primary cancer in adults is urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the renal pelvis (transitional cell carcinoma or TCC)

skin cancer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Jan 2026 22:13:48 +0000

skin cancer see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * melanoma Introduction * 95% and 99% of skin cancers in Australia are caused by exposure to the sun * the average age at diagnosis for non-melanoma skin cancers in Australia is 76 years old * melanomas and BCCs can occur in young adults

testicular tumours

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 05:45:39 +0000

testicular tumours see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * acute scrotal pain or swelling Introduction * onset most commonly occurs in males 20 to 34 years old, rarely before 15 years old * most are now highly treatable and usually curable even if spread has occurred * more than 95% of testicular cancers are germ cell tumors (GCTs)

thyroid cancer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 25 Oct 2021 02:03:12 +0000

thyroid cancer see also: * thyroid physiology and hormones * hyperthyroidism * Mx of a low TSH * thyroid storm * Graves disease * thyroiditis * neoplasia / cancer / tumours Introduction * most commonly is diagnosed between the ages of 35 and 65yrs * women 3x more affected than men * those of Asian descent have higher prevalence * most present as a thyroid nodule or an enlarged lymph node

uterine cancer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Mar 2026 21:29:22 +0000

uterine cancer see also: * menorrhagia / PV bleeding * cervical cancer * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * gynaecology risk factors * overall risk for all women is 3% * genetic: * FH increases risk * hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC or Lynch syndrome) have 70% chance of endometrial cancer * most cases are caused by a defect in either the mismatch repair gene MLH1 or the gene MSH2

vulval cancer

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Oct 2009 22:37:48 +0000

vulval cancer see also: * human papilloma virus (HPV) * cervical cancer * oncology introduction * like cervical cancer, vulval carcinoma is associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection * striking increase in vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) since 1980 with the median age of presentation falling to the mid-30's * at least 2/3rds of these women smoke cigarettes

nephrocalcinosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 06:09:12 +0000

nephrocalcinosis see also: * renal colic * urolithiasis / renal stones / renal calculi Introduction * Medullary nephrocalcinosis is a condition characterized by the deposition of calcium salts in the renal medulla and is usually detected by the finding of renal medullary hyperechogenicity on USS or CT scans.

nephrotic syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 05 Aug 2022 22:54:33 +0000

nephrotic syndrome see also: * renal medicine * haematuria * glomerulonephritis (GN) * RCH guideline - nephrotic syndrome * Amer. Family Phys. 2016: Diagnosis and Management of Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults aetiology * glomerulonephritis (GN) - 80% of cases * metabolic causes: * diabetes mellitus * amyloidosis * lymphoma * neoplasia / cancer / tumours esp. lung cancer * multiple myeloma * dermatoses * HbS * myxoedema * collagen vascular disorders eg. systemic lupus er…

Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 27 May 2015 05:06:21 +0000

Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system see also: Anatomy main index; autonomic dysfunction and autonomic neuropathy Parasympathetic (P/S): * NB. No P/S fibres to limbs, gonads or suprarenal glands! Efferent fibres: Cranial * III: pregang. bodies in E-W oculomotor nuclei -> ciliary ganglion; * VII: pregang. bodies in inf & sup. salivary nuclei

nerve agents / nerve gases / CBR weapons

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 01 Sep 2020 03:07:16 +0000

nerve agents / nerve gases / CBR weapons see also: * toxicology * polonium poisoning * Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Introduction * man-made chemical agents which primarily affect the nervous system in a similar manner to many pesticides * they are generally liquid at room temperature, can mix with water and evaporate readily to odorless or near-odorless vapors which are heavier than air

local anaesthesia nerve blocks

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 23 Sep 2022 09:30:30 +0000

local anaesthesia nerve blocks see also: * local anaesthetic agents * fascia lata / fascia iliacus nerve block * femoralNblock *

neuritin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 Nov 2023 13:00:21 +0000

neuritin see also: * immunoglobulins Introduction * neuritin, also known as Cpg15, is a highly conserved neuropeptide identified in a 1993 screen for activity-regulated genes in the hippocampus dentate gyrus * it regulates synaptic plasticity, neurite growth, neuronal migration, and survival

neuroanatomy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 29 Apr 2016 06:39:33 +0000

neuroanatomy see also: * neurology * 2016: where words are stored * words appear to be stored in over 100 areas of the brain, spread across both the left and right hemispheres * individual words actually appear in multiple spots across the brain map, and a single point can be related to more than one word

neuroleptics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 26 Jul 2011 08:50:32 +0000

neuroleptics see also: * neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) * phenothiazines * chlorpromazine (Largactil) * prochlorperazine (Stemetil) * haloperidol * droperidol (Droleptan)

neurology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 22 Sep 2024 06:00:41 +0000

neurology see also: * neurosurgery * psychiatry and mental health * neuroanatomy * neurology / acute stroke services at Western Health neurologic examination: * cranial nerve examination * sensory & motor testing including dermatomes, myotomes, reflexes, coordination & balance * sandnsurf.com - Gate's anatomy of the brainstem rules * cognitive testing: * cognition * mental state - delirium vs dementia vs psychosis * AMTS cognitive impairment test * CAM confusion assessment te…

neuropathic pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 11 Jul 2025 06:34:10 +0000

neuropathic pain see also: * pain, analgesia and analgesics * sensory & motor testing including dermatomes, myotomes, reflexes, coordination & balance * Addiction medicine - drug and alcohol * Pain Management Research Unit, Sydney neuropathic pain modulators types of neuropathic pain include: * diabetic neuropathy - pain in feet/ankles in up to 15% of diabetics * post-herpetic neuralgia - 7-27% with past herpes zoster & incidence increases with age

neurosurgery

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 25 May 2020 01:46:16 +0000

neurosurgery see also: * neurology * head injury in the adult patient * cervical spine injury * thoracic spine trauma * lumbar spine trauma * cauda equina syndrome (CES) * acute spinal cord compression * intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) in adults * subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) * The patient with a V-P shunt (VPS) * neurosurgery at Western health

neurotrophins

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 22 Feb 2014 00:45:22 +0000

neurotrophins see also: * nerve growth factor (NGF) - binds TrkA receptor * brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) - binds TrkB and p75 receptors * Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) - binds TrkC receptor as well as TrkA, TrkB to a lesser extent * Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4)

neutropenia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:49:15 +0000

neutropenia see also: * febrile neutropenia * defined as as temperature > 38ºC and absolute neutrophil count < 0.5 × 109/L or <1.0 x 109/L and falling rapidly * full blood examination (FBE) * eosinopenia * basophilopenia introduction * usually defined as absolute neutrophil count < 0.5 × 109/L (aka agranulocytosis) * it is important as the risk of serious bacterial infection increases as the neutrophil count falls below this level.

neutrophilia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 03 Aug 2023 07:30:37 +0000

neutrophilia see also: * full blood examination (FBE) * neutropenia * neutrophils * leukocytosis (high WCC) * eosinophilia * lymphocytosis * remember age-specific reference ranges! * total WBC and neutrophil count in neonates younger than 1 week are physiologically higher than those of older children and adults * infants < 3 months old have small pool of neutrophils and thus often present with

neutrophils

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 10 Dec 2025 20:13:56 +0000

neutrophils see also: * full blood examination (FBE) * neutropenia * neutrophilia * innate immunity * lymphocytes Introduction * neutrophils are the dominant phagocytic granulocyte, representing up to 60% of all circulating leukocytes and play a key role in the acute stress response and innate immunity and have roles in combating infections from bacteria in particular, but also some viruses

nerve growth factor (NGF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 22 Feb 2014 00:59:58 +0000

nerve growth factor (NGF) see also: * neurotrophins * NGF on wikipedia introduction * NGF is critical for the survival and maintenance of sympathetic and sensory neurons, without it, these neurons undergo apoptosis * causes axonal growth and branching * induces expression of VGF Nerve Growth Factor-inducible

nasogastric tube insertion

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 18 Dec 2014 04:53:03 +0000

nasogastric tube insertion see also: * Western Health policies (intranet): * Adult Nasogastric Tube (NGT) Insertion and Management (docx) * WH neonatal and paediatric NGT insertion and management (docx) NGT insertion * in the ED, a Ryles NGT is the tube most likely to be available: * it is a wide bore tube available in 10F, 12F, 14F and 16F sizes * it can be used for up to 2 weeks

nicotine and nicotine replacement Rx for smokers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:54:18 +0000

nicotine and nicotine replacement Rx for smokers Introduction * patients attending hospitals who do not have C/I should be offered at least temporary nicotine replacement Rx whilst they are in hospital to reduce nicotine withdrawal agitation and requests to go outside for a smoke

night club medicine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Jul 2021 07:29:36 +0000

night club medicine * see also: * toxicology * novel psychoactive substances (NPS) introduction * in many cities, the dangers of night clubbing - both traumatic from accidental or criminal events, burns from major fires and pharmacological from the increasing use of both old and new drugs - is becoming a major issue for communities and emergency departments and fuelling the need for development of

non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 14 Apr 2011 06:23:16 +0000

non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) see noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV or NIPPV)

nitrates including GTN

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 27 May 2020 06:16:13 +0000

nitrates including GTN see also: * vasodilators * acute pulmonary oedema (APO) * acute coronary syndromes * nitrate and nitrate toxicity / overdose * Western Health policies (intranet only): * Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) Infusion protocol (docx) * Medicated Transdermal Patches - Safe Management (docx) introduction * nitrates are direct-acting vasodilators acting on veins primarily at low dose, and also on arteries at higher doses, resulting in: * reduced pre-load on the heart and …

nitrofurantoin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Dec 2014 06:54:09 +0000

nitrofurantoin see also: * antibiotics * urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis introduction * nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic used in the short term Rx of urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis and is generally regarded as a 4th line antibiotic after trimethoprim, cephalexin, and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid * it is active against Gram positive and Gram negative urinary tract pathogens, particularly E. coli, but Ps. aeruginosa and some Klebsiella, Aerobacter and Proteus strains a…

sodium nitroprusside

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Oct 2013 07:14:42 +0000

sodium nitroprusside see also: * vasodilators * antihypertensives introduction * potent, rapid direct-acting that greatly reduces arterial blood pressure * relaxes both venous and arterial circulation * half-life of nitroprusside is 2 minutes (metabolised to cyanide by eryythrocytes then to thiocyanate in the liver)

nitrous oxide

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 24 Jan 2026 22:11:39 +0000

nitrous oxide see also: * toxicology * pain, analgesia and analgesics Introduction * a commonly used anesthetic, inhaled analgesic agent * also readily available to the public as used to inflate balloons and in whipping cream and thus is subject to chronic abuse * commonly abused in the form of nangs which are small canisters of nitrous oxide designed to make cream fluffy and long-lasting

non-invasive ventilation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Jul 2014 09:27:00 +0000

non-invasive ventilation see also: * oxygen * hypoxia * rapid sequence induction (RSI) for emergency intubation * noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV or NIPPV) * the LTV 1200 ventilator

neuro-muscular blockers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 Aug 2016 11:04:58 +0000

neuro-muscular blockers see also: * anaesthetics introduction * neuro-muscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are those that paralyse muscle activity by blocking normal transmission at the neuro-muscular junctions of skeletal muscle. * there are two main groups of agents:

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and NMDA receptors (NMDAR)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 16 Feb 2025 22:45:28 +0000

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and NMDA receptors (NMDAR) see also: * neurology * ketamine Introduction * NMDA is an amino acid derivative that acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor

neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 23 Dec 2019 05:56:28 +0000

neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) see also: * heat illness and heat stroke * anti-psychotic medications * toxicology * CMAJ. 2010 Dec 14; 182(18): E834–E838. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a neuroimmunologic hypothesis * Curr Neuropharmacol. 2015 May; 13(3): 395–406. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: A Review from a Clinically Oriented Perspective Introduction * see also serotonin syndrome (this link gives comparative DDx features) * this is a life threatening disorder in patients w…

fracture neck of femur (#NOF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:45:50 +0000

fracture neck of femur (#NOF) see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * hip pain * osteoporosis introduction * fracture NOF is a common ED presentation and timely recognition, analgesia, referral, ward admission for previon of decubitis ulcers, and care of comorbidities are required to ensure early surgery (preferably within 36 hours) which is required if one wishes to avoid increased risk of morbidity or mortality.

noisy breathing

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 05 Feb 2019 21:48:36 +0000

noisy breathing see also: * stridor * wheeze * stertor * snoring * obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) * Stridor vs Wheeze vs Stertor and snoring in children (pdf) Introduction * noise during breathing can be of various types depending upon whether awake or asleep and on where the airway obstruction arises * wheeze is primarily an expiratory musical sound coming from the lungs but may become biphasic and is usually caused by

noradrenaline / norepinephrine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Jul 2019 07:10:54 +0000

noradrenaline / norepinephrine see also: * inotropes * sympathomimetics * Safer Care Victoria - Norepinephrine introduction * noradrenaline is the preferred 1st line vasopressor in Mx of sepsis / septicaemia not responding to iv fluid therapy * an endogenous sympathomimetic agent, its main action is as a alpha-1 agonist with beta-1 agonist actions and little beta-2 agonist actions (thus no skeletal muscle vasodilation nor the glucose metabolism effects as with adrenaline)

norovirus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 15 Jun 2019 10:25:44 +0000

norovirus see also: * gastroenteritis * diarrhoea * food poisoning * viruses Introduction * one of the most common causes of acute gastroenteritis (18% of global cases), and presents as sudden onset vomiting and diarrhoea * it is highly contagious and is more common in winter * outbreaks occur in residential care facilities, hospitals, schools and child care centres

novel psychoactive substances (NPS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 02 Jun 2023 00:19:48 +0000

novel psychoactive substances (NPS) * see also: * toxicology * night club medicine Introduction * many of these drugs are transient on the marketplace * in 2021, the Victorian Coroner had identified 5 recent cases of deaths from 25C-NBOme and 5-flouroamphetamine with the victims thinking they were taking ecstasy or psilocybin.

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 21 Feb 2020 23:22:56 +0000

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) see also eicosanoids including prostaglandins, pain, analgesia and analgesics, salicylate poisoning, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), colchicine introduction * NSAIDs are a group of drugs which have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects via their inhibitory action upon cyclooxygenase (COX) which is involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins.

nystagmus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 22 May 2021 06:52:16 +0000

nystagmus see also: * vertigo - peripheral vs central Introduction * with normal eyesight, while the head rotates about an axis, distant visual images are sustained by rotating eyes in the opposite direction of the respective axis * the semicircular canals in the vestibule of the ear sense angular acceleration, and send signals to the nuclei for eye movement in the brain.

musical beat perception

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 17 Jun 2022 00:51:13 +0000

musical beat perception see also: * neurology Introduction * Moving in synchrony to a musical beat encompasses: * beat perception and extraction * beat perception and production do not depend on musical training or music genre, and atypical beat synchronization is not linked to lack of music exposure

cognition

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 26 Aug 2019 22:59:49 +0000

cognition see also: * neurology * dementia * cognitive testing: * mental state - delirium vs dementia vs psychosis * AMTS cognitive impairment test * CAM confusion assessment test for diagnosis of delirium * Clock test - a measure of frontal and executive functioning and need for further dementia testing * Geriatric depression scale * Mini-mental state examination * Modified Mini-Cog Test * Differentiating conversion disorder from malingering * Western Health CPG 8.2 Cogni…

Conversion disorder

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 05 Nov 2008 00:29:14 +0000

Conversion disorder see neurology Suspected conversion disorder or malingering: * the diagnosis of a psychogenic disorder is always a diagnosis of exclusion conversion disorders: * pt is not aware of the lack of organic basis * symptoms may be brought on or altered by suggestion

delirium

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:33:43 +0000

delirium see also: * neurology * RANZCP: Practice Guideline 10, 2009, Antipsychotic medications as a treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia (pdf) * Australian and New Zealand Society for Geriatric Medicine. Position Statement 13. Delirium in Older People. Revised 2012. (pdf) introduction * delirium is common in elderly hospital inpatients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality * early recognition, investigation and management with appropriate i…

Autonomic dysfunction and autonomic neuropathy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Jul 2019 06:54:19 +0000

Autonomic dysfunction and autonomic neuropathy see also neurology; sympathomimetics; parasympathetics; anatomy of the autonomic nervous system Autonomic dysequilibrium: * The development of profound autonomic dysfunction and of neuroendocrine activation characterizes and possibly contributes to the progression of heart disease to congestive heart failure. Sympathetic activation is a generalized process and the proposed mechanisms for neurohumoral activation include decreased input from excit…

References for autonomic dysfunction

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 05 Nov 2008 01:06:25 +0000

References for autonomic dysfunction see autonomic dysfunction References * Autonomic Peripheral Neuropathies: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment.[Review]. Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease. 2(3):147-157, March 2001. * Autonomic neuropathy, I. Clinical features, investigation, pathophysiology, and treatment. [Review]. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 137(2):79-88, 1996 May.

Cranial nerve examination

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 05 Dec 2021 23:46:52 +0000

Cranial nerve examination see also: * neurology * anatomy of the autonomic nervous system * LITFL - the rule of 4 of the brainstem NB. Myasthenia gravis has the ability to mimic virtually any cranial neuropathy, including isolated third nerve palsies and INO. Myasthenia gravis must remain a possible diagnosis when encountering a third nerve palsy, especially when the course is variable or atypical.

sensory & motor testing including dermatomes, myotomes, reflexes, coordination & balance

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 23 Feb 2026 21:29:17 +0000

sensory & motor testing including dermatomes, myotomes, reflexes, coordination & balance see also: * neurology * touch * paraesthesiae or numbness * anatomy of the autonomic nervous system * Wikipedia: Dermatome chart * Wikipedia: innervation of upper limbs

facial nerve palsy / Bell's palsy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 16 Mar 2019 14:02:18 +0000

facial nerve palsy / Bell's palsy see also: * neurology * cranial nerve examination * Ramsay Hunt Syndrome * neuromuscular.wustl.edu - full list of DDx of facial N palsy, etc * * ER doctors get the clinical diagnosis of Bell's palsy correct in over 99% of cases without CT scanning patient information sheets * RCH - Bell's palsy (pdf) basic anatomy * see also:

HINTS exam for vertigo and stroke

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 23 Jan 2018 02:34:30 +0000

HINTS exam for vertigo and stroke see also: * ED Mx of stroke * vertigo - peripheral vs central * ED Mx of vertigo and BPV Introduction * HINTS is a 3-part neurologic exam designed to improve the sensitivity for detection of stroke in patients with acute vertigo / acute vestibular syndrome (AVS) compared with CT scanning and consists of:

insomnia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 24 Aug 2013 01:20:48 +0000

insomnia see also: * sleep hygiene * physiology of sleep * fatigue * managing jet lag and the body clock; * Coping with shift work * stress * psychiatry and mental health * sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics * narcolepsy Introduction: * see physiology of sleep for details on control of sleep, sleep requirements, etc. * consequences of acute sleep deprivation include: * impaired passive vigilance * impaired reaction time

Managing jet lag and your body clock

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 05:10:21 +0000

Managing jet lag and your body clock see also: insomnia; sleep hygiene; travel medicine; This article is a summary of The Lancet Vol 369 March 31, 2007 by Waterhouse et al. What is jet lag? * jet lag is a form of travel fatigue that results from the effects of a new time zone on an unadjusted body clock.

Mental state - delirium vs dementia vs psychosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 26 Jul 2011 07:12:06 +0000

Mental state - delirium vs dementia vs psychosis see also: * neurology * delirium * dementia Delirium Dementia Psychosis Onset Rapid Slow Rapid Pattern Fluctuating Fluctuating-stable Stable Oriented No Yes No Attention Disordered Normal Delusional Cognition

Modified Mini-Cog Test

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Apr 2010 11:03:00 +0000

Modified Mini-Cog Test see also: * neurology * Mini-mental state examination * Clock Drawing Test print out (pdf) Scoring tool max. pointspatient scoreorientation What is the (day of week) (year) (day or night) (last meal) (how long in hospital)? 5 Where are we? (city/state)(hospital)(floor) 3 registration:

Mini-mental state examination

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Apr 2010 10:26:00 +0000

Mini-mental state examination see also: * neurology * Modified Mini-Cog Test * Mini mental state calculator tool Introduction * see * Scores < 24 suggest a dementing illness but this test is insensitive for mild cognitive impairment and lacks diagnostic specificity for dementia and does not take into account levels of education, premorbid ability & other patient variables such as visual problems or poor English.

motor neurone disease (MND)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 30 Mar 2026 04:46:52 +0000

motor neurone disease (MND) see also: * Cranial nerve examination * Neuropathies * bulbar palsy and pseudobulbar palsy Introduction * a group of progressive neuronal degenerative diseases with generally poor prognosis * when one talks on MND, they are usually referring to ALS which is a type of motor neuron disease

Neuropathies

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 02 Oct 2017 13:13:35 +0000

Neuropathies see neurology Mononeuropathies: definition: * lesions of individual nerve bundles aetiology: * trauma, compression * causes that may result in more than one nerve affected (ie. mononeuritis multiplex): * acute (usually vascular): *

paraesthesiae or numbness

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 23 Sep 2024 05:13:14 +0000

paraesthesiae or numbness see also: * neurology * pruritus or itching * touch * pain introduction * numbness may be caused by a multitude of aetiologies ranging from central pathologies involving the brain or spinal cord, peripheral nerve pathologies either involving only one nerve or a number of them, or metabolic abnormalities such as hypocalcaemia or toxins.

peripheral neuropathy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 Oct 2024 08:24:34 +0000

peripheral neuropathy see also: * neurology * paraesthesiae or numbness aetiology * idiopathic * metabolic * diabetes mellitus * amyloidosis * acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) * chronic renal failure * dysproteinaemia * vitamin deficiency * B12 deficiency (subacute combined degeneration) * dietary * gastric causes of lack of intrinsic factor production impairing GIT absorption

restless legs syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 30 Oct 2024 13:05:29 +0000

restless legs syndrome see also insomnia; sleep hygiene introduction: * effects 5-15% of population with varying severity and effect of ability to get to sleep * can begin at any age * early onset suggests hereditary form (50% have a family history) * late onset suggests secondary cause

reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) / complex regional pain syndrome / causalgia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 19 Jun 2025 07:28:54 +0000

reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) / complex regional pain syndrome / causalgia see also: * neurology * erythromelalgia - episodic, chronic burning skin pain mainly feet but can affect hands, legs, arms, face * Vic. Better Health Channel - pt. info sheet - RSD introduction * types of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS):

Spinal cord syndromes and lesions

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 23 Sep 2024 05:14:37 +0000

Spinal cord syndromes and lesions see also: * neurology * sensory & motor testing including dermatomes, myotomes, reflexes, coordination & balance * acute spinal cord compression * spinal cord ischaemia / spinal TIA * acute thoracic back pain in the adult Arterial supply of the cord: * see spinal cord ischaemia / spinal TIA 2 main sources: * paired vertebral arteries form the rostral origin of: * single anterior spinal artery * runs the entire length of cord in midline supplies…

acute spinal cord compression

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 24 Sep 2018 13:21:46 +0000

acute spinal cord compression see also: * neurology * neurosurgery * oncology * spinal stenosis * cauda equina syndrome (CES) * spinal cord syndromes and lesions * sensory & motor testing including dermatomes, myotomes, reflexes, coordination & balance Acute spinal cord compression: common tumours: * breast carcinoma * lung carcinoma * NHL & Hodgkin's lymphoma * multiple myeloma * prostate carcinoma summary: * 65% thoracic, 20% lumbosacral spine, 15% cervical

AMTS cognitive impairment test

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 30 Oct 2008 02:52:34 +0000

AMTS cognitive impairment test see also neurology General points * Ensure the patient is wearing glasses and/or hearing aids if required and assess the need for an interpreter. * Daily testing may be indicated during hospital admission * The abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS) provides a reliable screen for patients with a high suspicion index for cognitive impairment with noted problems in memory and thinking /speech.

CAM confusion assessment test for diagnosis of delirium

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Apr 2010 11:05:00 +0000

CAM confusion assessment test for diagnosis of delirium see also: * neurology * delirium General points * Ensure the patient is wearing glasses and/or hearing aids if required and assess the need for an interpreter. * Daily testing may be indicated during hospital admission

Clock test

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Apr 2010 11:09:00 +0000

Clock test see also: * neurology * Clock Drawing Test print out (pdf) General points * Ensure the patient is wearing glasses and/or hearing aids if required and assess the need for an interpreter. * the clock test is a test of frontal and executive functioning and assess the need for further cognitive testing and screen for dementia.

Geriatric depression scale

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 17 Jun 2019 14:52:18 +0000

Geriatric depression scale see also: * geriatrics * neurology * depression General points * Score 1 point for each positive response * A score of 3 or more may be indicative of a depressive disorder and a more detailed assessment is required Geriatric depression scale questions

vertigo - peripheral vs central

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 16 Sep 2018 08:00:02 +0000

vertigo - peripheral vs central see also * neurology * examination of cranial nerves * ataxia * stroke (CVA) * transient ischaemic attack (TIA) * ED Mx of vertigo including BPV instructions peripheral vs central vs systemic cause peripheral vertigo features * see HINTS exam for vertigo and stroke nystagmus characteristics * horizontal or horizontorotary (esp. Meniere's which can last for hours) *

acute weird neurology symptoms

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 07 Jul 2016 09:29:27 +0000

acute weird neurology symptoms see also: * neurology introduction * sometimes patients present with neurologic symptoms which don't fit simple single anatomic neurology pattern * usual neurology patterns are those such as: * stroke patterns * Spinal cord syndromes and lesions * Neuropathies * peripheral neuropathy * myasthenia gravis *

the obese patient in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 22 Mar 2023 22:16:01 +0000

the obese patient in the ED see also: * obesity and weight management * lipoedema * the bariatric patient in the ED * steatohepatitis (fatty liver) introduction * the obese patient with a BMI > 30 who presents to ED: * is ~15% more likely to have a failed iv cannulation * is twice as likely to have an AXR ordered * is 30% more likely to have cardiac enzymes ordered

obesity and weight management

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 24 Dec 2025 04:20:10 +0000

obesity and weight management * the obese patient in the ED * lipoedema * steatohepatitis (fatty liver) * diabetes mellitus * adipokines and adipose-derived hormones * carbohydrates and sugars * Victoria health Pathways Mx of obesity * RCH guideline - obesity and weight management Introduction * obesity is a complex major increasing global health issue * there are 3 types of fat cells: * white fat cells found in white adipose tissue (WAT) which serve mainly as energy reserves

Obstetrics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 Aug 2019 06:35:39 +0000

Obstetrics * Drugs in pregnancy and lactation/breastfeeding (via ETG) * Drugs in pregnancy (via TGA) * NSW NETS - tocolysis for pre-term labour (pdf) * NSW NETS - Magnesium sulphate for eclampsia (pdf) * NSW NETS - Hydralazine for hypertension in pre-eclampsia (pdf) * Vic. DHS - Standards of maternity care (pdf) in this wiki * pregnancy * hyperemesis gravidarum * Rh isoimmunisation and Anti-D prophylaxis * varicella in pregnancy * PV bleeding in early pregnancy - miscarriage, e…

decreased fetal movements (DFM or RFM)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 Aug 2019 10:09:06 +0000

decreased fetal movements (DFM or RFM) see also: * Obstetrics * Safer Care Vic guidelines DFM * WH guidelines - intranet only Introduction * most women can feel fetal movements by 20 weeks gestation and these rapidly acquire a regular pattern * although fetal movements tend to plateau by 32 weeks of gestation, there is no reduction in the frequency of fetal movements in the late third trimester

fetal growth restriction (FGR / SGA / IUGR)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 08 Aug 2019 08:06:20 +0000

fetal growth restriction (FGR / SGA / IUGR) see also: * pregnancy * decreased fetal movements (DFM or RFM) * Obstetrics * RANZCOG guidelines * WH guideline - intranet only Introduction * Small for Gestation Age (SGA) refers to a fetus with an estimated weight (EFW) and/or abdominal circumference (AC) less than the 10th centile.

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Oct 2015 12:51:19 +0000

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) see also: * psychiatry and mental health introduction * almost 10% of people have subclinical OCD symptoms, while 2% of people have the disabling disorder which impacts their life * it is in the top 10 disabling medical conditions, although most suffer in silence, rarely seeking help as they are either embarrassed or perceive that their symptoms will be seen as trivial

combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 27 Oct 2025 22:05:31 +0000

combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP) see also: * gynaecology; * contraception; * flying and DVT risk with OCP Introduction * the combined oestrogen/progesterone oral contraceptive pill is perhaps the most common form of contraception * in 2025, a vaginal ring pessary (NuvaRing) which releases and oestrogen & progesterone over 3 weeks was approved by the Australian PBS - must be removed at 3 weeks then a normal menstrual period should ensue, has a 99.5 per cent efficacy rate with per…

obsessive compulsive personality disorder (anankastic PD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Oct 2015 12:36:05 +0000

obsessive compulsive personality disorder (anankastic PD) see also: * psychiatry and mental health * obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) * personality disorders introduction * a personality disorder characterised by perfectionism, orderliness, and rigidity * it is NOT obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) although many do develop obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor poisoning / organophosphate pesticides

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 07 Jul 2025 22:51:57 +0000

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor poisoning / organophosphate pesticides see also: * acetylcholinesterase inhibitors * nerve agents / nerve gases / CBR weapons * pharmacology main index * toxicology * parasympathetics Organophosphate & Carbamate Insecticide Poisoning: Pathophysiology: * Both organophosphate & carbamate insecticides are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors which are readily absorbed through intact skin or mucosa as well as from the GIT.

Mx of psychostimulant toxicity from amphetamines and related substances

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 07:38:59 +0000

Mx of psychostimulant toxicity from amphetamines and related substances see also: * amphetamine (speed) and related substances - metamphetamine (ice), MDMA(Ecstasy), MDA (Adam), MDEA (Eve), cocaine (crack), PMA, PMMA, flakka, etc * toxicology * sympathomimetics Clinical manifestations of psychostimulant toxicity acute toxicity cardiovascular * tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmias, vasospasm, aortic dissection, acute coronary syndrome, hypotension (late), acute cardiomyopathy

Anticonvulsant overdose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Sep 2008 11:26:06 +0000

Anticonvulsant overdose see also toxicology, anticonvulsants see RCH guideline - anticonvulsant poisoning

Antihistamine overdose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Sep 2008 11:29:01 +0000

Antihistamine overdose see also toxicology, antihistamines see RCH guidelines - antihistamine poisoning

baclofen overdose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 25 Sep 2015 00:42:51 +0000

baclofen overdose see also: * toxicology introduction * baclofen is a synthetic derivative of GABA and in Rx doses, mainly acts upon GABA-B receptors, inhibiting the release of the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate * in overdoses > 200mg in adults, this can result in significant CNS depression causing sedation and coma which may be profound and prolonged with hyporeflexia, hypotonia, fixed, dilated pupils, lasting 24-48hrs and thus admission to a ICU/HDU is generally needed

Benzodiazepine overdose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Sep 2008 11:31:21 +0000

Benzodiazepine overdose see also benzodiazepines, benzodiazepine antagonists eg. flumazenil, toxicology see RCH guideline - benzodiazepine poisoning

beta adrenergic blocker overdose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 04 Jun 2022 04:54:39 +0000

beta adrenergic blocker overdose see also: * beta blockers * toxicology * LITFL - massive propranolol overdose general features of beta blockers in overdose: * more rapid onset of life-threatening features than with digoxin OD: * life-threatening CNS/CVS effects may occur within 30min of ingestion & death by 80min

calcium channel blocker overdose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 31 Dec 2015 04:30:47 +0000

calcium channel blocker overdose see also: * calcium channel blockers * toxicology general features of toxicity: * similar in many respects to beta blocker overdose: * selectivity is lost * toxicity mainly results from negative inotropy, chronotropy, dromotropy & vasodilatation * => hypotension, bradycardia, AV block, sinus arrest, junctional rhythm, asystole

chloral hydrate overdose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 14 Aug 2011 05:01:40 +0000

chloral hydrate overdose see also: * toxicology * LifeInTheFastLane - Australian case presentation of Mx of Chloral Hydrate overdose introduction * chloral hydrate is a sedative hypnotic agent which acts via GABA receptors and is metabolised by RBC's to trichloroethanol within ~4 minutes, and then hours later is metabolised further to trichloroacetic acid.

Colchicine overdose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 30 Sep 2008 11:10:16 +0000

Colchicine overdose see also colchicine, toxicology Toxicity: general features: * death from as little as 7mg, survival with ingestions as large as 350mg * survival usual with doses < 0.5mg/kg (ie. low therapeutic index!!) * death almost certain with doses > 0.8mg/kg

digoxin toxicity

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Feb 2009 02:29:34 +0000

digoxin toxicity see also: digoxin, pharmacology main index, cardiac arrhythmias ref: EMedicine article on digitalis toxicity Probability of digoxin toxicity being the cause of the symptoms * bradycardia alone => 10% if serum digoxin 1.9nmol/L & 50% if serum digoxin 3.2nmol/L * GI symptoms alone => 25% if serum digoxin 1.9nmol/L & 60% if serum digoxin 3.2nmol/L

hydroflouric acid poisoning or burns

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 23 Mar 2023 00:41:23 +0000

hydroflouric acid poisoning or burns see also: * burns * * * StatPearls 2023 introduction * hydrofluoric acid exposure can occur through oral, inhalation, ocular or dermal exposure. * Industrial HF preparations may have concentrations of up to 100%. * D…

hydrogen peroxide poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 28 Jun 2013 23:34:28 +0000

hydrogen peroxide poisoning introduction * hydrogen peroxide is an oxidising agent that is used in a number of household products, including general-purpose disinfectants, chlorine-free bleaches, fabric stain removers, contact lens disinfectants and hair dyes, and it is a component of some tooth whitening products.

hydrogen sulphide gas poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 Jan 2018 01:16:50 +0000

hydrogen sulphide gas poisoning see also: * toxicology introduction * hydrogen sulphide is a colourless, highly toxic gas, and thankfully poisonings are rare * it may be produced in chemical reactions that are involved in rubber vulcanization, viscose rayon manufacturing, pesticide production and the action of acid drain cleaners with sulfur-containing sludge.

iron poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 03 Dec 2010 02:06:30 +0000

iron poisoning see also toxicology, iron deficiency anaemia see RCH guideline - iron poisoning

odontogenic sinusitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 06:53:40 +0000

odontogenic sinusitis see also: * ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT) * sinusitis * acute dental pain / dental abscess * antibiotics Introduction * infection of the sinuses is common and often becomes chronic * most commonly, bilateral sinusitis is a complication of upper respiratory tract infections - see sinusitis * chronic unilateral maxillary sinusitis is very suggestive of an

heroin or other opiate overdose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 02 Jun 2023 00:26:12 +0000

heroin or other opiate overdose see also: * opiate and opioid antagonists * opiates and opioids * methadone overdose introduction * opiate overdose is an extremely common presentation to ED's - usually due to iv heroin OD or the newer more potent opiates such as fentanyl or nitazene but can also be iatrogenic in patients at risk of respiratory depression such as in the elderly, or those with COPD or obstructive sleep apnoea

paracetamol overdose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 Feb 2026 00:08:16 +0000

paracetamol overdose see also: * toxicology * paracetamol (acetaminophen) * N-acetyle cysteine (Parvolex) * RCH guideline - paracetamol poisoning introduction: * this paper is a brief summary of the MJA 2019 consensus guidelines on Mx of paracetamol overdose to assist in efficient care. * the far majority of paracetamol overdoses do not have any long term sequelae, however, some patients are at risk of developing potentially lethal hepatotoxicity over the succeeding few days due to a t…

Phenothiazine overdose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 22 Sep 2008 05:10:27 +0000

Phenothiazine overdose see also anti-psychotic medications, toxicology Phenothiazine overdose: * Thioridazine & mesoridazine are the only anti-psychotics associated with single-drug fatal overdoses as these have quinidine-like actions & thus can induce ventricular arrhythmias, management of these should be as for tricyclic antidepressants. Other anti-psychotics are rarely fatal on OD.

salicylate poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 27 Jun 2012 15:57:08 +0000

salicylate poisoning see also: * toxicology * Emedicine.com * RCH guideline - paediatric salicylate poisoning epidemiology * salicylate (eg. aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), teething gels) poisoning has steadily declined over the past 10-15 yrs in parallel with the declining use of aspirin particularly in children, and the use of child resistant packaging. However, parents should still be warned of the potentially lethal dangers of aspirin.

theophylline and methylxanthine poisonings and overdoses

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Mar 2009 06:23:04 +0000

theophylline and methylxanthine poisonings and overdoses see also: * toxicology * drug-induced seizures * methylxanthines eg. theophylline, caffeine * RCH guideline - paediatric theophylline poisoning

tricyclic antidepressant overdose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 13 Aug 2014 00:12:39 +0000

tricyclic antidepressant overdose see also: * toxicology * tricyclic antidepressants * RCH guideline - tricyclic poisoning * LITFL - tricyclic OD * LITFL - ECG changes diagnostic of tricyclic OD management: * these patients have a tendency to suddenly develop seizures, reduced conscious state, or, if widened QRS, VT or VF * consider activated charcoal 1g/kg unless altered conscious state (protect airway first by intubation and then give via NG tube)

Mx of excessive INR or bleeding on warfarin Rx

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 11 May 2014 10:26:27 +0000

Mx of excessive INR or bleeding on warfarin Rx see also: * anticoagulants * warfarin * INR * Western Health guidelines on Mx of bleeding on warfarin (pdf) - only available within WH intranet * Warfarin Reversal: consensus guidelines, on behalf of the Australasian Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (pdf) * WH Warfarin Reversal Guidelines Quick Guide (pdf) -only available within WH intranet * WH - Warfarin Reversal Consensus Guidelines full version (pdf) - only available within WH intr…

acute hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine overdose / toxicity (Plaquenil)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 26 Mar 2020 01:21:22 +0000

acute hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine overdose / toxicity (Plaquenil) see also: * hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) Introduction * hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have relatively narrow therapeutic windows and acute toxicity is a risk, particularly for those who self-prescribe

isoniazid overdose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Apr 2014 03:27:10 +0000

isoniazid overdose see also: * isoniazid * toxicology introduction * isoniazid (INH) is a antibiotic medication used to Rx tuberculosis (TB) * isoniazid toxicity causes seizures usually within 1hr post-ingestion, but may occur 30min to 5hrs post-ingestion * ingestion of 80-150mg/kg is associated with severe toxicity and significant mortality unless treated

methadone overdose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 02 Sep 2020 02:16:57 +0000

methadone overdose see also: * opiate antagonists * methadone * opiates and opioids Introduction * methadone is a potentially lethal medication when taken in overdose, and its variable half-life and gradual onset, prolonged effects on respiratory depression which may persist for 48hrs or more can lead to delayed deaths even after 24hrs of naloxone infusion therapy

nitrate and nitrate toxicity / overdose

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 27 May 2020 06:12:53 +0000

nitrate and nitrate toxicity / overdose see also: * nitrates including GTN * Austin Poisons Centre guideline - Mx of methaemoglobinaemia Introduction * nitrate or nitrate toxicity may be iatrogenic, accidental or intentional self harm * the prime toxicity is via production of methaemoglobinaemia Mx of toxicity * see methaemoglobinaemia

oesophageal fistulae and aorto-oesophageal fistulae

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 22 Jun 2020 13:20:46 +0000

oesophageal fistulae and aorto-oesophageal fistulae see also: * upper GIT bleeding Introduction * fistulae may form from the oesophagus to adjacent anatomic organs such as: * aorta (aorto-oesophageal fistula) * pericardium (oesophageal–pericardial fistula)

oesophageal rupture or perforation including Boerhaave syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 May 2024 06:03:28 +0000

oesophageal rupture or perforation including Boerhaave syndrome see also: * gastroenterology Introduction * oesophageal rupture or perforation is a rare potentially life threatening condition * Aetiology * Boerhaave syndrome * spontaneous rupture or perforation of oesophagus due to severe straining or vomiting

oesophageal varices

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 11 Aug 2018 08:28:08 +0000

oesophageal varices see also: * upper GIT bleeding * cirrhosis * portal hypertension * AFTB Lectures - oesophageal varices (2016) Introduction * oesophageal varices are primarily caused by portal hypertension which most commonly results from cirrhosis * these may cause significant and life threatening upper GIT bleeding Epidemiology * 50% of patients with cirrhosis have varices

oesophagitis in adults

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 31 May 2024 13:33:13 +0000

oesophagitis in adults see also: * Dyspepsia * eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) * gastro-oesophageal reflux * oesophageal cancer * gastroenterology * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED Introduction * oesophagitis is one of the most common conditions in adults Classification of adult oesophagitis * reflux oesophagitis * the most common subtype of 0esophagitis, is caused by the reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus

oestrogens

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Jul 2016 13:38:49 +0000

oestrogens see also: * gynaecology * combined OCP * hormone replacement therapy (HRT) introduction * mainly beta-oestradiol, but also oestrone & oestriol, the latter being the almost totally impotent liver metabolite of the former two. * oestrogenic potencies: * oestradiol 12 x oestrone & 80 x oestriol;

olanzapine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 23:32:26 +0000

olanzapine see also: * managing violence or the aggressive patient in the ED * bipolar disorder * psychosis * schizophrenia * anti-psychotic medications introduction * olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic, antimanic and mood stabilising agent. * it is available in sublingual wafer form, tablets and as a parenteral injectable for im use, although recent studies suggest it can be used safely for iv dosing with 5mg doses in adults.

onchocerciasis / river blindness

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 05 Jan 2012 04:21:09 +0000

onchocerciasis / river blindness see also: * parasites * the febrile returned traveller * wikipedia introduction * onchocerciasis is caused by the nematode (roundworm) parasite Onchocerca volvulus * it is the world's second-leading infectious cause of blindness affecting some 270,000 of the 18 million people infected by it

oncology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 11 Jan 2020 09:51:10 +0000

oncology see also: * the immunocompromised patient in the ED * ionising radiation * radiation emergencies * acute tumour lysis syndrome * multiple myeloma * tissue growth disorders * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * neoplastic spread * chemotherapy for cancers * bone marrow transplant (BMT) * Western Health oncology / cancer services

tissue growth disorders

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 22 Oct 2009 06:45:13 +0000

tissue growth disorders see also: * oncology * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * pathology hypertrophy * increase in individual cell size due to a stimulus (eg. functional stress); * physiologic: * hormonal stimulation eg. uterus in pregnancy * increased workload eg. skeletal & cardiac muscle

ondansetron

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 11 Aug 2017 01:19:43 +0000

ondansetron see also: * metoclopramide (Maxolon) * high dose iv ondansetron may cause clinically significant QTc prolongation in some patients and iv doses for children on medications which cause prolonged QTc or have PH medical risk factors may cause potentially fatal arrhythmias

ophthalmology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 30 Aug 2025 23:28:50 +0000

ophthalmology * eye injuries * welder flash burns - UV keratopathy (photo keratitis) * retrobulbar haemorrhage * chemical injuries and burns to the eyes * corneal abrasions * keratitis * the patient with acute blurred vision or visual loss / blindness * diplopia / double vision * conjunctivitis * acute atraumatic painful red eye(s) * glaucoma * uveitis * episcleritis * fundoscopy * optic neuritis * cataracts * local anaesthetic agents * Periorbital and orbital cellulitis …

opiates and opioids

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 13 Aug 2024 02:05:10 +0000

opiates and opioids * Heroin * morphine * pethidine * codeine * fentanyl * oxycodone * tramadol * tapentadol * methadone * carfentanil - 100x more potent than fentanyl, used to tranquilize elephants, extremely dangerous to humans * pholcodine - antitussive cough medication withdrawn by TGA in Australia in 2023 as increases risk of anaphylaxis during general anaesthesia by 300x for the next 12 months after dosing.

opiate and opioid antagonists

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 09:02:18 +0000

opiate and opioid antagonists see also: * heroin or other opiate overdose * opiates and opioids * opiate and opioid dependence * Addiction medicine - drug and alcohol - main index and links * avoid opiates and tramadol in back pain as there is evidence suggests they are of little benefit over non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and do more harm, especially for chronic pain, instead consider a stat dose of corticosteroids such as 75mg prednisolone if acute disabling pain

Mx of opiate withdrawal

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 16 Jun 2022 03:07:51 +0000

Mx of opiate withdrawal see also: * opiates and opioids Mx in ED * DO NOT GIVE opioids if patient has taken naltrexone as it would require large doses to overcome the naltrexone and this will risk fatal overdosage * in this scenario, see Mx of severe acute opiate withdrawal due to inappropriate use of naltrexone * the greatest risk on discharge from hospital after withdrawal is the patient now having lower tolerance and much high risk of opiate overdose on use

Mx of severe acute opiate withdrawal due to inappropriate use of naltrexone

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 May 2014 04:50:21 +0000

Mx of severe acute opiate withdrawal due to inappropriate use of naltrexone see also: * opiate and opioid antagonists * opiates and opioids introduction * naltrexone is a long acting opioid receptor antagonist * it should NOT be used in opiate-dependent persons within 7-10 days of last opiate dose otherwise there is a high risk of a severe, potentially life threatening acute opiate withdrawal reaction.

opiate and opioid dependence

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:45:19 +0000

opiate and opioid dependence see also: * Addiction medicine - drug and alcohol - main index and links * opiates and opioids * opiate antagonists eg naloxone (Narcan), buprenorphine, naltrexone * methadone * pain, analgesia and analgesics Heroin use * comes as white or brown powder which is usually heated on a spoon and then injected or smoked * 10 points = 1 g * most users use 1 point at a time * even 1 point a day is likely to lead to withdrawal symptoms on cessation

optic neuritis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 22 Aug 2023 04:38:13 +0000

optic neuritis see also: * ophthalmology * the patient with acute blurred vision or visual loss / blindness Introduction * a demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve that often occurs in association with multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) * women 2x more than men * 4-5 cases per 100,000 people per year in Scandinavia - maybe more frequent in temperate regions

the oral microbiome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 21 Sep 2025 13:02:39 +0000

the oral microbiome see also: * the GIT microbiome Introduction * the oral microbiome is an overlooked cause of disease and the importance of dental health has a preventive medicine measure is inadequately funded * it possesses the second-highest level of diversity after the gut microbiome, encompasses a wide array of bacterial genera and families

Periorbital and orbital cellulitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 08 Oct 2025 07:52:37 +0000

Periorbital and orbital cellulitis see also: * cellulitis * antibiotics * perichondritis / ear/auricle/pinna cellulitis * RCH guideline - periorbital and orbital cellulitis Introduction * periorbital (“preseptal”) cellulitis is superficial and does not extend deep to the orbital septum but may do so in which case it becomes orbital cellulitis * orbital cellulitis extends deep to the orbital septum and risks permanent eye damage, intracranial infection and sepsis

orthopaedics in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 25 Sep 2023 08:16:09 +0000

orthopaedics in the ED see also: * sports injuries * plaster application * Western Health Orthopaedics and Fractures general orthopaedics * Phong Tran's Western Health orthopaedic website - principles of fracture management including describing fractures, fracture classification systems and trauma principles * bone physiology * pathologic processes involving bone * osteoporosis * kyphosis * scoliosis * Bier's block - iv regional anaesthesia for LAMPs emergency department presenta…

obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 10:10:52 +0000

obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) see also: * obesity and weight management * noisy breathing * snoring * physiology of sleep Introduction * characterized by loud snoring followed by periods of silence when breathing stops or nearly stops which usually occurs at least five times during every hour of sleep * affects 2-4% of adults

osteoarthritis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 23 Mar 2026 12:54:47 +0000

osteoarthritis see also: * arthritis - clinical patterns introduction * a “degenerative” or inflammatory disorder of joints arising from the breakdown of articular (hyaline) cartilage * radiographic hand OA is present in approximately 40–60% of adults over age 55, while symptomatic hand OA affects about 13–26% of individuals in the same age group

osteomyelitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 02 Mar 2014 12:56:48 +0000

osteomyelitis * RCH guideline - osteomyelitis and septic arthritis * septic arthritis

osteonecrosis / avascular necrosis bone (AVN)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 26 Oct 2021 01:15:42 +0000

osteonecrosis / avascular necrosis bone (AVN) see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * corticosteroids Introduction * osteonecrosis / avascular necrosis bone (AVN) is usually a slowly progressive condition which results in significant morbidity * 90% of atraumatic cases are due to either

osteoporosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Mar 2026 21:15:30 +0000

osteoporosis see also * bone physiology * calcium * vitamin D * bisphosphonates * sacral insufficiency fracture (SIF) - osteoporotic fracture * MJA 2010 Position Statement - Treatment for osteoporosis in Australian residential aged care facilities: consensus recommendations for fracture prevention introduction * in Australia, lifetime risk of osteoporosis in those over 50yrs age is 42% for women and 27% for men. * affects 2 million Australians * 20,000 hip fractures per year in Aust…

otitis externa

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 Oct 2018 03:31:57 +0000

otitis externa see also: * otitis media * ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT) * RVEEH clinical practice guidelines: * Bacterial otitis externa (pdf) * Fungal otitis externa (pdf)

otitis media

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 Oct 2018 03:34:24 +0000

otitis media see also: * paediatric emergency medicine * otitis externa * ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT) * RCH guideline - acute otitis media * NSW NETS - otitis media (pdf) Other references * RVEEH clinical practice guidelines * Acute Otitis Media (pdf) MJA 2009 Supplement (free online) * MJA 2009: Natural history, definitions, risk factors and burden of otitis media * MJA 2009: Otitis media: viruses, bacteria, biofilms and vaccines * MJA 2009: Theories of otitis media p…

drug induced ototoxicity

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 27 Sep 2013 08:23:56 +0000

drug induced ototoxicity see also: * sensorineural hearing loss / deafness * ED Mx of vertigo and BPV introduction * many drugs have the potential to cause ototoxicity and depending upon the drug and circumstances, it may be reversible or irreversible, and it may be primarily cochleotoxic (causing deafness) or, as with gentamicin, primarily vestibulotoxic.

ovarian cysts and other cysts in the adnexae

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Oct 2009 22:43:41 +0000

ovarian cysts and other cysts in the adnexae see also: * gynaecology * ovarian tumours * the patient with an adnexal mass * the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED functional ovarian cysts follicular cysts * account for 20-50% of ovarian masses in post-menarchal women during the reproductive years * ruptured cysts may present as acute severe pelvic pain worse on movement +/- rebound tenderness. The pain usually decreases over 1-2 days.

overactive bladders, urgency and urge incontinence

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 02 Aug 2019 07:17:14 +0000

overactive bladders, urgency and urge incontinence see also: * urology introduction * overactive bladder (OAB) is a troublesome condition resulting from detrusor overactivity which contracts inappropriately during bladder filling * it has a serious impact on quality of life

ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Dec 2022 01:07:49 +0000

ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) see also: Introduction * a complication of IVF therapies which although most cases are mild, can result in severe illness and generally lasts 1-2 weeks Clinical features mild OHSS * ovarian enlargement to 5-12cm

ovulation induction for IVF

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 29 Jan 2014 01:19:39 +0000

ovulation induction for IVF see also: * in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) ovulation induction agents clomiphene * Clomid or Seraphine * blocks the effects of oestrogens and causes the body to produce more follicle stimulating hormone Human Menopausal Gonadotropin * hMG is derived from the urine of post-menopausal women

oxycodone

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 07 Apr 2014 02:54:09 +0000

oxycodone see also: * opiates and opioids * pain, analgesia and analgesics introduction * has a higher bioavailability (up to 90%) when taken orally and is thus 1-2x as potent as oral morphine * although metabolised by CYP2D6 to oxymorphone, this has limited role in analgesia * perhaps a better choice for mod-severe pain than panadeine forte as

oxygen

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 28 Mar 2020 05:12:25 +0000

oxygen see also: * medical gases * home oxygen * hypoxia * respiratory medicine * chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) introduction * once it was thought you could never have too much oxygen, but it has become clear that excessive levels of oxygen can be detrimental, particularly to ischaemic tissues (eg. in acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI)) and to neonates

oxytocin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 01 Jun 2020 11:09:03 +0000

oxytocin see also: * ED Mx of 3rd stage of labour * ergometrine * * Oxytocin 10 units is the preferred uterotonic agent for active management of the third stage. It is preferred over other uterotonic drugs as it is effective straight away if administered IV, and within 2 to 4 minutes of administration if given IM. It has minimal side effects and can be used in almost all women (except where there is a history of allergy to oxytocin or carbetocin).

paediatric emergency medicine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:55:00 +0000

paediatric emergency medicine see also emergency medical retrieval services incl. PETS/NETS External links * RCH clinical practice guidelines * Vic Paed Clinical Network 2017 promo video on RCH guideline resource * RCH guideline - IV fluids * RCH paediatric emergency drug dose calculator * Don't Forget the Bubbles (DFTB) blog - FOAM for paeds * Cornell Uni Pediatric medical calculators * RCH antibiotic guidelines * DHS infectious diseases Blue Book * Vic. DHS infectious diseases sch…

paediatric emergency resuscitation drugs

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Mar 2009 00:21:28 +0000

paediatric emergency resuscitation drugs see also paediatric emergency medicine, anaesthetics, cardiac arrhythmias * RCH paediatric emergency drug dose calculator * RCH guideline - resuscitation * RCH guideline - paediatric IV fluids * RCH paediatric drug doses * RCH antibiotic guidelines * Victorian Poisons Information Centre - Austin Hospital Cardiac Arrest * RCH guideline - paediatric cardiac arrest algorithm * adrenaline / epinephrine 1:10000 iv 0.1 ml/kg * adrenaline / epinephr…

sepsis /septicaemia in the paediatric patient

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 06 Jul 2017 22:02:59 +0000

sepsis /septicaemia in the paediatric patient see also: * paediatric emergency medicine * febrile convulsions * antibiotics * meningitis * pneumonia * urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis * osteomyelitis * septic arthritis * infectious diseases * fever - the febrile response to infections * the febrile child * sepsis / septicaemia * RCH guideline - febrile child < 3yrs old * RCH guideline - illness in the returned traveler * RCH guideline - febrile neutropenia …

Recognition of the sick child

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 04:17:28 +0000

Recognition of the sick child see paediatric emergency medicine, meningitis, septic shock * NSW NETS Recognition of the sick child (pdf)

Platelet activating factor

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 22 Sep 2008 14:18:35 +0000

Platelet activating factor see also eicosanoids including prostaglandins Introduction: * A soluble substance demonstrated to be released from leukocytes which caused platelet aggreg. (1971), which was confirmed & named PAF; * Also at this time an antiHT polar renal lipid (APRL) produced by interstitial cells of renal medulla was described, & this was concluded to be identical to PAF in 1979 & was then also synthesised & shown to be AGEPC - a phospholipid.

Mx of acute pain in drug dependent patients

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:42:06 +0000

Mx of acute pain in drug dependent patients see also pain, analgesia and analgesics, opiates and opioids, alcohol dependency, drug dependency assessing acute pain in these patients * opiate Rx for pain relief may require modification in opiate-dependent patients but there is no cross-tolerance between opioids and most other drugs of abuse (eg.

palliative care

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:37:38 +0000

palliative care see also: * end of life care * neoplasia / cancer / tumours * NSW College of Emergency Nursing - End of Life guidelines (pdf) * NSW Govt - End of Life Care and decision making guidelines * Emedicine - the palliative care patient in the acute setting of ED * Safer Care Victoria - Checklist for care plan for preparing patient to die at home * Western Health nursing home patient prescribing process (intranet only): * tips: * ALL patients returning to the RACF from ED…

palpitations

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 28 Jan 2016 02:42:53 +0000

palpitations see also: * cardiac arrhythmias * cardiology introduction * palpitations are a common symptom in the ED population * in the younger adult in particular, they are most commonly related to anxiety/stress but there are important conditions to consider such as:

polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 14 Aug 2013 11:55:26 +0000

polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) see also: * vasculitis introduction * rare disease * incidence of about 3-4.5 cases per 100,000 population annually * males 2x females * esp. ages 45-65yrs * systemic vasculitis involving medium to small arteries * most commonly affects skin, joints, peripheral nerves, the gut, and the kidney

pancreatitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 11 Jul 2025 06:40:17 +0000

pancreatitis see also: * chronic pancreatitis; * general surgery aetiology or contributing factors: * alcohol abuse - esp. males 35-45yrs * cholelithiasis (gallstones) - esp. females > 40yrs * acute severe hypertriglyceridaemia (SHTG) * others (<10%): * trauma - penetrating or blunt * pregnancy - any trimester, post-partum * post-ERCP * hypercalcaemia

chronic pancreatitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 05 Oct 2014 22:41:22 +0000

chronic pancreatitis see also: * pancreatitis * pancreatic cancer epidemiology: * 70-80% of cases are due to alcohol abuse, most of the remaining are idiopathic * other causes: * malnutrition * hyperPTH * cystic fibrosis * trauma * hereditary pancreatitis *

pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 28 Sep 2025 23:27:38 +0000

pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola see also: * viruses * influenza * coronaviridae / corona viruses (CoV) * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) * pandemic preparation * pandemic community lock down ramifications * pandemic epidemiology * Cell Aug 2020: Fauci et al. Emerging pandemics Introduction * a pandemic is an infectious disease outbreak affecting each of the populated continents * these are generally caused by highly infective viruses * two contagion factors…

pandemic epidemiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 Sep 2021 09:35:58 +0000

pandemic epidemiology see also: * pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola * epidemiology * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) * Covid-19 modeling for Victoria * 2009 Infectious Disease Modelling: Estimating epidemic exponential growth rate and basic reproduction number * Modeling COVID-19 epidemics in an Excel spreadsheet: Democratizing the access to first-hand accurate predictions of epidemic outbreaks Introduction * pandemics spread by contagions generally follow…

pandemic community lock down ramifications

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 12 Sep 2020 00:38:57 +0000

pandemic community lock down ramifications see also: * viruses * influenza * coronaviridae / corona viruses (CoV) * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) * pandemic preparation * pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola * pandemic transmission mitigation through public health measures Introduction * locking down social contact events by banning the community from leaving their homes for a number of weeks or months may be necessary to control pandemics but doing so is likely …

pandemic transmission mitigation through public health measures

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 07 Sep 2020 01:43:00 +0000

pandemic transmission mitigation through public health measures see also: * viruses * influenza * coronaviridae / corona viruses (CoV) * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) * pandemic preparation * pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola * pandemic community lock down ramifications Introduction * each pandemic pathogen has its own transmission and disease characteristics which will have a significant determination of optimum public health planning measures to attempt to m…

pandemic preparation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 27 Mar 2020 22:11:30 +0000

pandemic preparation see also: * viruses * influenza * coronaviridae / corona viruses (CoV) * COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2) * pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola * pandemic community lock down ramifications Introduction * most countries will have the good fortune to have several weeks or even months to prepare for a pandemic once a threatening outbreak has occurred. * this period is critical to act upon to ensure adequate preparation based upon the known feature…

Reproduction Ratio (RO)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 18 Aug 2020 08:30:11 +0000

Reproduction Ratio (RO) see also: * pandemic epidemiology Introduction * a measure of contagiousness * RO = the number of secondary infections each infected individual produces * this will vary with: * the method by which it is estimated * The rate of contact between individuals in the host population

paracetamol (acetaminophen)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 17 May 2025 10:35:14 +0000

paracetamol (acetaminophen) see also: * pain, analgesia and analgesics * paracetamol overdose introduction: * an antipyretic analgesic agent also known as acetaminophen in the USA * 1st synthesised in 1877 * extensive use commenced around 1947, initially as prescription only in USA * OTC status gained in 1960 in USA

paraphimosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 22 Mar 2014 01:54:49 +0000

paraphimosis * AAFP - paraphimosis Mx of paraphimosis by reduction in ED analgesia * consider: * topical local anaesthesia such as EMLA cream or 2% lignocaine gel * inhalational anaesthesia such as nitrous oxide * analgesics adjuncts such as oxycodone reduce the oedema

parasites

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 09:39:30 +0000

parasites see also: * microbiology * zoonoses * Antihelminths * the febrile returned traveller * could some helminths be good for you? classification of parasites protozoa: * NB. unicellular or acellular animals (eucaryotic); * sarcomastigophora (motile elements) * amoebae (pseudopods) * Entamoeba (anaerobe) - causes amoebiasis * Naegleria (aerobe) - may cause meningitis from thermal baths

parasympathetics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Nov 2009 13:45:00 +0000

parasympathetics see also pharmacology main index, anti-muscarinic anticholinergic agents Cholinergic effects of muscarinic receptors: Muscarinic M1 receptor actions: * CNS: * ? motion sickness; Parkinsonian tremor & extrapyr.; * ? memory function; EEG inc. voltage & freq. alpha-rhythm; * => cortical arousal;

paratyphoid enteric fever

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 01:37:10 +0000

paratyphoid enteric fever see also: * Salmonella * Salmonella typhi (typhoid enteric fever) * the febrile returned traveller introduction * there are three serovars of the species of S. enterica that cause paratyphoid: S. Paratyphi A, S. Paratyphi B (S. schottmuelleri and S. pullorum), and S. Paratyphi C (S. hirschfeldii).

parechovirus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 31 Dec 2015 01:03:10 +0000

parechovirus see also: * viruses * Neonates * wikipedia * NSW Govt factsheet for parents * NSW Govt factsheet for ED clinicians (pdf) * Vic. Better Health Channel factsheet introduction * a group of small RNA viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae * some were initially classed as echoviruses until this genus was recognized in 1996 * human parechovirus (HPeV): * currently there are 6 types and 15 genotypes recognised

parecoxib

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 31 May 2025 03:59:13 +0000

parecoxib see also: * non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) * ketorolac * pain, analgesia and analgesics Introduction * an injectable pro-drug form of the COX2 selective inhibitor, valdecoxib. * the first parenteral COX-2 selective inhibitor available for clinical use in pain management * onset of action after IM / IV dose is 7-13 minutes with analgesia commencing 23-39 minutes and peaking at under 2 hours

Parkinson's disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Mar 2026 22:38:55 +0000

Parkinson's disease see also: * dementia Introduction * slowly progressive degenerative disorder of the CNS mainly starting in those aged over 60yrs (when it occurs before age 50yrs it is called early-onset PD) * motor impairments (“parkinsonism”) arise from the death of cells in the substantia nigra (in the basal ganglia within the midbrain) leading to a dopamine deficit.

parotitis and parotid swellings

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 05:30:01 +0000

parotitis and parotid swellings see also: * mumps introduction * acute unilateral parotitis is usually due to an obstruction stone or acute bacterial parotitis * acute bilateral parotitis is usually due to mumps * alcoholism, sarcoidosis or HIV may cause chronic bilateral parotidomegaly

Parvimonas infections

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 22 Jun 2020 06:13:56 +0000

Parvimonas infections see also: * clinically important bacteria Introduction * Catalase negative obligate anaerobic Gram-positive cocci * Parvimonas micra was initially classified as Peptostreptococcus micros but re-classified within the Parvimonas genus in 2006 * a known commensal of the human oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract.

dislocated patella

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Nov 2011 02:12:10 +0000

dislocated patella see also: * dislocation of the knee joint * the acutely injured knee in ED introduction * dislocated patella is a very common ED presentation in the adolescent and young adult in particular. * classically they present by ambulance with it still dislocated and holding a Penthrane analgiser stick.

patello-femoral anterior knee pain

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Dec 2016 05:04:03 +0000

patello-femoral anterior knee pain see also: * knee pain * Introduction * anterior knee pain is the most common type of knee pains referred to orthopaedic clinics * most cases are due to mechanical-induced pain within the patello-femoral joint due to overuse or overload, particularly if one embarks on a new activity that involves flexed knees such as walking or running up or down stairs, or, squatt…

pathology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:46:18 +0000

pathology * Pathology handbook – Available on CIS and the intranet * Medicare Benefits Schedule * Royal College of Pathologists Australasia * Melbourne Pathology Providers * microbiology * haematology * anaemia * iron * blood_groups * blood product transfusions * C reactive protein (CRP) * erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

pathology tests - urea and creatinine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 11 Jul 2023 14:34:43 +0000

pathology tests - urea and creatinine see also: * pathology * renal medicine (nephrology) * acute kidney injury (AKI) / acute renal failure (ARF) * chronic renal failure urea * NH2CONH2 * MW 60.1 => 1mmol/L = 60mg/L = 6mg/dL BUT measured urea is actually “blood urea nitrogen” so as there are 2 atoms of nitrogen per urea molecule and atomic weight of N is 14, the

urinalysis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 02 Jan 2014 05:03:06 +0000

urinalysis see also: * renal medicine (nephrology) * urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis heme * detects both free Hb (or myoglobin) and Hb within RBCs, although is more sensitive for the former. * normal individuals pass up to 1 million RBC's/24hrs in their urine which equates to <= 5RBC's/hpf. * as little as 1ml of blood per litre urine may cause grossly appreciable haematuria

polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Feb 2026 02:51:28 +0000

polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) see also: * gynaecology * androgens and androgenic effects * New Australian guidelines for PCOS 2011 history: * hyperandrogenism & insulin were linked as early as 1921 when Achard & Thiers published their classic description of bearded women with diabetes. * polycystic ovary syndrome 1st described in 1935 & called Stein-Leventhal syndrome

Pneumocystis (carinii) jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 18 Sep 2012 08:10:44 +0000

Pneumocystis (carinii) jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) see also: * AIDS introduction * Pneumocystis jirovecii is a yeast-like fungus which is specifically pathogenic to humans and is commonly found in the lungs of normal humans. * > 75% of children are seropositive by the age of 4.

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 16 Aug 2025 06:34:46 +0000

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) see also: * cytokines * fibroblast growth factors (FGF) Introduction * a growth factor that regulates cell growth and division, particularly in new blood vessel formation and the proliferation of mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts, osteoblasts, tenocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells and mesenchymal stem cells as well as chemotaxis

pulmonary embolism (PE)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 03:33:18 +0000

pulmonary embolism (PE) see also: EMedicine.com - PE * Ix of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) * Mx of PE (Pulmonary Embolism) * Mx of suspected or actual DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis) * historical perspectives of PE * anticoagulants * pulmonary vein thrombosis (PVT) Introduction * thrombotic pulmonary embolism occurs from dislodgment of a thrombus in a systemic vein - usually a deep vein of the legs (DVT) - which then passes through the RA an RV into the pulmonary artery where it may we…

pectus excavatum

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 29 Jun 2025 01:41:17 +0000

pectus excavatum see also: * postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) Introduction * a relatively common anterior chest wall deformity which is mostly asymptomatic but in some can cause reduced venous return / RV outflow obstruction issues with may result in a clinical picture similar to

penicillins

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 02 Apr 2017 23:07:23 +0000

penicillins see also: * antibiotics introduction * penicillins belong to the group of antibiotics (including cephalosporins) which act upon the beta lactam ring and thus compromise the bacterial cell wall in a bactericidal manner * penicillins act via binding to penicillin-binding proteins on the bacterial cell wall

diseases and injuries of the penis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 03 Aug 2025 09:34:16 +0000

diseases and injuries of the penis see also: * acute scrotal pain or swelling * torsion of testes * epididymo-orchitis * penile trauma / fractured penis * scrotal infusion with saline * priapism * paraphimosis Introduction * acute penile conditions are fairly common presentations to the ED and the initial triage may be quite inaccurate due to patient embarrassment Penile trauma including fractured penis

penile trauma / fractured penis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 09 Jan 2025 10:02:49 +0000

penile trauma / fractured penis see also: * urology * Trends in Urology Gynaecology & Sexual Health September/October 2007: Penile fracture: diagnosis and management Introduction * most blunt penile injuries can be managed conservatively, however, the main concerns are * a fractured penis - rupture of the sheath around the erectile cylinder of the penis *

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:46:55 +0000

peptic ulcer disease (PUD) see also: * epigastric pain * Dyspepsia * EMedicine introduction * Peptic ulcers are defects in the gastric or duodenal mucosa that extend through the muscularis mucosa. * Western society has a 10% lifetime prevalence of developing PUD. * Under normal conditions, a physiologic balance exists between peptic acid secretion and gastroduodenal mucosal defense. Mucosal injury and, thus, peptic ulcer occur when the balance between the aggressive factors and the de…

perforated viscus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Feb 2026 01:56:11 +0000

perforated viscus see also: * the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED introduction * this refers to perforation of the gastro-intestinal tract * free perforation occurs when GIT contents spill freely into the abdominal cavity, causing diffuse peritonitis * contained perforation occurs when a full-thickness hole is created but free spillage is prevented because contiguous organs wall off the area (eg. a penetrating DU walled off by the pancreas)

perianal abscess

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 26 Jun 2019 07:21:41 +0000

perianal abscess see also: * ano-rectal pain * perirectal abscess * skin abscesses * labial abscess / Bartholins abscess * inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) * hidradenitis suppurativa * BEWARE: severe pain but no local signs may be due to other anorectal sites such as an intersphincteric abscess! introduction * perianal abscesses are abscesses in the soft tissue surrounding the anal canal arising from the anal crypts, initially forming in the intersphincteric space, and are often ass…

pericardiocentesis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 19 Jul 2013 05:48:15 +0000

pericardiocentesis see also: * cardiac tamponade * LITFL - pericardiocentesis introduction * therapeutic pericardiocentesis is an emergency procedure to prevent death in a patient with suspected cardiac tamponade * diagnostic pericardiocentesis is often used to elicit the cause of patient with pericarditis with an effusion which is not settling with

pericarditis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 17 Oct 2025 22:30:00 +0000

pericarditis see also: * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED * myocarditis * Paient UK information sheet on pericarditis * 2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of myocarditis and pericarditis: Developed by the task force for the management of myocarditis and pericarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) introduction * acute “viral”/“idiopathic” pericarditis has generally a brief and benign course after empiric treatment by aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) or non-stero…

constrictive pericarditis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 19 Jul 2013 06:05:01 +0000

constrictive pericarditis see also: * pericarditis * cardiac tamponade introduction * scarring and consequent loss of the normal elasticity of the pericardial sac results in impaired ability of the heart to expand and fill with blood, this is termed constrictive pericarditis and needs to be differentiated from:

perichondritis / ear/auricle/pinna cellulitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 19 Feb 2024 02:35:13 +0000

perichondritis / ear/auricle/pinna cellulitis see also: * cellulitis * antibiotics Introduction * perichondritis is an infection of the tissue covering the cartilage of the outer ear, also known as the auricle or pinna. * commonly caused by trauma, such as high ear cartilage piercing, burns, cuts, or insect bites.

periodontitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Mar 2026 07:31:01 +0000

periodontitis see also: * dental * dental caries * gingivitis * acute dental pain / dental abscess * odontogenic sinusitis Introduction * periodontitis is inflammation in the tissues around the teeth and can cause “getting long in the tooth” due to gum recession and subsequent dental loss * Vincent's gingivitis - fusospirochaetal necrotising gingivitis may progress to necrotising periodontitis

perirectal abscess

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 05:29:36 +0000

perirectal abscess see also: * ano-rectal pain * perianal abscess Introduction * deep abscesses adjacent to the rectum Types ischio-rectal abscess * deep abscess within fat of ischiorectal fossa * can track to opposite side to form a horseshoe-shaped track submucous abscess

peritonitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 Apr 2018 08:53:15 +0000

peritonitis see also: * the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED Introduction * peritonitis is a life threatening inflammation within the peritoneal fluid - usually due to bacterial sepsis * it may be spontaneous as in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), or secondary to either inflammation of an intra-abdominal organ or following a penetrating wound

personality disorders

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Oct 2015 12:36:58 +0000

personality disorders see also: * psychiatry and mental health * obsessive compulsive personality disorder (anankastic PD)

pertussis (whooping cough)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Feb 2026 02:06:32 +0000

pertussis (whooping cough) see also The child with a cough, clinically important bacteria, antibiotics, bronchiectasis, the persistent cough * RCH guideline - pertussis * Australian Prescriber April 2009 - Managing pertussis in adults plus antibiotic prophylaxis for high risk contacts * Pertussis Information for GPs and other Health Care Providers on Clinical and Public Health Management (Western Australia - March 2010) introduction * pertussis is caused by a bacteria Bordetella pertussi…

pethidine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 May 2014 02:12:21 +0000

pethidine see also opiates and opioids, pain, analgesia and analgesics Pethidine is no longer recommended for primary care analgesia as: * shorter acting opioid analgesic than morphine * half-lives of pethidine & its active metabolite norpethidine, exceed duration of analgesia: * repeated doses to obtain satisfactory analgesia results in accumulation of norpethidine, increasing risk of toxicity, esp. if renal impairment:

HOPPE score for outpatient Mx of PE

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 Oct 2018 05:33:43 +0000

HOPPE score for outpatient Mx of PE see also: * ED Mx of pulmonary embolism (PE) * PESI score for severity of PE * Am J Cardiol. 2017 Derivation and Validation of a Novel Prediction Model to Identify Low-Risk Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism. * * Introduction * the HOPPE score is based on an Indian study publis…

ED Mx of pulmonary embolism (PE)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 04:59:29 +0000

ED Mx of pulmonary embolism (PE) see also: * epidemiology, pathology and clinical features of PE * Ix of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) * Western Health Massive PE and Thrombolysis protocol - intranet only * the following has NOT yet been updated as per the AHA 2026 new paradigm of classification and Mx of PE * see AHA 2026: 2026 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ACEP/CHEST/SCAI/SHM/SIR/SVM/SVN Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Adults: A Report of the American Co…

template to assist in the discharge documentation of suspected PE SSU admits

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Apr 2015 07:16:32 +0000

template to assist in the discharge documentation of suspected PE SSU admits see also: * the adult patient with chest pain in the ED * Ix of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) * Western Health ED: pain medications instruction sheet (pdf) * Western Health ED: adult chest pain discharge instruction sheet (pdf) example notations to copy and paste No definitive cause for this patient's chest pain was found at this presentation. In particular, there was no evidence to support diagnoses such as…

PESI score for severity of PE

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 Oct 2018 07:06:03 +0000

PESI score for severity of PE see also: * ED Mx of pulmonary embolism (PE) * HOPPE score for outpatient Mx of PE * American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2005 Derivation and Validation of a Prognostic Model for Pulmonary Embolism * Arch Intern Med. 2006 A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with pulmonary embolism. Introduction * a severity score for pulmonary embolism (PE) developed in 2005 based upon 15,531 inpatient discharges with pulmonary embolism fr…

Wells scoring for pre-test probability of PE

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Apr 2015 00:42:00 +0000

Wells scoring for pre-test probability of PE see also Ix of suspected PE * MDCalc online calculator * determine if any risk factors present: (as per Wells 1998) * surgery within 12wks * immobilisation (complete bed rest) for 3 or more days in 4wks prior * previous DVT or objectively diagnosed PE

platelet factor 4 antibody thrombotic and thrombocytopenia syndromes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 12 Aug 2023 12:44:03 +0000

platelet factor 4 antibody thrombotic and thrombocytopenia syndromes see also: * coagulation pathways * thrombosis * thrombocytopenia * thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS / VITT / VIPIT) * immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HITS) Introduction * antibodies against platelet factor 4 can cause life threatening thrombosis and [thrombocytopenia]] Aetiology * immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HITS) * adenovirus-induced antibodies against PF4

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) including PFOA, PFOS, GenX, Teflon

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Apr 2026 00:54:29 +0000

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) including PFOA, PFOS, GenX, Teflon see also: * toxinology * phthalates * bisphenols (Bisphenol A (BPA), etc) * US EPA basic information on PFAS * NSW Health advisory * * July 2020: A Probabilistic Approach to Evaluate the Risk of Decreased Total Triiodothyronine Hormone Levels following Chronic Exposure to PFOS and PFHxS via Contaminated Drinking Water * Youtube - a doco on the history of …

phaeochromocytoma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 07 Jun 2022 03:20:45 +0000

phaeochromocytoma see also: * catecholamines and sympathomimetics * adrenal tumours * carcinoid tumour Introduction * pheochromocytomas arise from chromaffin cells and which secrete catecholamines * they are rare tumours, arising in only 2-8 people per million population * 85% arise from the adrenal (11% are malignant), 15% arise from extra-adrenal sources such as sympathetic ganglia (30% are malignant)

24 hour SuperCare pharmacies

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 14 Jul 2016 00:34:32 +0000

24 hour SuperCare pharmacies introduction * the Victorian government has budgeted $24m and introduced a number of 24hr “Supercare” pharmacies to help take the load off EDs * 20 will be open by 2018, 5 opened in July 2016 north and western suburbs of Melbourne

pharmacology main index

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Feb 2026 01:57:59 +0000

pharmacology main index some useful links * Australian Therapeutic Guidelines (ETG) * Drugs in pregnancy and lactation/breastfeeding (via ETG) * Drugs in pregnancy (via TGA) * MIMS online drug database * Access to Vic. DHS emergency drugs including antivenoms * VicTAG register of life saving drugs in Victorian hospitals (pdf) * PBS schedule - approved medications search * 24 hour SuperCare pharmacies * Victorian SafeScripts patient prescription database * Australian Law relating to …

phenol toxicity

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 04 Jun 2022 05:05:23 +0000

phenol toxicity see also: * toxicology * StatPearls Introduction * phenol is toxic to humans * individuals may be exposed to phenol through breathing contaminated air or through skin contact in the workplace * Other exposures to phenol may occur through the use of phenol-containing medicinal products (including mouthwashes, toothache drops, throat lozenges, analgesic rubs, and antiseptic lotions) or smoking tobacco.

phenothiazines

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 01 May 2009 00:13:28 +0000

phenothiazines see also anti-psychotic medications Introduction * closely related to tricyclic antidepressants chemically. * 2 main sub-groups: * aliphatic (eg. chlorpromazine (Largactil)) * low clinical potency * medium extrapyramidal toxicity * high sedative actions * high hypotensive actions * piperazine (eg. fluphenazine)

phenylephrine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 21 Dec 2024 13:16:50 +0000

phenylephrine * excessive topical use may cause hypertensive crisis which may be fatal, and attempts to treat such alpha agonist crises with beta adrenergic blockers or calcium channel blockers may cause acute pulmonary oedema (APO) and thus these agents are contra-indicated!! introduction * an alpha adrenergic agonists type of sympathomimetic agent * often used in

phenytoin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 21 Mar 2009 08:22:11 +0000

phenytoin see also: * seizures introduction * phenytoin is a sodium channel blocking anticonvulsant agent with antiarrhythmic properties (and thus potentially pro-arrhythmogenic) * many drug interactions (see below) presentation * ampoules for iv use: * 100mg in 2ml * 250mg in 5ml

pholcodine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 11 Apr 2023 06:32:15 +0000

pholcodine see also: * opiates and opioids * antitussive cough medications Introduction * morphine analogue opiate based antitussive cough medication which in many regions largely replaced codeine linctus as it has a much lower potential for dependence * helps suppress non-productive coughs * has a mild sedative effect, but has little or no analgesic effects

phosphate

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 12 Mar 2025 01:04:02 +0000

phosphate see also: * calcium * parathyroid hormone (PTH) * vitamin D * calcitonin * hyperphosphataemia * hypophosphataemia high phosphate diets probably not good for you * there is concern that high intake of phosphate containing beverages such as Diet Coke may lead to increased calcium excretion and thus increase risk of

phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE inhibitors)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 11 Nov 2009 08:19:55 +0000

phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE inhibitors) see also: * methylxanthines introduction * phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that metabolises either cAMP (PDE 4,7,8), cGMP (PDE 5,6,9) or both (PDE 1,2,3,10,11) depending on the isoform. * in mammals, the PDE superfamily of enzymes is classified into 11 families, namely PDE1-PDE11.

phthalates

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Apr 2026 01:09:53 +0000

phthalates see also: * endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) * foods that may be toxic or bad for you * bisphenols (Bisphenol A (BPA), etc) * Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) including PFOA, PFOS, GenX, Teflon Introduction * phthalates are a group of commonly used chemicals which have been found to potentially have adverse effects on humans and presumably other animals * these substances can break down into microscopic particles and enter the body through food, air,…

physiology main index

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 27 May 2023 06:13:03 +0000

physiology main index * cellular physiology * cellular physiology - endoplasmic reticulum * sodium physiology * potassium physiology * calcium * bone physiology * renal physiology * acid-base physiology * autacoids * Serotonin physiology * histamine physiology, receptors and antihistamines * Bradykinin and kinin physiology and pharmacology * eicosanoids & prostaglandins * platelet activating factor * cytokines * fever - the febrile response to infections * immunology …

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:50 +0000

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) see also: * gynaecology * sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs) introduction * PID is the general description given to inflammation caused by infection in the upper genital tract in females and includes salpingitis, endometritis, oophoritis, myometritis (uterine wall), and parametritis (broad ligament and uterine serosa).

pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 05:41:11 +0000

pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) see also: * dermatology Introduction * a rare scaly chronic red/orange rash with thickening and scaling of the palms and soles forming palmoplantar keratoderma * classic forms usually go away in 3 to 5 years with or without treatment

Pharmacokinetics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 09 Apr 2009 02:31:53 +0000

Pharmacokinetics see also: * pharmacology main index * absorption of drugs * distribution of drugs - volume of distribution, etc * metabolism of drugs * excretion of drugs * prescribing drugs in patients with liver impairment * Wikipedia rate equations for chemical reactions Enzyme Kinetics: zero order kinetics * rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of the reactant(s) * dX/dt = K * eg. saturated enzyme/transport system;infusion; * half life = [X]

Absorption of drugs

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 09 Nov 2008 06:00:19 +0000

Absorption of drugs see also: * pharmacokinetics Passage Of Drugs Through Membrane Barriers: 1. Aqueous diffusion: * Water soluble substances pass through aqueous “pores” in cell membranes or b/n cells at a rate according to Ficks' Law: * m/t = Pk A (Co-Ci) , where,

Distribution of drugs within the body

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 09 Nov 2008 06:38:35 +0000

Distribution of drugs within the body see also: * pharmacokinetics Introduction * The distribution of a drug throughout the body is governed by the affinity it has for various constituents of the tissues: * involvement in enteric circulations (eg. enterohepatic shunt) which increase persistence in the body, preventing distribution elsewhere;

Excretion of drugs

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 09 Nov 2008 07:06:40 +0000

Excretion of drugs see also: * pharmacokinetics Introduction * The main routes of drug excretion are: * 1. urine; * 2. faeces; * 3. expired air (volatiles); Urinary: 3 mechanisms involved in urinary excretion: * 1. Glomerular filtration: * rate drug enters filtrate depends on MW & plasma conc.

prescribing drugs in patients with liver impairment

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 16 Nov 2023 13:08:23 +0000

prescribing drugs in patients with liver impairment see also: * Pharmacokinetics * Metabolism of drugs * assessment of hepatic function * liver diseases * cirrhosis * hepatic encephalopathy liver disease and drug Rx * decreased hepatic blood flow (eg. portosystemic shunts) will decrease metabolism rates of high extraction ratio drugs (see below) *

Metabolism of drugs

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 09 Apr 2009 02:32:57 +0000

Metabolism of drugs see also: * pharmacokinetics * prescribing drugs in patients with liver impairment Introduction * Generally, the metabolism of a drug decreases its lipid solubility by making it more polar and thus more hydrophilic, thereby facilitating excretion; Phase I reaction: * Occur when there is a change in the drug molecule such as oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis;

placental insufficiency

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 08 Aug 2019 08:01:19 +0000

placental insufficiency see also: * Obstetrics * fetal growth restriction (FGR / SGA / IUGR) Introduction * placental insufficiency is the failure of the placenta to deliver sufficient nutrients to the fetus during pregnancy * this does not include complete placental abruption which is a separate condition

plantar fasciitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 22 Jan 2026 06:39:24 +0000

plantar fasciitis see also: * the painful foot * patient information: * * Introduction * one of the most common causes of foot pain and it is often bilateral * it is usually caused either by: * repeatedly overstretched * blunt trauma such as landing on…

stinging or dangerous contact plants in Australia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 24 Sep 2020 09:06:57 +0000

stinging or dangerous contact plants in Australia see also: * toxinology * Introduction * many plants as well as many mushrooms are toxic if eaten, however this page relates to those which are either painful or otherwise cause issues when touched * some other plants are toxic if burnt and the smoke inhaled such as oleander

plasmids

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Dec 2024 22:39:18 +0000

plasmids see also: * microbiology * antiviral agents * prions * viroids - obelisks * viruses Introduction * plasmids are small circular double stranded DNA molecules which reside in bacteria and some eukaryote cells but are separate from the cell's chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently *

plaster application

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 23 Apr 2014 07:06:21 +0000

plaster application see also: * plaster tutes and templates for slabs (courtesy of Dr Douros from Austin Health and EDTeaching.com and LITFL): * Charnley slab for Colles (pdf) * Thumb spica for scaphoid (pdf) * Volar slab (pdf) * Cam walker (pdf) * Plaster templates (pdf)

plastic surgery

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:42:57 +0000

plastic surgery * animal bites * cellulitis * Periorbital and orbital cellulitis * necrotizing fasciitis * skin necrosis * removal of embedded fish hooks * burns * local anaesthetic agents * paediatric lacerations * facial trauma * the injured hand * fractures of the metacarpal * fractures and dislocations of the fingers other resources * EMRAPTV Episode 77: How to Sew a Flap * Eaton Hand Plastic Surgery Resource

pleural effusion

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Dec 2022 00:48:51 +0000

pleural effusion see also: * the chest X-ray (CXR) * acute pulmonary oedema (APO) * LITFL pleural fluid analysis introduction * pleural effusion is the collection of fluid other than blood, lymph or pus between the two layers of pleura outside the lung (NB. a collection of blood is a haemothorax, a collection of lymph is a chylothorax while collection of pus is an empyema)

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 17 Mar 2013 06:15:14 +0000

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) see also: * viruses * neurology * AIDS * encephalopathy introduction * a rare, but often fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by reactivation of human polyomavirus (the JC virus - named after the patient it was initially cultivated from - John Cunningham)

polymyalgia rheumatica

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Aug 2024 03:02:41 +0000

polymyalgia rheumatica see also: * rheumatology * Vic. DHS Better Health Channel - patient fact sheet on PMR introduction * PMR is a clinical syndrome characterized by severe aching and stiffness in the neck, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle. * closely linked to temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis) *

pneumococcus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Jan 2014 05:49:05 +0000

pneumococcus see also: * clinically important bacteria * pneumonia * community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults * meningitis * wikipedia introduction * the pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae) is a Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic, aerotolerant anaerobic Strept. discovered in 1881, and called Diplococcus pneumoniae in 1920 but renamed in 1974 to its current name.

pneumoconiosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 03 Dec 2016 12:25:56 +0000

pneumoconiosis see also: * interstitial lung disease * respiratory medicine Introduction * fibrotic lung diseases caused by inhalation of dusts in occupational exposures * these are generally not treatable and may result in progressive pulmonary fibrosis and eventually respiratory failure, and in some cases may result in lung cancers (eg. mesothelioma with asbestosis)

pneumomediastinum

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 03 Aug 2018 07:21:10 +0000

pneumomediastinum see also: * pathophysiology of mechanical ventilation * asthma * oesophageal rupture - Boerhaave syndrome * J Thorac Dis. 2015 Feb; 7(Suppl 1): S44–S49. Pneumomediastinum Introduction * pneumomediastinum is air within the mediastinum which is usually readily visible on a plain CXR and it may arise from either: * air leaks through small alveolar ruptures to the surrounding bronchovascular sheath as with spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) which is generally benign an…

pneumonia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 15 Dec 2021 01:50:06 +0000

pneumonia * RCH guideline - pneumonia * Adult community acquired pneumonia mortality risk scoring tool * AFTB lectures - community acquired pneumonia (CAP) * community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults * hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) * pneumococcus * tuberculosis (TB) * Legionella (Legionaire's disease) * psittacosis

hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 15 Dec 2021 01:50:48 +0000

hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) see also: * RCH guideline - pneumonia * community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults

hypersensitivity pneumonitis / bird fancier's lung / farmer's lung

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 28 Dec 2022 02:42:50 +0000

hypersensitivity pneumonitis / bird fancier's lung / farmer's lung see also: * respiratory medicine * acute dyspnoea / shortness of breath (SOB) * psittacosis Introduction * hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP, formerly called EAA extrinsic allergic alveolitis) is a form of interstitial lung disease with T cell lymphocytic infiltration and granulomatous inflammation in the bronchioles and alveoli

pneumothorax

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 13 May 2023 02:25:26 +0000

pneumothorax * tube thoracostomy for Rx of pneumothorax and haemothorax * thoracic surgery * RCH guideline - pneumothorax * RCH guideline - needle thoracentesis * The University of Queensland Portal for Chest Tube Insertion * AFTB lecture - spontaneous pneumothorax * British Thoracic Society guidelines spontaneous pneumothorax (pdf) * Fact Sheet for patients introduction * spontaneous pneumothorax: * can be divided into: * primary: * no clinically evident underlying lung pa…

paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 18 Jan 2010 04:23:26 +0000

paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria see also: * renal medicine (nephrology) * wikipedia introduction * sometimes referred to as Marchiafava-Micheli syndrome, is a rare, acquired, potentially life-threatening disease of the blood characterised by complement-induced hemolytic anaemia, red urine (due to the appearance of haemoglobin in the urine) and thrombosis (in 40% of patients during their life).

police and the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 09 Jan 2023 04:13:37 +0000

police and the ED see also: * when are doctors required to compulsorily report patients in Australia * searching patients, suspicious behaviour, unknown substance, weapons or crime within the ED Contacting Police to assist with Management of Patient or Visitor Behaviour * In Australia, police are to be contacted on “000” (not the local police station) and will require: * Name, telephone number and location of incident;

polio

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 02 Jun 2014 02:05:23 +0000

polio see also: * viruses introduction * a once common viral infection which can infect the spinal cord (transverse myelitis) and cause permanent paralysis * now re-emerging in Africa, Pakistan and the Middle East clinical features * often asymptomatic

polonium poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 01 Sep 2020 08:46:41 +0000

polonium poisoning see also: * radiation injury * Ionising radiation * bio-weapons / biological weapons Introduction * polonium-210 was used in the assassination of Alexandre Litvinenko in London in 2006 polonium-210 * decays by alpha particle emission to lead-206 and thus is NOT detected by usual ionising radiation detectors and whilst outside the body, it does not pose harm as alpha particles can only travel a few centimetres in air

polycystic kidney disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 14 Jan 2026 07:45:49 +0000

polycystic kidney disease see also: * renal medicine (nephrology) * Vic Better health Channel - polycystic kidney disease introduction ADPKD * autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common inherited disorders in humans affecting ~ 0.1% of the population, but does not usually present until middle age

polycythaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 14 Dec 2022 08:30:21 +0000

polycythaemia introduction * excessive concentration of RBCs in the peripheral blood * increased RBC mass enlarges the vascular bed, decreases peripheral resistance and increases cardiac output and improves oxygen transport * HOWEVER, an excessively high RBC mass causes high viscosity and this may increase the risk of

polymyositis (PM)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 27 Sep 2013 06:33:46 +0000

polymyositis (PM) see also: * dermatomyositis * inclusion body myositis (IBM) * connective tissue (CT) disorders introduction * a chronic inflammatory myopathy related to dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis (IBM) * like dermatomyositis, there is a link to underlying cancers but the link is less so, and mainly linked to non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer and bladder cancer cancers * ~100-200 cases per million

population-attributable fraction (PAF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Apr 2020 03:00:59 +0000

population-attributable fraction (PAF) see also: * epidemiology * risk factor and treatment benefit metrics * WHO: PAF calculation * wikipedia: attributable fraction for the population * wikipedia: attibutable fraction among the exposed Introduction * PAF is the proportional reduction in population disease or mortality that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to an alternative ideal exposure scenario.

pork-cat syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 16 Mar 2019 13:43:57 +0000

pork-cat syndrome see also: * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions * anaphylaxis * tick-induced mammalian red meat allergy (MMA) / alpha-gal syndrome Introduction * some people with cats develop an allergy to eating pork as the allergic response to the albumin produced from the cat's liver cross-reacts with albumin in pork creating a acute allergic reaction soon after eating it

porphyrias

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 07 Apr 2014 06:56:05 +0000

porphyrias see also: * acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) introduction * porphyrias (Gk: purple) are a group of mainly hereditary conditions affecting heme metabolism resulting in accumulation and increased excretion of porphyrins and their precursors * all are autosomal dominant except for congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), which is autosomal recessive

portal hypertension

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 11 Aug 2018 08:23:39 +0000

portal hypertension see also: * cirrhosis Introduction * portal venous hypertension is primarily a result of cirrhosis Aetiology * cirrhosis - by far the most common cause * pre-hepatic causes: * portal vein thrombosis - presents as N/V/D, abdo pain (intestinal ischaemia) +/- varices, splenomegaly

Mx of the newly intubated patient in ED - post-intubation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 27 Mar 2016 22:14:08 +0000

Mx of the newly intubated patient in ED - post-intubation see also: * rapid sequence induction (RSI) for emergency intubation * assisted ventilation * extubation immediate tasks * initial confirmation of successful intubation of the trachea * end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) determination (either colorimetric or quantitative) is the most accurate means of confirming ETT placement in most circumstances and should be used for every intubation

post-coital emergency contraception

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 21 Jan 2025 06:16:53 +0000

post-coital emergency contraception see also gynaecology; contraception * RANZCOG guideline emergency contraception (pdf) counselling: * do pregnancy test if pregnancy possible although: * no evidence that it will adversely effect the fetus if given in early pregnancy or if it fails to prevent pregnancy * may not prevent pregnancy

potassium physiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Dec 2014 03:16:35 +0000

potassium physiology see also: * hypokalaemia * Western Health procedure: Potassium chloride infusion * hyperkalaemia * sodium physiology potassium physiology and homeostasis total body potassium * total body potassium * = 45 meq/kg (young adult males as mainly prop.to muscle mass); * = 20 meq/kg (malnourished, wasted person);

postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:22:31 +0000

postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) see also: * dysautonomia syndromes

poverty

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 10 Feb 2025 01:36:29 +0000

poverty see also: * social issues * homelessness / no fixed abode * domestic violence * addiction medicine (alcohol and other substance use) Introduction * rent is a major expense * in 2025, for those on pensions, 70-75% of single retirees who rent are living below the poverty line, while almost half of retired couples live below the poverty line if they rent

post-partum haemorrhage (PPH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 02:17:58 +0000

post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) see also: * ED Mx of 3rd stage of labour * massive blood transfusions * the shocked hypotensive patient * post-partum / puerperial complications introduction * Primary PPH: Genital tract blood loss ≥ 500mL during the third stage of labour and up to 24 hours after birth * major PPH is defined as loss > 1000mL blood * Secondary PPH:

proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Nov 2017 10:01:19 +0000

proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) see also peptic ulcer disease; gastro-oesophageal reflux; pharmacology main index introduction * acid pump (gastric H+,K+ ATPase) inhibitors * result in decreased basal & stimulated gastric acid secretion irrespective of stimuli; examples omeprazole (Losec): * 1st PPI * PU dose:

pre-operative assessment

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 16 Mar 2019 08:50:19 +0000

pre-operative assessment see also: * general surgery introduction * for emergency surgery, pre-op assessment uncommonly alters course or outcome of surgery as the urgency takes precedence * pre-op cardiac risk assessment is required for elective surgery dependent upon

pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 02 Oct 2012 07:59:33 +0000

pre-eclampsia and eclampsia see also Obstetrics hypertension in pregnancy risk factors for pregnancy-induced HT: * nulliparity (3x) (but HELLP syndrome has a pre-dilection for multigravids) * age > 40yrs (3x) * African American race (1.5x) * FH pregnancy-induced HT (5x)

pregabalin (Lyrica)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 11 Jul 2025 06:38:04 +0000

pregabalin (Lyrica) see also: * gabapentinoids * gabapentin (Neurontin) * neuropathic pain Introduction * pregabalin is marketed as Lyrica and is structurally similar to gabapentin (Neurontin), another gabapentinoid anticonvulsant medication which is also used for chronic pain * see gabapentin (Neurontin) for actions, etc Dosage * usual adult starting dose 75mg bd

pregnancy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:45:59 +0000

pregnancy see also: * hyperemesis gravidarum * Rh isoimmunisation and Anti-D prophylaxis * PV bleeding in early pregnancy - miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy and more * miscarriage * ectopic pregnancy * molar pregnancy - hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma * foetal / fetal medicine * PV bleeding in late pregnancy - abruption, placenta praevia and more * trauma in the pregnant patient * mid-trimester issues and complications * pre-eclampsia and eclampsia * labour * pre…

prescribing in pregnancy - is the medicine safe?

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 11 Apr 2024 11:51:37 +0000

prescribing in pregnancy - is the medicine safe? see also: * pregnancy * * Australian Prescriber 2011 - analgesics in pregnancy and breastfeeding medication safety class in pregnancy TGA category meaning Cat A Appears to be safe Medications that have been taken by a large number of pregnant women or women of child bearing age without evidence of an increase in foetal …

fetal radiation doses in pregnancy Xrays and CT scans

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 14 Apr 2024 06:27:16 +0000

fetal radiation doses in pregnancy Xrays and CT scans see also: * pregnancy * radiology * Ionising radiation * radiation injury * Emerg Med Australasia (2018): 30, 749-753 Morton and Teasdale Introduction * the risk-benefits of radiologic investigations in pregnancy and lactation need to be considered

shortness of breath (SOB/dyspnoea) in pregnancy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 31 Dec 2018 06:55:15 +0000

shortness of breath (SOB/dyspnoea) in pregnancy see also: * pregnancy Introduction * SOB is a common symptom in pregnancy and is commonly physiologic in the 2nd half of pregnancy, but there are important conditions which need to be considered Aetiology

unintended or unplanned pregnancies and termination / STOP

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 28 Dec 2025 05:18:05 +0000

unintended or unplanned pregnancies and termination / STOP see also: * contraception * mifepristone / RU486 * introduction * unintended pregnancies have a high psychosocial and often financial cost * most women and their partners, do not consider termination of these pregnancies without enormous psychologic stress at the time or the pregnancy, and later in life in often still raises psychologic issues.

premenstrual syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 27 Jan 2009 06:06:43 +0000

premenstrual syndrome see also: * gynaecology * dysmenorrhoea introduction * refers to a symptom complex occurring monthly during the luteal phase (ovulation to menstruation but may last 3 to 21 days per cycle) of the menstrual cycle which includes: * nausea, vomiting, headache, nervousness, fatigue, diarrhoea, syncope, lower abdominal cramping, bloating, breast tenderness, mood changes, backache, and dizziness.

posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Aug 2018 13:25:01 +0000

posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) see also: * encephalopathy * hypertension Introduction * a form of acute hypertensive encephalopathy usually associated with acute severe hypertension which usually resolves within 1-2 weeks of resolution of the hypertension but some may be left with neurologic impairment and in a minority it may result in death

presbycusis (deafness of aging)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Feb 2026 00:24:36 +0000

presbycusis (deafness of aging) see also: * deafness / hearing loss * sensorineural hearing loss / deafness * drug induced ototoxicity * endolymphatic hydrops including Meniere's disease * in contrast, is mainly low frequency hearing loss introduction * gradual age-related loss of hearing initially is a high tone hearing loss and is associated with difficulty in speech discrimination, particularly in noisy environments, and becomes a major impediment and socially isolating factor for…

prescribing medications in Australia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 25 Oct 2016 04:27:45 +0000

prescribing medications in Australia see also: * pharmacology main index * electronic prescribing * Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) introduction * prescribing medications in Australia is controlled by Federal laws including: * Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act 1981 * medical boards investigating doctors' inappropriate or dangerous prescribing including failure to comply with regulations, have usually been a result of either:

electronic prescribing

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 29 Mar 2009 08:36:31 +0000

electronic prescribing see also: * prescribing medications in Australia legal criteria for computer generated prescriptions in Australia * the computer program will restrict access to the prescription printing module to authorised persons * prescriptions will be generated only by authorised persons

preterm labour / premature labour

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 03 Apr 2023 22:52:54 +0000

preterm labour / premature labour see also: * labour introduction risk factors * UTI / pyelonephritis * Abruption * Cervical incompetence * Cervical surgical procedures * Uterine anomalies * Polyhydramnios * Smoking * Illicit drug use * Multiple gestation

priapism

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Dec 2024 04:02:38 +0000

priapism see also: * urology Introduction * priapism is the unwanted, very prolonged (more than 4hrs without sexual stimulation) erection of the penis which may constitute a rare urologic emergency as risk of permanent scarring of the penis increases after 4hrs of ischaemic priapism and occurs in all patients after 48hrs of ischaemic priapism, this may result in disfigurement, erectile dysfunction or in severe cases, penile gangrene

prions

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 19 Dec 2010 11:03:25 +0000

prions see also: * microbiology * wikipedia introduction * prions are protein rods that are the cause of a class of diseases called subacute spongiform encephalopathies. * prions induce existing endogenous prion protein (PrPC) in the host organism to take on extremely stable, rogue mis-folded forms (PrP

patient privacy and confidentiality

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 09 Nov 2020 00:09:25 +0000

patient privacy and confidentiality see also: * medico-legal issues in the ED * * Introduction * patient privacy and confidentiality are core principles of medical care and unless there are specific or extenuating circumstances private information should not be disclosed to third parties witho…

phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 16 May 2023 06:35:19 +0000

phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs) see also: * neoplastic spread * oncology Introduction * phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs) are a family of proteins involved in cell growth and metabolism * PRLs exist in all kinds of single- and multi-cell animals, and the role of PRLs in

Probenecid

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 30 Sep 2008 11:42:03 +0000

Probenecid see uricosuric agents, gout Summary * Developed in 1951 to decr. penicillin excretion but also decr. excretion of a no. other drugs (eg. indocid, methotrexate, sulphonamides, cephalosporins, active metab. of clofibrate) but uric acid is the only important endogenous compound whose excretion is incr. by probenecid;

procainamide

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 31 Oct 2013 02:35:51 +0000

procainamide see also: * anti-arrhythmic agents introduction * Vaughan-Williams class Ia sodium channel blocking agent sometimes used in attempted cardioversion of tachyarrhythmias such as: * SVT or AF associated with WPW administration * 20 to 50 mg/minute given intravenously while monitoring the blood pressure closely every 5 to 10 minutes until either:

procedural sedation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 04 Apr 2019 21:28:35 +0000

procedural sedation see also: * clinical procedures in the ED * WH Paediatric procedural sedation - intranet only

minimum coagulation parameters for safe invasive procedures in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 May 2018 04:19:08 +0000

minimum coagulation parameters for safe invasive procedures in the ED see also: * clinical procedures in the ED lumbar puncture * need to weigh risk of causing a serious spinal haematoma or other bleeding complication vs benefits, if moderate risk but LP needed, consider flouroscopic LP to minimise bleeding risk

prochlorperazine (Stemetil)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 07:35:10 +0000

prochlorperazine (Stemetil) see also: * phenothiazines * migraine * anti-emetics introduction * prochlorperazine is a phenothiazine antiemetic which is mainly used in the Rx of ED Mx of vertigo and BPV and severe migraine adverse effects * adverse effects are similar to all phenothiazines and include: * extrapyramidal reactions such as oculogyric crisis, dystonic reactions, akathisia such as oculogyric crises, akathisia, dystonic reactions and if used long term, irreversible tardive…

proctitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 05 Jun 2018 12:24:38 +0000

proctitis see also: * ano-rectal pain * tenesmus Introduction * inflammation of the rectum Aetiology * ulcerative colitis * Crohn's disease * idiopathic ulcerative proctitis * coeliac disease * radiation * ischaemic proctitis due to hypotensive episodes, anaphylaxis or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) * non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) * caustic agents such as cleaning solutions * diversion proctitis - prior surgery leading to diversion of faecal flow from rectu…

medical professionalism

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Nov 2013 00:52:31 +0000

medical professionalism see also: * stress in ED doctors * administrative aspects of Emergency Medicine in Australia * conflict of interest for employees of hospitals and members of committees and boards of management core ethical principles for doctors respect * respecting a patient's own autonomy, the right of individuals to make decisions on their own behalf beneficence * the duty to do the best for the individual patient

progestogens

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 29 Dec 2024 19:35:25 +0000

progestogens see also: * gynaecology * contraception * antiprogestogens introduction * by far the main progestin is progesterone, but small amounts of 17-alpha-OH progesterone are also secreted; * males secrete 1-5mg progesterone per day & level is only slightly higher in females during follicular phase

prolactin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 18 Jan 2025 02:24:55 +0000

prolactin see also: * hormones Introduction * prolactin is a peptide hormone secreted from the pitiutary gland in response to eating, mating, oestrogen treatment, ovulation and nursing * confirmed in humans in 1970 * crucial for milk production during pregnancy and lactation

prolonged QTc

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:49:34 +0000

prolonged QTc see also: * The basics of reading an ECG * patterns of ECGs * torsade de pointes VT * short QTc * LITFL - a case of prolonged QTc with R on T bigeminy leading to torsades * avoid prescribing drugs known to cause prolonged QTc to patients at high risk of, or known to have prolonged QTc! * patients are particularly at risk if they also have bradycardia introduction * the QT interval on the ECG is measured from the start of QRS complex to end of the T wave

propofol

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 16 Jul 2024 00:42:13 +0000

propofol see also: * anaesthetics * must only be used by senior experienced doctors with resuscitation facilities. * shake ampoule before use. * not for pregnancy, neonates, lactation or children aged under 3 years * use with extra care in patients at risk of severe hypotension

propranolol

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Feb 2009 10:05:45 +0000

propranolol see also: beta adrenergic blockers Stability & preparation: * 10, 40, 160mg dark pink tabs; 1mg/ml 1ml ampoule; * Racemic mixture 1:1 ratio - only (-) enantiomer active; Absorption: * Highly lipophilic, almost completely absorbed orally, but 1st pass -> only 25% (dose dependant as ? saturable 1st pass) reaches syst.circul.;

prosopagnosia (impaired facial recognition / blindness)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 Feb 2023 04:43:06 +0000

prosopagnosia (impaired facial recognition / blindness) see also: * neurology Introduction * the ability to recognise faces is a critical component of social networking and for most people, they are excellent at recognising a wide range of faces * recognising someone sends them a signal that they are important to you

prostaglandins

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Oct 2013 06:24:07 +0000

prostaglandins see also: * eicosanoids including prostaglandins * corticosteroids * non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) introduction * prostaglandins are substances derived from membrane phospholipids via the actions of the enzymes phosholipase A2, phospholipase C and then cyclooxygenase * these metabolic products of phospholipids and arachidonic acid are

prostatitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 03:34:22 +0000

prostatitis see also: * urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis * benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) * introduction * prostatitis is an infection or inflammation of the prostate * there are said to be 4 syndromes: * acute bacterial prostatitis (5% of cases) * usually men with chronic IDCs, immunocompromised (incl. diabetes), intermittent self-catheterisation or following prostatic biopsy

protein losing enteropathy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 11 Aug 2018 11:26:07 +0000

protein losing enteropathy see also: * diarrhoea Introduction * protein-losing enteropathy is any condition which causes damage to the gut wall or obstructs lymphatic drainage with resultant loss of plasma proteins into the gut lumen Clinical features

protein metabolism

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 30 Jan 2009 04:54:19 +0000

protein metabolism see also: * pathology tests - urea and creatinine basic overview * proteins conjugated with ubiquitin are destined for degradation * dietary amino acids and the amino acids that form from catabolism of protein form an amino acid pool * the fate of these amino acids may take several routes:

proteome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 00:32:35 +0000

proteome see also: * foods that may be toxic or bad for you * risk and the perception of risk * air pollution and health risks * the GIT microbiome * genomics * metabolome * exposome and health * transcriptome Introduction * the proteome generally refers to the individual patient's collection of proteins which can be found in the blood or in tissues and which may reflect pathogens, metabolic and hormonal activity, immunologic status, etc

Pro-Thrombotic Screen

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 30 Sep 2010 09:33:10 +0000

Pro-Thrombotic Screen Coagulation tests * PT * APTT * Protein C, S * antithrombin 3 * Fasting homocystine * antiphospholipid antibodies * lupus anticoagulant (anticardiolipin antibodies) * G20210A prothrombin gene mutation * Factor V leiden deficiency

pruritus or itching

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 23 Aug 2019 09:43:13 +0000

pruritus or itching see also: * paraesthesiae or numbness Introduction * itch is a protective cutaneous somatosensory modality that drives reflexive scratching to remove harmful parasites and irritants from the skin. * the itching response with subsequent scratching is activated by two distinct neural pathways:

polycythaemia rubra vera

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 Sep 2025 12:11:55 +0000

polycythaemia rubra vera see also: * polycythaemia * introduction * myeloproliferative disorder resulting in polycythaemia * ~10 new cases per million population per year * incidences of polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, and myelofibrosis were 10x higher among Ashkenazi Jews in northern Israel than in persons of Arabic descent in the region.

prostate specific antigen (PSA)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Dec 2013 07:51:29 +0000

prostate specific antigen (PSA) see also: * prostate cancer * benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) * NNT.com - PSA screening does NOT decrease deaths from prostate cancer but increases risk of biopsies and prostatectomy with their potentially relatively high morbidities prostate specific antigen * PSA is a serine protease produced by prostatic epithelium and secreted into semen * its normal function is to cleave and liquefy the seminal coagulum formed after ejaculation.

primary sclerosing cholangitis / primary biliary cirrhosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 27 Mar 2026 22:16:58 +0000

primary sclerosing cholangitis / primary biliary cirrhosis see also: * ascending cholangitis * inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Introduction * primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare condition which is mainly associated with patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and usually is diagnosed when persistently high AP levels are found as it is usually asymptomatic in the early phases

pseudomembranous colitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 11 Aug 2018 04:13:50 +0000

pseudomembranous colitis see also: * Clostridium difficile * colitis Introduction * a form of generally diffuse colitis resulting from antibiotic-induced overgrowth of Clostridium difficile (although other bacteria may also cause this picture such as Staph. aureus, Salmonella, etc) in the large bowel which results in a potentially life threatening

psilocybin (magic mushrooms)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 27 Dec 2025 21:54:02 +0000

psilocybin (magic mushrooms) see also: * toxicology * mushroom poisoning * novel psychoactive substances (NPS) Introduction * psilocybin “magic mushrooms” are often used as psychedelic hallucinogens with relatively short duration of effects although these can cause severe serious psychological adverse effects, and rarely respiratory paralysis

psittacosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 16 Dec 2020 02:36:19 +0000

psittacosis see also: * respiratory medicine * pneumonia * hypersensitivity pneumonitis / bird fancier's lung / farmer's lung Introduction * a form of pneumonia from contact with sick birds (eg. diarrhoea, not eating, ruffled feathers, watery eyes) infected by Chlamydia psittaci - usually by inhaled dried bird droppings or from kissing bird beaks or handling feathers

psoriasis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 12 Dec 2025 10:01:09 +0000

psoriasis see also: * dermatology Introduction * a chronic skin condition characterized by scaly hyperplastic areas of skin especially over extensor surfaces of joints such as elbows and knees but may be more widespread over the body as plaques or is some cases as pustular lesions

progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Mar 2026 23:07:57 +0000

progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) see also: * Parkinson's disease * neurology * bulbar palsy and pseudobulbar palsy Introduction * a rare tauopathy neurologic degenerative disease which is often initially misdiagnosed as Parkinson's disease * the second most common tauopathy behind Alzheimer's disease * first described by Richardson, Steele, and Olszewski in 1963 as a form of progressive parkinsonism

psychiatry and mental health

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Mar 2026 23:14:33 +0000

psychiatry and mental health * mental health history and examination * Mental Health Act 2014 Victoria * medical clearance of the acutely disturbed patient prior to transfer to a mental health facility * anorexia nervosa * anxiety disorders, panic attacks, hyperventilation * loneliness * depression * antidepressants * anti-psychotic medications * bipolar disorder * nature exposure and benefits to health * sedatives and hypnotics * benzodiazepines * fatigue * chronic fatigue syndr…

psychoanalysis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Feb 2022 12:48:45 +0000

psychoanalysis see also: * psychiatry and mental health * psychology * resources: * “Psychoanalysis starts from the position that there is no cure, but that we need different ways of living with ourselves and different descriptions of these so-called selves.” “The point is that it’s an experiment in what your life might be like if you speak freely to another person — speak and allow that person to sh…

psychology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 09 Feb 2022 21:35:46 +0000

psychology see also: * psychiatry and mental health * stress * fatigue * Coping with shift work * sleep hygiene * insomnia * anxiety * regret and regret avoidance and decision making * social psychology

psychosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 04 Oct 2011 10:09:25 +0000

psychosis see also: * anti-psychotic medications * Mental state - delirium vs dementia vs psychosis * medical clearance of the acutely disturbed patient prior to transfer to a mental health facility * bipolar disorder * psychiatry and mental health introduction features that suggest an organic cause (ie. not a primary psychiatric cause) * clouding of consciousness * focal neurologic abnormality * inflammatory process - eg. febrile illness * systemic disease

medical clearance of the acutely disturbed patient prior to transfer to a mental health facility

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 04 Oct 2011 08:39:33 +0000

medical clearance of the acutely disturbed patient prior to transfer to a mental health facility see also: * psychiatry and mental health * Mental state - delirium vs dementia vs psychosis * the acutely confused patient * toxicology * ethanol intoxication/poisoning * neurology introduction * the ED has an important role in ensuring patients are appropriately and safely admitted into mental health units.

fatigue

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 11 Feb 2024 06:51:58 +0000

fatigue see also stress; chronic fatigue syndrome; psychiatry and mental health; Coping with shift work; sleep hygiene, insomnia Introduction: * fatigue can be defined as a pervasive sense of tiredness or lack of energy that is not related exclusively to exertion. * fatigue, like pain, is intrinsically a brain-mediated sensation, although, as with pain, people report that fatigue is experienced as a peripheral phenomenon, apparently occurring in musculoskeletal regions. Most patients also e…

fear

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 19 Apr 2024 00:17:30 +0000

fear see also: * psychiatry and mental health * psychology * prevent burnout, learn to reduce your stress and stressors * fatigue * stress * Coping with shift work * sleep hygiene * insomnia * anxiety * regret and regret avoidance and decision making Introduction * fear is a critical evolutionary emotion that sharpens the mind and aims to reduce harm however, it can lead to either: * anxiety * anger - which tends to lead to actions which may not be well thought through and m…

regret and regret avoidance and decision making

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Jun 2014 06:14:05 +0000

regret and regret avoidance and decision making see also: * psychology * neuropsychology of decision making introduction * regret is an emotion associated with a decision that turns out badly. * it would appear that most animals, not just humans have neural pathways which process the emotion of regret, and that this has evolved as a powerful tool to modify behaviour and adapt to survive

shift work

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 26 Mar 2019 06:59:22 +0000

shift work see also: * sleep hygiene * fatigue * stress * Wikipedia - shift work sleep disorder * insomnia * 16 tips to spot and help sleepy nurses * NSW Workcover - How to manage shift work (pdf) introduction: * compared with non-shift workers, shift workers: * quality of sleep is poor: * they have less sleep * are more likely to suffer sleep disorders * are more likely to suffer from:

social psychology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 09 Feb 2022 21:40:08 +0000

social psychology see also: * psychology Introduction Science * neurologic drive for social contact: * amylin-responsive neurons in the central MPOA (cMPOA) are required for maternal motivation * both parental care and female-female social contact depend on amylin and augment its expression

stress

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 14 Mar 2025 00:02:18 +0000

stress see also: * psychiatry and mental health * psychology * prevent burnout, learn to reduce your stress and stressors * fatigue * fear * Coping with shift work * sleep hygiene * insomnia * anxiety * regret and regret avoidance and decision making * clinical burnout * post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) * YOUR hospital's policies and procedures to assist with your stress or crisis management * The Guardian 2015: working from home including checking work emails increases stre…

Hospital policies and procedures for Mx of employee stress or crises

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 25 Oct 2008 00:19:41 +0000

Hospital policies and procedures for Mx of employee stress or crises see also stress; fatigue; coping with shift work Hospital intranet documents the following are generally only available within the hospital intranet: Victoria Western Health * Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) (pdf) * Employee Assistance Plan (EAP) (pdf) * Employee Support and workplace relations policy (pdf)

prevent burnout, learn to reduce your stress and stressors

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 17 Jul 2017 06:42:52 +0000

prevent burnout, learn to reduce your stress and stressors see also: * stress * clinical burnout * * How to stop worrying coping strategies for ED staff: short-term coping strategies: * increase the rewards from working: * our daily work offers us unique opportunities for rewards as directly caring for people who entrust us with their welfare is a very rewarding thing to be able to do. We are privileged to be able to o…

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 05 Feb 2026 00:24:48 +0000

parathyroid hormone (PTH) see also: * calcitonin * vitamin D * calcium Introduction * PTH is essential for life - excision of parathyroid glands => hypocalcaemic tetany => death; Chemistry: * A linear 84 AA plypeptide (MW 9500) synthesised and secreted by the chief cells of the 4 parathyroid glands:

patient information sheets

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 09:00:35 +0000

patient information sheets collections of fact sheets on the web * Vic. Better Health Channel * * Royal Children's Hospital paediatric fact sheets * The Children's Hospital at Westmead paediatric fact sheets * A-Z of infectious diseases (NSW DOH) * HealthInsite * Vic. DHS paediatric growth charts and child health record * Victorian North-East Valley Division GP's patient information sheets * Patient Handout…

post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 17 Jul 2017 05:47:47 +0000

post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) see also: * stress post-traumatic stress syndrome: * extreme emotionally stressful events may lead to delayed post-traumatic stress syndrome in susceptible people * this can be an intractable, difficult to treat condition where memories of a highly emotional event in the past keep flooding back, often triggered by similar emotional states, resulting in recurrent fear states and chronic psycho-somatic illness.

pentraxin 3 (PTX3)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Jul 2022 02:47:39 +0000

pentraxin 3 (PTX3) see also: * CRP - science and pathophysiology Introduction * PTX3 is a member of the Pentraxin family of proteins which also includes CRP * Short and long pentraxins share a 200-amino-acid-long C-terminal domain that contains a motif known as the pentraxin signature (HxCxS/TWxS)

post-partum / puerperial complications

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 02 Oct 2018 04:48:36 +0000

post-partum / puerperial complications see also: * ED Mx of 3rd stage of labour * massive blood transfusions * the shocked hypotensive patient * post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) Introduction * most patients have an uneventful post partum course, but unfortunately many develop complications and issues which can create substantial impacts and in some cases can be life threatening.

pulmonary hypertension (PAH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 Jan 2014 07:35:29 +0000

pulmonary hypertension (PAH) see also: * pulmonary fibrosis introduction * defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 mm Hg at rest or greater than 30 mm Hg during exercise * characterized by a progressive and sustained increase in pulmonary vascular resistance that eventually leads to RVF and

pulmonary vein thrombosis (PVT)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 03 Jun 2021 07:18:17 +0000

pulmonary vein thrombosis (PVT) see also: * thrombosis * thrombophilia * pulmonary embolism (PE) * Cureus. 2017 Pulmonary Vein Thrombosis: A Recent Systematic Review Introduction * pulmonary vein thrombosis is a rare and potentially life threatening condition with mortality rate dependent upon the aetiology * potential for cardiopulmonary complications such as:

pulmonary fibrosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 24 Jan 2014 09:47:54 +0000

pulmonary fibrosis see also: * respiratory medicine introduction * pulmonary fibrosis occurs due to a variety of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLDs) * generally causes a restrictive pattern of lung disease aetiology * idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis * most present with a gradual onset, often greater than 6 months, of dyspnea and/or a nonproductive cough

vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 23 Feb 2022 02:06:08 +0000

vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy see also: * miscarriage * 2nd trimester miscarriage * gynaecology * pregnancy and risks of fetal loss * Rh isoimmunisation and Anti-D prophylaxis * Western Health early pregnancy assessment service (EPAS) referral process * DOH Victoria Guidelines on Mx of bleeding in early pregnancy 2011 (pdf) * patient information sheets: * Western Health ED - early pregnancy loss - Vietnamese version Causes of vaginal bleeding in first 20 weeks of pregnancy: …

PV bleeding in late pregnancy - abruption, placenta praevia, etc

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 31 Jul 2013 10:13:47 +0000

PV bleeding in late pregnancy - abruption, placenta praevia, etc see also: * Obstetrics * the shocked hypotensive patient * post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) introduction * bleeding in the 2nd or 3rd trimesters of pregnancy requires: * resuscitation of the mother * assessment of fetal wellbeing * correction of coagulopathy if present

post-op PV bleeding after LLETZ procedure to cervix

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 28 May 2017 11:30:05 +0000

post-op PV bleeding after LLETZ procedure to cervix see also: * menorrhagia / PV bleeding Introduction * delayed onset heavy bright red PV bleeding several days to a week or so following LLETZ procedure to cervix may occur as a recognised infective complication with potential arterial bleeding

peripheral vascular disease (PVD or PAD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 Apr 2012 13:58:46 +0000

peripheral vascular disease (PVD or PAD) see also: * wikipedia - PVD * acute limb ischaemia * vascular surgery introduction * peripheral arterial disease (PAD or PVD) is a common problem in the middle aged and elderly who have atherosclerosis and primary prevention * the risk factors are the same as atherosclerosis and primary prevention * patients may present with:

acute pyelonephritis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 Apr 2024 12:50:38 +0000

acute pyelonephritis see also: * urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis * renal abscesses and perinephric abscesses * renal colic * sepsis / septicaemia introduction * acute pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the renal parenchyma * it usually arises from ascending bacteria in the urinary tract associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis * it is 5x more likely in females as males aged under 65 years

Pyloric stenosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 22:54:58 +0000

Pyloric stenosis * RCH guideline - pyloric stenosis

Q fever

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 31 Mar 2018 00:15:25 +0000

Q fever see also: * zoonoses * NSW Govt fact sheet * CDC Information Q Fever Introduction * Q fever is a zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii, an obligate gram-negative intracellular bacterium which primarily infects cattle, sheep and goats as the primary reservoirs but other animals including wild animals may be reservoirs

quality, adverse events, reporting and standards

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 02 Dec 2022 03:12:08 +0000

quality, adverse events, reporting and standards * Clinical Practice Guidelines Portal * Quality use of Medicines in Australian Hospitals * Australian Commission on Safety and Quality Health Care - safe ePrescribing and electronic medication management (EMM) * Australian National Inpatient Medication Chart (NIMC) * NEHTA - National E-Health Transition Authority * NEHTA - Clinical Knowledge Manager - development of standardised data for eHealth systems * Australian Council on Healthcare…

quetiapine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 08 Sep 2020 11:42:47 +0000

quetiapine see also: * anti-psychotic medications Introduction * quetiapine is an atypical benzothiazepine antipsychotic agent introduced in the late 1990's. * it is an antagonist at multiple neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. * it has been proposed that it's antipsychotic activity is mediated through a combination of dopamine type 2 (D2) and serotonin type 2 (5-HT2) antagonism

quinine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 12 Jul 2023 02:39:48 +0000

quinine see also: * acute kidney injury (AKI) / acute renal failure (ARF) Introduction * quinine has a long history of medical usage as well as an additive to drinks to give a bitter taste as in tonic water and lemon, lime bitters * it is possible that consumption of quinine as tonic water could create immune sensitivity to oral doses of quinine

flouroquinolone antibiotics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:19:07 +0000

flouroquinolone antibiotics see also: * antibiotics introduction * synthetic fluorinated analogues of nalidixic acid (see under urinary antiseptics) * active against a variety of Gram -ves & +ves by inhib. of DNA gyrase * activity includes Enterobacteriacaea, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, and at higher levels, Staph, Legionella, Chlamydia & some mycobacteria with anaerobes being less susceptible.

peritonsillar abscess (quinsy)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 25 Jul 2014 07:06:17 +0000

peritonsillar abscess (quinsy) see also: * tonsillitis introduction * a common complication of bacterial tonsillitis Mx * admit to ED observation unit or inpatient unit under ENT * general Mx as per tonsillitis * arrange aspiration of abscess aspiration of abscess * usually this is performed by ENT

rabies and related lyssaviruses

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 10 Jan 2026 21:18:12 +0000

rabies and related lyssaviruses see also: * animal bites in Australia * travel medicine * rabies by country: * * * - Australian immunisation handbook guidelines on rabies and related lyss…

radial nerve palsy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 14 Aug 2013 04:16:20 +0000

radial nerve palsy see also: * paraesthesiae or numbness introduction * atraumatic radial nerve palsy is usually due to prolonged pressure on the nerve as it passes around the humeral mid-shaft * the most common cause is the intoxicated patient sleeping on a chair with their arm over the back of the chair

Radiation emergencies

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 01 Sep 2020 02:43:28 +0000

Radiation emergencies see also radiation injury, ionising radiation, management summary, disaster medicine Summary * a person or object exposed to radiation does not make them radioactive * a person or object contaminated by radioactive material whether on the skin or ingested, does become radioactive, although the risk to others is very small if adequate precautions are taken

Mx of radiation emergencies - summary

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Oct 2008 00:27:39 +0000

Mx of radiation emergencies - summary see ionising radiation, radiation emergencies - details, disaster medicine * DON'T PANIC Mx overview for a radiation emergency at a hospital in Victoria: * inform ED consultant & nursing supervisor & activate medical DISPLAN if appropriate * ensure DHS & Radiation Safety Program (RSP) is notified ph: 13 22 22

radiation injury

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 17 Apr 2024 10:03:09 +0000

radiation injury see also: * ionising radiation * oncology * radiation emergencies * polonium poisoning * tardigraves repair ionising radiation damage by substantially increasing DNA repair proteins which allows them to survive radiation levels 1000x greater than humans can survive Radiation syndromes: haemopoietic syndrome:

Ionising radiation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 13 Aug 2025 13:06:55 +0000

Ionising radiation see also: * oncology * radiology * fetal radiation doses in pregnancy Xrays and CT scans * radiation injury * radiation emergencies * * electromagnetic field (EMF) health hazards Radio-active decay: * radioactive material is composed of atoms that are radioactive which means their nuclei are unstable in an high energ…

radiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 19 Jul 2023 06:17:30 +0000

radiology see also: * online radiology image banks - interesting Xrays, etc * Radiology Info - Radiological Society of Nth America's radiology information website * radiologyED.org resource library - links to useful websites * Radiopedia CT course Das Smacc 2017 * Arch Intern Med. 2009 Dec 14; 169(22): 2078–2086. Radiation Dose Associated with Common Computed Tomography Examinations and the Associated Lifetime Attributable Risk of Cancer * Radiation risks and cancer risk * ionising radi…

online radiology image banks

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 21 Dec 2011 13:08:56 +0000

online radiology image banks see also: * radiology emergency medicine oriented radiology image banks * LIFTL radiology images - normal * LITFL radiology images - abnormals * EMRbank.org - UK Emergency Medicine interesting Xray upload website

raised intracranial pressure (ICP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 May 2014 02:04:44 +0000

raised intracranial pressure (ICP) see also: * the comatose patient * headache * stroke (CVA) introduction * raised ICP may cause fatal further cerebral injury, and thus in those patients at risk, it should be considered as a possible complication and actively managed. * raised ICP may result in decreased blood perfusion of the brain

retinal artery occlusion (RAO)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Jun 2018 06:59:36 +0000

retinal artery occlusion (RAO) see also: * ophthalmology * the patient with acute blurred vision or visual loss / blindness introduction * sudden onset of relatively painless monocular vision due to ischaemia/infarction of the retina resulting from occlusion of central retinal artery blood flow which comes from the ophthalmic artery which is the 1st intracranial branch of the internal carotid artery although 14% have a cilioretinal artery anatomy

acute rashes in adults

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 11 Jul 2022 08:56:43 +0000

acute rashes in adults see also: * paediatric exanthems * localised rashes General approach to diagnosis 1. is the patient in shock or having trouble breathing? - immediate resuscitation as required * consider: * anaphylaxis with/without typical urticaria * septic shock including meningococcal septicaemia, staph scalded skin syndrome, etc

bullous / blistering rashes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 17 Oct 2015 11:37:58 +0000

bullous / blistering rashes see also: * dermatology * vesicular rashes * skin necrosis introduction * bullous rashes are those with large fluid filled superficial cutaneous bullae types of lesions * Nikolsky sign * applying lateral pressure to an area of normal appearing skin or mucosa causes formation of a blister

facial rashes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 06:48:27 +0000

facial rashes see also: * dermatology * non-traumatic facial swelling / oedema * DermNet NZ: facial rashes index acute rashes only affecting the face * herpes zoster (shingles) - dermatomal to one side only * Herpes simplex virus (HSV) * angular cheilitis * circum-oral irritant dermatitis from saliva * tinea corporis may just involve the face * molluscum contagiosum may just involve an area of the face

acute generalized non-vesicular non-purpuric rashes covering most parts of the body

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 29 Mar 2026 11:21:28 +0000

acute generalized non-vesicular non-purpuric rashes covering most parts of the body see also: * dermatology * localised rashes * paediatric exanthems * DDx * hypersensitivity reactions * urticaria * erythema multiforme * drug eruption * morbilliform drug reaction * drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (

the linear skin lesion or rash

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Oct 2023 05:20:34 +0000

the linear skin lesion or rash see also: * dermatology introduction * the finding of linear skin lesions can often assist in the diagnosis of skin rashes as the list of differentials tends to be more limited. DDx striae * striae distensia dermographism

localised rashes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 23:01:38 +0000

localised rashes see also: * facial rashes * the linear skin lesion or rash * paediatric exanthems * acute rashes in adults Usually self-evident acute skin pathology * physical trauma - bruises, etc * thermal burns * chemical caustic burns - acids, alkalis, skin irritants * radiation burns * prolonged exposure to a direct heat source giving the classical reticular

papular rashes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 29 Nov 2023 05:39:25 +0000

papular rashes see also: * dermatology * pustular rashes * the petechial rash / purpura * the linear skin lesion or rash * facial rashes * acute generalized non-vesicular non-purpuric rashes covering most parts of the body * skin nodular "rash" Introduction * papules are palpable, elevated skin lesions < 1cm in diameter and may be elevated due to thickened epidermis (scaly) or infiltration of dermis by cells or deposits (smooth) Smooth papules in adults

the petechial rash / purpura

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 29 Nov 2023 04:54:16 +0000

the petechial rash / purpura see also: * dermatology * Fever with petechial or purpuric rash introduction * purpura is visible bleeding into the skin or mucous membranes which is non-blanching when pressure is applied * the patient with an acute petechial or purpuric rash should be immediately considered for the life threatening emergency of meningococcal septicaemia, particularly if they are unwell or febrile - see

pustular rashes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 29 Nov 2023 05:31:51 +0000

pustular rashes see also: * dermatology Introduction * pustule is a pus filled lesion < 1cm diameter usually filled with neutrophils * it may be infected or sterile Pustular eruptions in adults DDx * follicular (centred on hair follicle units): * folliculitis

vesicular rashes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 05 Feb 2025 22:34:14 +0000

vesicular rashes see also: * dermatology * bullous / blistering rashes introduction * vesicular rashes are those with small fluid filled superficial cutaneous vesicles DDx * Herpes simplex virus (HSV) * localised * more disseminated as in eczema herpeticum * varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox/shingles) * herpes zoster (shingles) * pompholyx * tinea * dermatitis herpetiformis

renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RAS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 03:59:43 +0000

renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RAS) see also: * angiotensin * renin Introduction * renin-angiotensin system inhibitors are widely used to Rx hypertension and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and include: * ACE inhibitors * angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) * angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) - now preferred for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)

Raynaud's phenomenon

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 10 May 2023 12:23:50 +0000

Raynaud's phenomenon see also: * rheumatology introduction * recurrent vasospasm of fingers and toes (may also affect ears, tip of nose) resulting in pallor, cyanosis, then erythema and a sense of fullness, in response to cold exposure * 80-90% are “primary Raynaud's disease

red back spider bites / Latrodectism

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 21 Feb 2020 23:20:06 +0000

red back spider bites / Latrodectism see also: * spider bites in Australia * anaphylaxis introduction * the red back spider ((L hasselti)) belongs to the widow spider family (Latrodectus sp.) and are a common cause of spider bite in Australia with 3,000-5,000 bites per annum which result in Latrodectism which is primarily due to neurotoxins such as alpha latrotoxin

acute atraumatic painful red eye(s)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Jun 2025 06:25:33 +0000

acute atraumatic painful red eye(s) see also: * ophthalmology * Eye injuries * the patient with acute blurred vision or visual loss / blindness Introduction * there are a range of non-traumatic possibilities, some of which are potentially vision threatening such as glaucoma or uveitis * note that the patient may not be aware of a trauma, hence examination should include looking for foreign body, eye trauma

tick-induced mammalian red meat allergy (MMA) / alpha-gal syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Oct 2025 23:25:15 +0000

tick-induced mammalian red meat allergy (MMA) / alpha-gal syndrome see also: * ticks in Australia * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions * anaphylaxis * Introduction * some people develop a food allergy with potential anaphylaxis some months after a tick bite * aka alpha-gal syndrome * the allergy is to a sugar, galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal), which is found in mammalian red meat other than Old World monkeys, apes and human…

refeeding syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:45:46 +0000

refeeding syndrome see also: * alcohol dependence * starvation * anorexia nervosa * geriatrics Introduction * Refeeding syndrome consists of adverse metabolic effects that occur when a starved or malnourished individual re-commences feeding, particularly with carbohydrate. Clinical features *

louse-borne relapsing fever

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 28 May 2025 06:49:04 +0000

louse-borne relapsing fever see also: * clinically important bacteria * Lyme disease * tick-borne relapsing fever Introduction * caused by Borrelia recurrentis which evolved to spread via the human louse rather than ticks as is the case with other Borrelia sp. presumably in response to higher density living of the Neolithic period

Relaxin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 01 Nov 2008 04:35:31 +0000

Relaxin see also gynaecology Introduction * Polypeptide similar to insulin, controlled by 2 gene sites, mainly produced by corpus luteum of pregnancy, but also by chorion & decidua. * Levels rise early in 1st TM & stay high until mid-pregnancy & become very high during labour & become almost indetectable within 3 days post-partum;

Rural and remote medicine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 05 Dec 2008 23:44:19 +0000

Rural and remote medicine * Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine Australian Antarctic Division * Australian Antarctic Division website * employ doctors for 3 or 9 month positions depending on whether just 3 month Summer or a 9 month Winter stint. * opportunities also to be stationed at Macquarie Island - no icebergs but lots of penguins and isolation.

renal medicine (nephrology)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 06:48:35 +0000

renal medicine (nephrology) * Help prevent AKI in the ED: * withhold ACEIs, ARBs, diuretics, sulfonylureas, metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with dehydration or hypotension * avoid NSAIDs in patients or combined ACEIs/ARBs and diuretics especially if dehydrated

renal artery aneurysm

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 06 Aug 2022 01:18:50 +0000

renal artery aneurysm see also: * splenic artery aneurysm * Left upper quadrant abdominal pain in the ED * the patient with acute RUQ pain in ED Introduction * these are rare (0.1% of the population in autopsy studies), usually present in hypovolaemic shock with abdominal pain, but may also have haematuria or urinary obstruction * rupture occurs in 3-5% with these aneurysms and has a 10% mortality, thus rupture prevalence and mortality rates are much lower than with splenic artery ane…

renal abscesses and perinephric abscesses

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 27 Mar 2018 01:10:39 +0000

renal abscesses and perinephric abscesses see also: * renal masses and cysts * acute pyelonephritis * tuberculosis (TB) * lymphoma * renal infarct / infarction introduction * renal abscesses and perinephric abscesses generally present as flank pain with fever and markedly raised inflammatory markers such as C reactive protein (CRP) * they may present insidiously, particularly in the elderly, diabetcis or chronic alcoholism who may have autonomic neuropathy

renal colic

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 05:48:00 +0000

renal colic see also: * urology * flank pain * back pain * urolithiasis / renal stones / renal calculi * Vic DHS Fact Sheet - kidney stones / renal colic (pdf) * Qld health patient information for renal stones including dietary advice (pdf) * European Assoc Urology - urolithiasis * osteopaths show rear seat roller coaster rides may result in passage of stones in modelling * WH obstructive urosepsis / emergency nephrostomy guideline (doc) - WH intranet only introduction * renal coli…

renal masses and cysts

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 03 Apr 2014 03:58:41 +0000

renal masses and cysts see also: * polycystic kidney disease * renal malignancies * renal medicine (nephrology) * renal abscesses and perinephric abscesses introduction * it is common to have an incidental finding of cysts on kidneys on a CT KUB or CT abdo scan * some should have a renal USS to further elucidate their nature and determine whether the patient should be referred to

renal infarct / infarction

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 04 Sep 2021 03:19:14 +0000

renal infarct / infarction see also: * renal masses and cysts * renal abscesses and perinephric abscesses * acute pyelonephritis aetiology * embolic (~60%) * over 80% of these are due to atrial fibrillation - renal infarction may be the 1st presentation of AF * cardiomyopathy * artificial heart valve thrombi * septic emboli - infective endocarditis (including SBE) * renal artery trauma (~8%)

renal physiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 30 Jan 2009 06:24:16 +0000

renal physiology see also: * renal medicine (nephrology) * physiology main index ...coming...

renin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 11 May 2014 11:23:19 +0000

renin see also: * angiotensin * aldosterone * ACE inhibitors image courtesy of wikipedia introduction * renin is a peptide which converts circulating inactive angiotensinogen (a globulin produced by the liver) to inactive angiotensin I which is then converted to active angiotensin II by ACE.

respiratory medicine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 12 Sep 2021 01:36:56 +0000

respiratory medicine see also: * the chest X-ray (CXR) * spirometry lung function tests * acute dyspnoea / shortness of breath (SOB) * the persistent cough * hypoxia * Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) * e-cigarette or vaping pulmonary injury * paediatric asthma * asthma * chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) * Mx of the wheezy elderly patient - acute pulmonary oedema versus asthma * bronchiolitis * croup * pneumonia * bronchiectasis * home oxygen * pleural ef…

use of mechanical restraints

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 08 Feb 2026 01:56:42 +0000

use of mechanical restraints see also: * managing violence or the aggressive patient in the ED * rapid sedation of the agitated or aggressive patient in the ED * Mental Health Act 2014 Victoria * Vic. Chief Psychiatrist's Guideline. Mechanical Restraint. 2006. * Australian Society for Geriatric Medicine. Position Statement No. 2: Mechanical Restraint Use in Older People. Revised September 2012 * Department of Health & Ageing, Australian Government. Decision making tool – Responding to i…

Resuscitation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Oct 2023 06:18:33 +0000

Resuscitation see also: * neonatal resuscitation * choking / respiratory arrest / cardiac arrest / BLS / ALS / CPR * trauma * burns * toxicology

resuscitative thoracotomy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 23 Dec 2014 05:47:27 +0000

resuscitative thoracotomy see also: * trauma to the chest * massive blood transfusions * LITFL - emergency thoracotomy * King's Cross ER - thoractomy for stab victim - great video introduction * survival rates of resuscitative thoracotomy: * blunt chest trauma has a survival rate following cardiac arrest of only 1-2% * blunt chest trauma with pericardial tamponade on

retinal detachment

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 02 Mar 2026 05:31:21 +0000

retinal detachment see also: * ophthalmology * the patient with acute blurred vision or visual loss / blindness introduction * retinal detachment occurs by 3 main mechanisms: * rhegmatogenous retinal detachment * most common form * break in the neuronal layer with resultant leakage of vitreous between the retinal layers causing separation of the layers

retrobulbar haemorrhage

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 Oct 2018 03:50:18 +0000

retrobulbar haemorrhage see also: * ophthalmology * RVEEH clinical practice guidelines: * Retrobulbar Haemorrhage (pdf)

retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Jun 2025 03:19:22 +0000

retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) see also: * CT abdomen Introduction * an uncommon disease characterized by a fibrous reaction that takes place in the peri-aortic retroperitoneum and often entraps the ureters causing obstructive uropathy or compression of the IVC

retroperitoneal haemorrhage

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 27 Jan 2018 14:57:26 +0000

retroperitoneal haemorrhage see also: * The adult with back pain in the ED Introduction * retroperitoneal bleeding can be life threatening and often diagnosis is delayed Clinical features * flank pain - often of sudden onset * if forms a large psoas haematoma, may present with:

rheumatoid arthritis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 Feb 2024 07:49:57 +0000

rheumatoid arthritis see also: * rheumatology * arthritis - clinical patterns * rheumatoid factor * autoimmune disease epidemiology * F:M = 3:1; esp. 4th-6th decades; 20% have an acute presentation; inflammation increased by movement! * esp. if HLA-DR4; Rh factor +ve in 70%; * US study of 76,000 women aged 50-79 years presented in 2010

rhabdomyolysis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 14 Nov 2021 04:32:32 +0000

rhabdomyolysis introduction * skeletal muscle necrosis may cause death either by: * releasing heme pigments such as myoglobin into the circulation which may result in acute renal failure, particularly if there is hypovolaemia and poor renal flow.

rheumatology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 03 Jul 2024 11:54:10 +0000

rheumatology see also: * non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) * gout * systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) * Sjögren's syndrome (SS) * osteomyelitis and septic arthritis * rheumatoid arthritis * ankylosing spondylitis (AS) * the swollen joint and its diagnostic workup * assessment of joint function and arthritis severity * arthritis - clinical patterns * extra-articular clinical features of rheumatologic conditions * polymyalgia rheumatica * polymyositis (PM) * dermatomy…

rheumatoid factor

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Dec 2015 04:16:09 +0000

rheumatoid factor see also: * the swollen joint and its diagnostic workup * rheumatoid arthritis * arthritis - clinical patterns introduction * rh factor is a blood test often used in assessment of patients with arthritis * this test is NOT useful for screening: * it is nonspecific and insensitive - the presence of rheumatoid factor does not indicate rheumatoid arthritis, nor does its absence rule out rheumatoid arthritis

rhinitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 06 Oct 2025 22:20:16 +0000

rhinitis see also: * sinusitis * coryza / the common cold / viral rhinopharyngitis / rhinitis introduction * viral rhinitis (eg. Common Cold virus) and allergic rhinitis are very common causes of rhinitis * autonomic stimuli have a greater effect on patients with nonallergic rhinitis than on those with allergic rhinitis

Rh isoimmunisation and Anti-D

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 26 Jul 2025 04:47:17 +0000

Rh isoimmunisation and Anti-D see also gynaecology * Aust. Red Cross website with info. on blood products including Anti-D * RANZCOG guidelines for use of Anti-D (pdf) * Aust. Red Cross guidelines on use of Rh Anti-D (2024) (pdf) * Western Health guideline (docx) - intranet only Introduction * women who are Rh -ve and are pregnant are at risk of developing Rh iso-immunisation which is the development of permanent maternal antibodies against fetal Rh +ve red blood cell markers. Once this…

rifampicin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Apr 2014 04:18:54 +0000

rifampicin see also: * antibiotics introduction * rifampicin is a rifamycin antibiotic which inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase activity in susceptible cells * it is mainly used for: * Rx of tuberculosis (TB) * Rx of leprosy * prophylaxis for meningitis and Haemophilus influenza type B * particularly active against rapidly growing extracellular organisms

removing a ring from a finger

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 28 Jan 2015 10:05:00 +0000

removing a ring from a finger introduction * removing a ring from a finger of and injured wrist/hand/finger is one of those important, common ED procedures to prevent the ring trapping oedema distally to it and then causing ischaemic necrosis of the finger.

risk and the perception of risk

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 07 Jul 2020 14:06:06 +0000

risk and the perception of risk see also: * air pollution and health risks Introduction * emergency medicine is for the most part, an art form, a careful balancing of a multitude of concurrent risks, benefits, uncertainty and probabilities which the general population struggle to comprehend

risk factor and treatment benefit metrics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Apr 2020 02:23:21 +0000

risk factor and treatment benefit metrics see also: * epidemiology risk of causing an event absolute risk absolute risk = (Event rate in those exposed - Event rate in those not exposed) relative risk relative risk = (Event rate in those exposed - Event rate in those not exposed) / (Event rate in those NOT exposed)

rivaroxaban

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 04:54:09 +0000

rivaroxaban see also: * anticoagulants * warfarin * enoxaparin * apixaban * dabigatran introduction * introduced in Australia in 2009 as Xarelto, initially on PBS for post-op THR patients but in 2013, this was expanded to include Rx of PE and/or DVT. * an orally active Factor Xa inhibitor

rocuronium

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 13 Mar 2015 04:47:15 +0000

rocuronium see also: * neuro-muscular blockers * rapid sequence induction (RSI) for emergency intubation introduction * a non-depolarising competitive acetylcholine antagonist at nicotinic receptors * a commonly used non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) in the ED for induction when suxamethonium contra-indicated. *

acne rosacea

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 07 Jul 2017 07:57:37 +0000

acne rosacea see also: * DermNet NZ: rosacea * Aust. College Dermatologists - Rosacea * National Rosacea Organisation Introduction * chronic inflammatory red rash mainly involves the central face in 30-80 yr olds but can arise in younger patients * 10% of population develop rosacea and of these, 60% develop ocular rosacea *

return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) post-arrest

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 Jan 2019 07:13:34 +0000

return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) post-arrest see also: * choking / respiratory arrest / cardiac arrest / BLS / ALS / CPR * cardiac arrhythmias * bradycardia * the shocked hypotensive patient Introduction * this applies to patients who have been revived from choking / respiratory arrest / cardiac arrest / BLS / ALS / CPR or ventricular fibrillation (VF) and have attained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) * an important early consideration is understanding the patient's li…

Ross River virus (RRV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 14:01:00 +0000

Ross River virus (RRV) see also: * zoonoses * Barmah Forest virus (BFV) * Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) * Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) * viruses Introduction * mosquito-borne viral infection causing epidemic polyarthritis * no evidence of transmission from person to person as transmission requires a female mosquito vector * infection with the RRV confers lifelong immunity

acute rotator cuff tear

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 03 Sep 2018 03:22:54 +0000

acute rotator cuff tear see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * the painful shoulder * references: * BMJ 2017 * Austin Health guidelines (pdf) * Western Health Phong Tran's website Introduction * acute shoulder rotator cuff tears can result in significant pain and disability * these should be managed more acutely than the more subacute/chronic rotator cuff syndrome conditions

rapid sequence induction (RSI) for emergency intubation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:54:05 +0000

rapid sequence induction (RSI) for emergency intubation see also: * anaesthetics * emergency intubation * induction agents for anaesthesia * neuro-muscular blockers * assisted ventilation * Mx of the newly intubated patient in ED - post-intubation * nasogastric tube insertion * Western Health's intubation video on Vimeo Introduction * RSI is the almost simultaneous administration of an induction agent and a neuromuscular blocking agent to induce unconsciousness and neuromuscular par…

human respiratory syncytial virus / human orthopneumovirus (HRSV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 17 Jan 2024 21:36:15 +0000

human respiratory syncytial virus / human orthopneumovirus (HRSV) see also: * viruses * influenza * * Introduction * now renamed to human orthopneumovirus * it is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the family Pneumoviridae. * HRSV is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children…

renal tubular acidosis (RTA)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 18 Jan 2010 03:38:29 +0000

renal tubular acidosis (RTA) see also: * metabolic acidosis * acid-base physiology * wikipedia introduction * RTA is a group of conditions which cause a chronic metabolic acidosis due to either: * impaired ability to secrete hydrogen ions in the distal convoluted tubule (type I RTA) * impaired ability to absorb bicarbonate in the proximal convoluted tubule (type II RTA)

rubella

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 31 Oct 2018 03:34:13 +0000

rubella see also: * viruses * paediatric exanthems introduction * once an extremely common exanthem of childhood, now quite rare in vaccinated regions * whilst the viral illness is generally mild, it does pose a major risk to the fetus if pregnant mothers become infected * the rubella virus is a member of the Rubivirus genus of the family

sacro-iliitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 12 Oct 2025 08:04:14 +0000

sacro-iliitis see also: * The adult with back pain in the ED * The elderly patient with back pain in the ED * arthritis - clinical patterns introduction clinical features * pain localisable to the sacro-iliac joints, and buttocks * pain may be referred down the legs * pain often aggravated by: * prolonged standing * stair climbing * bearing more weight on one leg than the other

sadness

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 May 2017 08:57:40 +0000

sadness see also: * psychiatry and mental health * antidepressants * suicide * Geriatric depression scale * stress * happiness * depression Introduction * sadness is an important negative emotion that serves many purposes to benefit us such as: * a trigger for the need for more attentive and detailed thinking style * better memory *

modified sad persons scale

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 15 Nov 2014 01:31:45 +0000

modified sad persons scale see also: * suicide * depression modified scale calculation The score is calculated from 10 yes/no questions, with one point for each affirmative answer execept where indicated as 2 points: * S: Male sex * A: Age 15-29yrs or > 58 years (2 points)

patient safety

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 13 Feb 2018 01:49:07 +0000

patient safety * quality, adverse events, reporting and standards * The Australian Council on Healthcare Standards * Australian Patient Safety Foundation * National Patient Safety Foundation (United States) * Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Quality & Patient Safety (United States) * Dr Garry Lane's response to proposed Australian Council for Safety and Quality in Health Care National Safety and Quality Framework in 2009 (pdf) *

safe sex and reducing risk of sexual misadventures

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 05 Nov 2024 11:54:04 +0000

safe sex and reducing risk of sexual misadventures see also: * sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs) introduction * sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs) are again on the rise with massive increases of prevalance over the past 10 years in Western cultures due to failure of safe sex practices which had been more adhered to in the 1990's when

subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 28 Oct 2024 02:16:14 +0000

subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) see also: * neurosurgery * headache * lumbar puncture (LP) * cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) * Western Health ED: role of LP in SAH patient information sheet (pdf) * AFTB lectures - SAH * American Journal of Critical Care. 2002;11: 48-56 - ECG changes in SAH * Testing for Xanthochromia introduction * SAH usually refers to the sudden onset, nontraumatic presence of blood within the subarachnoid space from some pathologic process, usually from rupture of a b…

salbutamol

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 04:05:19 +0000

salbutamol also known as albuterol in USA. see also pharmacology main index; asthma; actions * beta 2 adrenergic agonist with beta 1 adrenergic activity (see sympathomimetics) which results in: * bronchodilation hence used in Mx of asthma * tachycardia * tremors * hypokalaemia from increased movement of K into cells

Salmonella

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 23:32:43 +0000

Salmonella see also: * clinically important bacteria * antibiotics * shigella * Salmonella typhi (typhoid enteric fever) * paratyphoid enteric fever * gastroenteritis introduction * Salmonella are Gram negative anaerobe clinically important bacteria and along with Campylobacter are the most common bacterial causes of gastroenteritis * certain host factors make humans particularly susceptible to infection, contracted by ingesting contaminated food or water with as little as 200 bacter…

sarcoidosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Sep 2024 00:21:47 +0000

sarcoidosis see also: * the chest X-ray (CXR) * respiratory medicine * wikipedia Introduction * a chronic disease in which granulomas form as nodules in multiple organs, especially lungs and LNs, but also skin (25%), eyes, liver, heart, kidneys * commonly improves or clears up spontaneously - most have no symptoms after 9 years but 50% have relapses and 10% develop serious disability - usually respiratory failure

sarcopenia / generalised muscle wasting

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Feb 2026 22:50:10 +0000

sarcopenia / generalised muscle wasting see also: * weakness of the lower limb(s) / weak in the knees * motor neurone disease (MND) * exercise for health Introduction * sarcopenia is a very common problem with aging and is a leading cause of frailty * it is characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength

SARS virus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 20 Jan 2020 21:02:26 +0000

SARS virus see also: * viruses * influenza * Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome - Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) * Wuhan outbreak of SARS-like virus in Dec 2019 introduction * SARS is caused by a virus from the family coronavirus. * 1st discovered in 2003 in southern China, SARS went on to affect more than 8,000 people in more than two dozen countries in North America, South America, Europe and Asia, before it was contained.

small bowel obstruction

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 20 Jan 2021 10:24:31 +0000

small bowel obstruction see also: * central / periumbilical abdominal pain in the ED * the patient with acute abdominal pain in the ED * large bowel obstruction * Emedicine * Western Health's pathway for mx of small bowel obstruction (pdf) introduction * SBOs can be partial or complete, simple (ie, non-strangulated) or strangulated (40%)). * strangulated obstructions are surgical emergencies. If not diagnosed and properly treated, vascular compromise leads to bowel ischemia and furth…

spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 17 Aug 2013 14:30:38 +0000

spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) see also: * suspected peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients * cirrhosis * ascites

scabies

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 04 Apr 2020 08:35:24 +0000

scabies see also: * acute generalized non-vesicular non-purpuric rashes covering most parts of the body * the linear skin lesion or rash * dermatitis herpetiformis * mites * parasites Introduction * in 1687, Cestoni: discovered the mite, ascaris, as the cause of scabies * scabies is a very easily spread skin condition caused by the mite burrowing under the skin and causing very pruritic, often linear lesions

scalp and hair conditions

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Feb 2026 10:34:35 +0000

scalp and hair conditions see also: * dermatology * facial rashes * scalp folliculitis * alopecia Introduction * being highly exposed to the environment, the scalp and hair are common sources of issues, in particular, dandruff from dry flaky skin such as by atopic eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis (scaly, silvery, sharply defined skin patches),

schistosomiasis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 03:17:05 +0000

schistosomiasis see also: * parasites * antihelminths * travel medicine * wikipedia introduction * also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever * it is a parasitic disease caused by several species of trematodes (platyhelminth infection, or “flukes”), a parasitic worm of the genus Schistosoma.

schizophrenia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Jan 2026 22:32:20 +0000

schizophrenia see also: * psychiatry and mental health * anti-psychotic medications introduction * The incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia show prominent variation between locations. * Males are more likely to develop schizophrenia than females (1.4 : 1) * Migrant status, urban birth or residence, and advanced paternal age are associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia.

sciatica

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 28 Dec 2024 22:25:19 +0000

sciatica see also: * The adult with back pain in the ED * mechanical musculo-skeletal lower back pain * high lumbar disc prolapse * lumbar disc prolapse * historical aspects of sciatica * Vic. Health patient information sheet - back pain (pdf) introduction * acute and acute exacerbations of chronic back pain are a very common presentation to an adult ED * many of these have pain radiating down a leg or buttock with or without paraesthesiae or weakness and are thus given a clinical di…

historical aspects of sciatica

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 24 Sep 2018 13:13:10 +0000

historical aspects of sciatica see also: * sciatica * A History of Lumbar Disc Herniation From Hippocrates to the 1990s ancient times * the first descriptions of sciatica go back to ancient times and often were given supernatural explanations involving demonic forces * Germans’ witch’s shot (Hexenschuß) *

scleroderma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 Feb 2024 07:54:22 +0000

scleroderma see also: * connective tissue (CT) disorders * ENA (extractable nuclear antigen) * autoimmune disease introduction * scleroderma is a autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterised by “hardening” of the skin +/- internal organs * there is currently no curative treatment for the disease itself limited cutaneous systemic scleroderma

sclerosing cholangitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 23 Dec 2018 10:54:07 +0000

sclerosing cholangitis see also: * primary sclerosing cholangitis / primary biliary cirrhosis * ascending cholangitis Introduction * scarring of the bile ducts which may be: * primary sclerosing cholangitis / primary biliary cirrhosis, or * secondary causes of sclerosing cholangitis * intraductal stone disease * surgical or blunt abdominal trauma * intra-arterial chemotherapy

systemic capillary leak syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 13 Jun 2021 00:28:40 +0000

systemic capillary leak syndrome see also: Introduction * a rare episodic disorder characterised but increased permeability of capillary walls and loss of plasma protein into the tissues which may be life threatening * no clear definite hereditary pattern

scombroid histamine food poisoning due to spoiled fish

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Apr 2022 23:42:40 +0000

scombroid histamine food poisoning due to spoiled fish see also: * toxinology * food poisoning * ciguatera toxin reef fish food poisoning * illness after eating seafood introduction * a form of potentially fatal dose related food poisoning due to a build up of chemical toxins due to inadequate refrigeration in certain types of fish such as:

scrotal infusion with saline

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 31 Oct 2024 05:56:22 +0000

scrotal infusion with saline see also: * urology * safe sex and reducing risk of sexual misadventures Introduction * also called “saline ball injection”, it seems that the practice of infusing 500-1000mL of warmed normal saline into the scrotum usually using a 18G IV cannula (usually takes about 1hr per 500mL) is increasing despite it being a highly risky behavior with potential serious consequences

acute scrotal pain or swelling

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 04 Dec 2018 07:56:14 +0000

acute scrotal pain or swelling see also: * torsion of testes * groin herniae * epididymo-orchitis * renal colic * RCH guideline - acute scrotal pain or swelling * Western Health surgery pathway - the painful testicle introduction * adolescents and young adults with acute onset of testicular pain and tenderness should be regarded as a surgical emergency with possible torsion of testes as infarction of the testes increases with duration and poor prognoses if duration exceeds 4 hours.

illness after eating seafood

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 16 Apr 2022 00:55:25 +0000

illness after eating seafood see also: * toxinology * ciguatera toxin reef fish food poisoning Introduction * illnesses, usually, allergic reactions, are relatively common after eating seafood, however there are a range of other differentials that should be onsidered. Differential diagnosis

medical search engines

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 07 Apr 2025 00:33:06 +0000

medical search engines see also: * medical web portals, directories, news aggregators, etc searching the OzEMedicine wiki * find documents either via: * search function at top right * use the full word or words * if document page names contain the search term, these pages will be displayed preferentially

seborrheic dermatitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Feb 2026 10:13:34 +0000

seborrheic dermatitis see also: * scalp and hair conditions * dermatology Introduction * seborrheic dermatitis (SD) a common condition characterised by dry, flaky or greasy skin especially around scalp and areas with sebum glands * it is a common cause of dandruff * SD has a predominantly bimodal distribution, with a peak during infancy (2-12 months of age) and another peak in early adulthood.

rapid sedation of the agitated or aggressive patient in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:35:28 +0000

rapid sedation of the agitated or aggressive patient in the ED see also: * managing violence or the aggressive patient in the ED * Sedation Assessment Tool (SAT) for Mx of agitated patients in ED * use of mechanical restraints * Safer Care Victoria clinical guidance - acute behavioural disturbance Mx in the ED introduction * see also managing violence or the aggressive patient in the ED for further information on the possible medical causes of aggressive behaviour sedation of the agita…

Sedation Assessment Tool (SAT) for Mx of agitated patients in ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 05:37:56 +0000

Sedation Assessment Tool (SAT) for Mx of agitated patients in ED see also: * managing violence or the aggressive patient in the ED introduction * the SAT is a simplified version of the altered mental state score (AMSS) tailored for rapid and easy assessment of the degree of agitation or sedation in the agitated patient being managed in the ED using

sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Jan 2012 05:39:37 +0000

sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics see also: * pharmacology main index * anaesthetics * pain, analgesia and analgesics * insomnia * sleep hygiene * stress * anxiety * barbiturates * benzodiazepines * RCH guideline - paediatric procedural sedation guideline * Sedation Assessment Tool (SAT) for Mx of agitated patients in ED * managing violence or the aggressive patient in the ED

seizures

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 30 Jan 2026 03:47:31 +0000

seizures see also: * drug-induced seizures * paediatric seizures and paediatric patient information sheets * Vic DHS - patient information sheet - seizures (pdf) * febrile convulsions in children * Is it really epilepsy? * seizures due to severe acute hyponatraemia * anticonvulsants * neurology * eclampsia * AFTB Lectures - Mx of status epilepticus (2008) Mx of status epilepticus basic life support * oxygen * protect airway * exclude hypoglycaemia early! * iv access - consider…

is it really epilepsy?

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 23 Apr 2014 06:04:20 +0000

is it really epilepsy? see also: * seizures * drug-induced seizures * paediatric seizures * febrile convulsions in children * anticonvulsants * neurology * syncope / near syncope introduction * An incorrect diagnosis of a seizure disorder can have many negative consequences for the patient, including expensive and potentially toxic medication regimens, loss of driving privileges, and loss of work.

febrile convulsions in children

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 30 Jan 2014 00:45:35 +0000

febrile convulsions in children see also: * Mx of status epilepticus * seizures in children * fever - the febrile response to infections * febrile child * RCH clinical guidelines - Mx of febrile convulsions patient information sheets * RCH - seizures - safety issues and how to help (pdf) * RCH - febrile convulsions (pdf) * RCH - intranasal midazolam (pdf) * RCH - buccal midazolam (pdf) features that suggest febrile convulsion: * temperature > 38.5 deg. C and age 6mths - 5yrs, esp…

drug-induced seizures

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 02 Aug 2025 12:31:22 +0000

drug-induced seizures see also seizures, toxicology, neurology, anticonvulsants NB. AVOID phenytoin in drug-induced seizures. mechanisms of seizures Domoic acid (from mussels) * => decreased GLU reuptake => GIT effects, confusion, seizures isoniazid * => inhibits pyridoxyl phosphate => impairs glutamic acid decarboxylase

paediatric seizures

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 May 2022 07:11:54 +0000

paediatric seizures see also: * Mx of status epilepticus * paediatric emergency medicine * febrile convulsions * anticonvulsants * RCH clinical guidelines - Mx of afebrile seizures * RCH clinical guidelines - Mx of febrile convulsions patient information sheets * RCH patient information epilepsy * RCH - seizures - safety issues and how to help (pdf) * RCH - febrile convulsions (pdf) * RCH - intranasal midazolam (pdf) * RCH - buccal midazolam (pdf) * RCH - seizures after acquired …

Withdrawal of anticonvulsant Rx

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Sep 2008 08:37:30 +0000

Withdrawal of anticonvulsant Rx see also seizures, anticonvulsants Withdrawal of anti-epileptic drugs in seizure-free adults: Factors predicting seizure recurrence following antiepileptic drug withdrawal: associated with increased risk: * juvenile myoclonic epilepsy - esp. if sleep deprivation or excess alcohol; responds well to valproate;

selenium poisoning / selenosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Sep 2023 10:26:38 +0000

selenium poisoning / selenosis see also: * foods that may be toxic or bad for you Introduction * selenium is an essential trace element however, it is toxic if taken in excess at levels > 400-800mcg/d and can lead to selenosis * Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for selenium is 55 μg/day

sepsis / septicaemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:35:56 +0000

sepsis / septicaemia see also: * meningococcal septicaemia * infectious diseases * the febrile child * the febrile adult * febrile neutropenia * NSW CEC Sepsis Kills program * NEJM 2014: ProCESS Trial * as long as early recognition and commencement of ED care, there was no significant advantage, with respect to mortality or morbidity, of protocol-based resuscitation over bedside care that was provided according to the treating physician’s judgment.

septic shock

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 Jan 2018 01:15:14 +0000

septic shock see also: * sepsis / septicaemia * the shocked hypotensive patient * serum lactate * * RCH guidelines - septic shock References * 2008 International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign in the USA. Hosted on NICS blog * survivingsepsis.org * “lactate clearance but not initial lactate level is significantly associated with a decreased mortality rate. Furthermo…

Serotonin physiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 22 Sep 2008 13:05:10 +0000

Serotonin physiology see also: serotonin receptors and pharmacology, Serotonin syndrome, autacoids Serotonin (5-OH tryptamine): * It had been known that when blood clotted, a vasoconstrictor was released in serum & this was a nuisance in studies in late 1940's during searches for vasoconstrictors. In 1948, it was crystallised & named serotonin & soon found to be 5-HT.

serotonin syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 07:44:26 +0000

serotonin syndrome see also: * neuroleptic malignant syndrome * SSRI/SNRI antidepressants Introduction * Serotonin syndrome is due to excess activation of post-synaptic 5HT1A in lower brain stem & spinal cord, perhaps with some dopaminergic involvement. * 5HT is derived from L-tryptophan via tryptophan hydroxylase which converts it to 5-OH tryptophan which is then decarboxylated to form 5HT (5-OH tryptamine or serotonin).

serotonin receptors and pharmacology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 25 Dec 2020 23:47:01 +0000

serotonin receptors and pharmacology see also: * serotonin physiology * serotonin syndrome 5-HT1 receptor: * 6 sub-types: A-F; 5-HT1A: * found in Raphe nuclei & hippocampus, medullary neurons => decr. BP; * => decr. cAMP => veno/arteriolodil. without EDRF; * social cognitive component modulated by frontal & temporal cortices in conjunction with the hippocampus & mediated by 5HT1A and noradrenaline neurotransmission

serum electrophoresis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 09 Jun 2022 01:04:05 +0000

serum electrophoresis see also: * immunoglobulins * multiple myeloma * serum free light chains Introduction * serum electrophoresis assesses the relative and total amounts of various groups of proteins within the serum and these generally group into several bands as outlined below Indications

serum free light chains

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 09 Jun 2022 01:12:36 +0000

serum free light chains see also: * immunoglobulins * multiple myeloma * serum electrophoresis Introduction * serum free light chains assays are used in conjunction with serum electrophoresis in the investigation and monitoring of blood dyscrasias such as multiple myeloma Interpretation of results * In general, significantly increased free light chain production and an abnormal kappa/lambda ratio indicate a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of disease progression.

serum sickness

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 05:16:25 +0000

serum sickness see also: * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions * urticaria introduction * serum sickness is a Gell & Coombs Type III delayed onset hypersensitivity reaction * it is mediated by immune complexes (IgG/IgM) * Ab-Ag complexes in circulation in ratio 1-2:1 may cause deposition onto cell membranes activating complement * this causes local inflammation including urticaria with joint effusions

Sever's disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Sep 2009 07:26:41 +0000

Sever's disease see also: * arthritis - clinical patterns * Vic. Better Health - patient fact sheet - Sever's disease introduction * a cause of heel pain in pubertal adolescents which is exacerbated by running and jumping activities, first described by J.W. Sever in 1912 * most commonly affects boys aged 12 to 14 years and girls aged 10 to 12 years

sexual assault / rape

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 12 May 2021 06:41:01 +0000

sexual assault / rape see also: * domestic violence * sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs) * West CASA sexual assault crisis care unit service (doc) - intranet only * sexual health services in Victoria: * West CASA - Centre Against Sexual Assault * Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC) in Carlton Mx of patients presenting to a Victorian ED alleging sexual assault * ED staff should follow their local procedures for Mx of these patients

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 27 Dec 2013 05:44:13 +0000

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) see also: * viruses introduction * an emerging infectious zoonosis in China, Japan, and South Korea * newly identified tick-borne bunyavirus (of genus Phlebovirus) discovered in 2007 * similar to viral haemorrhagic fevers

soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 03:53:23 +0000

soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators see also: * heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) Introduction * soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators are a class of therapeutic agents that increase intracellular cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels, leading to smooth muscle relaxation and improved blood flow by targeting the nitric oxide-sGC-cGMP pathway via directly stimulating the sGC enzyme independently of nitric oxide (NO) and sensitize sGC to existing NO

gliflozins / SGLT2 inhibitors

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 01 Oct 2023 16:42:57 +0000

gliflozins / SGLT2 inhibitors see also: * SGLT2 inhibitor induced diabetic ketoacidosis (gliflozin DKA) * oral hypoglycaemic agents * chronic renal failure * diabetes mellitus Introduction * SGLT2 inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of patients with T2DM with established or at risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and patients with diabetic kidney disease and well as non-diabetic patients with

Victorian State health emergency response plan (SHERP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 02 Jan 2020 22:42:31 +0000

Victorian State health emergency response plan (SHERP) see also: * Vic. State Health Emergency Response Plan SHERP official website * disaster medicine * Victorian medical assistance teams for disaster Mx (VMAT) * there are other Victorian plans or gudelines available to assist SHERP: * Communicable Disease Incident and Emergency Operational Response Plan * Food Incident and Emergency Operational Response Plan

shigella

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 11 Jul 2023 05:32:05 +0000

shigella see also: * gastroenteritis * traveller's diarrhoea introduction * Shigellosis is an infectious gastroenteritis usually causing dysentery-type pattern * Shigella are Gram-negative, facultative anaerobes * it is endemic in developing countries were sanitation is poor resulting in around half of cases of bloody diarrhoea / dysentery in young children in those areas

the shocked hypotensive patient

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 16 Nov 2023 23:14:11 +0000

the shocked hypotensive patient see also: * sepsis / septicaemia * anaphylaxis * blood loss: * trauma * upper GIT bleeding * lower GIT bleeding * retroperitoneal bleeding * abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) * thoracic aortic aneurysm * ruptured splenic artery aneurysm * ruptured iliac artery aneurysm * renal bleeding eg. ruptured renal artery aneurysm

short QTc

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 03 Nov 2017 01:23:24 +0000

short QTc see also: * The basics of reading an ECG * patterns of ECGs * torsade de pointes VT * prolonged QTc Introduction * the normal QTc on the ECG is 360-390msec in males and 370-400msec in females * most doctors are well aware of the potential lethal effects of prolonged QTc, but few are aware that short QTc with QT < 320ms and a QTc < 340ms can also cause sudden death.

Shoulder Dislocation (antero-inferior)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 17 Mar 2019 10:38:17 +0000

Shoulder Dislocation (antero-inferior) see also: * Introduction: * an extremely painful dislocation, and a common challenge for emergency doctors * sedation-free reduction has benefits for the patient but be mindful that patient selection is key

posterior dislocation of the shoulder

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 07 Feb 2019 01:09:50 +0000

posterior dislocation of the shoulder see also: * Phong Tran's WH orthopaedic website - posterior dislocation shoulder * Neil Cunningham's website on posterior dislocation of the shoulder * Shoulder Dislocation (antero-inferior)

the painful shoulder

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 11 Jul 2024 03:35:52 +0000

the painful shoulder see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * the acutely painful elbow * interscapular thoracic back pain introduction * shoulder pain is a very common presentation to the ED * one needs to differentiate local injury or inflammation to that from referred pain referred pain * a painful stimulus involving the diaphragm or the mediastinum commonly results in referred shoulder tip pain, usually on the same side this may be due to

Mx of shoulder dystocia in labour

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 16 Apr 2013 06:45:01 +0000

Mx of shoulder dystocia in labour see ED Mx of 2nd stage of labour - emergency delivery; ED Mx of 3rd stage of labour - delivery of placenta; Shoulder dystocia: * 0.13-0.2% of vaginal deliveries * due to shoulders being in AP position rather than oblique when head delivers risk factors: * fetal macrosomia (BW > 4000g) * maternal obesity * materal diabetes

Sunshine ED Fast Track

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 May 2018 04:18:33 +0000

Sunshine ED Fast Track see also: * Western Health ED main page * Western Health ED medical orientation * nurse initiated ED treatment links to care guidelines relevant to fast track * ensure YOU check EVERY patient's ID wrist band and comply with patient identification processes * ensure you order investigations for the correct patient

syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 20 Jun 2021 06:53:06 +0000

syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) see also: * hyponatraemia * introduction * SIADH is increased ADH secretion despite normal or elevated plasma volume which causes reduced renal water excretion and resulting hyponatraemia and hypo-osmolality Diagnostic criteria

sickle cell disease (SCD)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 21 Feb 2020 23:18:01 +0000

sickle cell disease (SCD) * RCH guideline - sickle cell disease introduction * sickle cell disease is a hereditary autosomal dominant haemoglobinopathy due to homozygous HbS which usually presents in childhood * the gene is present in 8% (2 million) of black Americans who thus have sickle cell trait but only 30,000 have homozygous HbS, thus sickle cell disease occurs in 1 in 500 African Americans

sick sinus syndrome (SSS) / tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 05 Apr 2019 03:08:06 +0000

sick sinus syndrome (SSS) / tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome see also: * bradycardia Introduction * SSS is a syndrome of cardiac rhythm pathologies affecting the sinoatrial node resulting in sinoatrial node pacemaker dysfunction and/or sinoatrial conduction dysfunction

soluble form of the interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 08 May 2024 10:33:16 +0000

soluble form of the interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) see also: * adaptive immunity Introduction * soluble form of the receptor for interleukin-2 which can be used as a biomarker * also known as sCD25, sTAC, sIL2R, or IL-2RA Physiology * IL-2 exerts its effects by binding to IL-2 receptors expressed by lymphocytes

Simulation in medical education and patient safety

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 23 Sep 2022 09:35:14 +0000

Simulation in medical education and patient safety See also: * Debrief2Learn.org simulation debriefing resource website * Introduction * simulation training is a critical component of developing and maintaining the competence, confidence and efficiency required to optimise patient care and improve patient safety and as such it's goal and outcome measures should be patient safety - and not the provision of simulation itself

sinusitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 05:00:55 +0000

sinusitis see also: * ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT) * antibiotics * RCH guideline - persistent nasal discharge & rhinosinusitis introduction * infection of the sinuses is common and often becomes chronic * most commonly bilateral sinusitis is a complication of upper respiratory tract infections * chronic unilateral maxillary sinusitis is very suggesting of an

Sjögren's syndrome (SS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Mar 2024 14:22:40 +0000

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) see also: * rheumatology * blepharitis / dry eyes * autoimmune disease * wikipedia introduction * also known as “Mikulicz disease” and “Sicca syndrome” is an autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 11 Jul 2022 08:55:15 +0000

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) see also: * mouth ulcers * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions * erythema multiforme * acute rashes in adults * Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)

skin necrosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 03 Jul 2013 04:02:22 +0000

skin necrosis see also: * dermatology introduction DDx * pressure necrosis leading to pressure ulcers * Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) * peripheral vascular disease (PVD or PAD) * venous gangrene * cholesterol embolism * frostbite * vascular compromise of skin flaps or traumatised end-artery regions * extravasation of vasoconstrictors such as

skin nodular "rash"

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 29 Nov 2023 05:09:06 +0000

skin nodular "rash" see also: * dermatology * pustular rashes Introduction * when discussing “nodular rashes” this is generally referring to “panniculitis” (inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue) * superficial skin nodules are a separate diagnostic entity Panniculitis

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 14 Nov 2025 11:01:20 +0000

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) see also: * rheumatology * autoimmune disease * anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) * Sjögren's syndrome (SS) * wikipedia introduction * a chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease that can affect any part of the body, but most often the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, liver, kidneys, and nervous system, and is thus one of the great imitators of diseases.

sleep hygiene

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 03 Feb 2026 00:02:30 +0000

sleep hygiene see also: * physiology of sleep * insomnia * fatigue * stress * Coping with shift work * managing jet lag and your body clock * sleep disorders, excessive daytime sleepiness and dangers of driving with its legal ramifications: * Australian Roads * Australasian Sleep Association * perhaps your body clock is set early in life and inherited from your mother as with zebra fish * daylight savings and sleep disruption * caffeine and guarana helps drivers stay alert and …

physiology of sleep

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 28 Jan 2026 22:13:15 +0000

physiology of sleep see also: * sleep hygiene * insomnia * fatigue * shift work * Managing jet lag and your body clock introduction * During a single 24 hour day we have a period of 6-10 hours when we are very sleepy. This is the time when we normally sleep. During the remaining 14-18 hours we are usually awake; however, only a portion of that waking time is suitable for intellectual effort. This period of maximum alertness may last as little as 2-6 hours. We should plan our day in suc…

snakebite and envenomation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 20 Jan 2016 06:52:26 +0000

snakebite and envenomation see also: * toxicology * Australian tiger and brown snake bites * Mx of Australian snake bites with evidence of envenomation

Australian snake bites

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 26 Oct 2025 23:59:38 +0000

Australian snake bites see also: * Australian tiger and brown snake bites * Mx of Australian snake bites with evidence of envenomation * toxinology * less than 10% of snake bites result in clinically significant envenomation * antivenom is NOT indicated if there is no evidence of envenomation * a positive venom detection kit result does NOT imply envenomation

Mx of Australian snake bites with evidence of envenomation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 05:49:44 +0000

Mx of Australian snake bites with evidence of envenomation see also: * first aid and Mx of suspected Australian brown and tiger snake bites * Australian snake bites * RCH guideline - snake bites and envenomation in children in Victoria * Vic. DOH snakebite Mx tools (2019): * * flowchart for ED's * a clinical pathway for the management of snake bite envenomation * Australian Veno…

Australian tiger and brown snake bites

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 05:46:04 +0000

Australian tiger and brown snake bites see also: * Australian snake bites * toxinology * RCH guideline - snake bites and envenomation * Vic. DOH snakebite Mx tools (2019): * * flowchart for ED's * a clinical pathway for the management of snake bite envenomation * MJA 2013: Mx of Australian snakebites * Australian Venom Research Unit (AVRU): Mx of snake bites * NSW govt - Mx …

snoring

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 Sep 2022 22:20:13 +0000

snoring see also: * stridor * wheeze * stertor * obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) * physiology of sleep Introduction * noise during breathing can be of various types depending upon whether awake or asleep and on where the airway obstruction arises * snoring is a form of stertor which occurs during sleep either as a result of vibrations of nasopharyngeal structures with raised pharyngeal collapsibility or from nasal obstruction

social issues

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 09 Feb 2025 23:29:35 +0000

social issues see also: * welcome to the OzEMedicine Wiki * homelessness / no fixed abode * poverty * domestic violence * addiction medicine (alcohol and other substance use)

sodium physiology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 09 Aug 2024 01:06:36 +0000

sodium physiology see also: * salt / sodium in food products * sodium bicarbonate * hyponatraemia * hypernatraemia * potassium physiology total body sodium: * molar mass sodium = 23g/mol * total body sodium = 58 meq/kg (healthy adults); * non-exchangeable - 17 meqkg (25.5%) * bound in bone as hydroxyapatite crystal; * exchangeable = 41 meq/kg (70%) (85meq/kg in fetus!!)

salt / sodium in food products

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 14 Aug 2024 12:44:27 +0000

salt / sodium in food products see also: * diets and healthy foods * healthy living and diets * hypertension Introduction * excessive sodium in the diet is generally considered a very bad think, especially for people at risk of hypertension or cardiac failure * of course, too rapid ingestion of salt water exceeding rate sodium can be excreted may be lethal by causing acute

software indemnity and the law

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 26 Nov 2015 23:23:07 +0000

software indemnity and the law see also: * medical indemnity * Gatt vs Norlund dental software case Australia

soft tissue trauma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 02 Jan 2026 21:30:00 +0000

soft tissue trauma see also: * trauma * burns * open wounds to neck Introduction * soft tissue trauma may be: * blunt trauma: * abrasion * friction burn * haematoma * laceration * skin is pulled apart, usually leaving underlying blood vessels and nerves intact

somatostatin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 11 May 2014 12:30:22 +0000

somatostatin see also: * growth hormone / somatotropin * hormones introduction * a peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus, and from delta cells of pancreas * circulating half life is 2-3 minutes * in the brain, it passes along neuron axons to the pituitary where it: * inhibits secretion of

growth hormone / somatotropin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 18 Nov 2025 22:08:17 +0000

growth hormone / somatotropin see also: * hormones introduction * a single chain polypeptide hormone secreted by somatotropic cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland * secretion is modulated by a wide variety of mechanisms including inhibition by

sore throats in adults

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 06:04:04 +0000

sore throats in adults see also: * acute dental pain / dental abscess * mouth ulcers Introduction * sore throats are extremely common and are usually caused by viral infections but may be bacterial tonsillitis or may be referred pain from the chest Aetiology pharyngitis/tonsillitis *

The child with a sore throat

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 22:43:38 +0000

The child with a sore throat see paediatric emergency medicine, antibiotics, herpes simplex virus * RCH guideline - sore throat * RCH guideline - HSV gingivostomatitis * NSW NETS - sore throat (pdf)

sotalol

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 24 Feb 2009 10:06:42 +0000

sotalol see also beta blockers Summary: * A non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic & membrane-stabilizing actions. But unlike other b-blockers, it prolongs action potential duration recorded in cardiac tissue, increases the refractory period & lengthens QT interval.

speech

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Aug 2025 03:17:47 +0000

speech see also: * the brain Introduction * language is a critical component for communication, and for many how they internally process cognitive thoughts (“inner speech”) * speech can thus be considered in various components: * unspoken “inner speech

spider bites in Australia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Jan 2017 22:38:31 +0000

spider bites in Australia see also: * toxinology * redback spider bites * funnel web spider bites (atraxis) * introduction * there are 2 main venomous spiders in Australia whose bite can kill humans (although no deaths since 1979 when antivenom was made available in 1980): * male Sydney funnel web spi…

spinal cord ischaemia / spinal TIA

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 23 Sep 2024 06:26:51 +0000

spinal cord ischaemia / spinal TIA see also: * neurology * sensory & motor testing including dermatomes, myotomes, reflexes, coordination & balance * Spinal cord syndromes and lesions * acute spinal cord compression * weakness of the lower limb(s) / weak in the knees * acute thoracic back pain in the adult Introduction * ischaemia of the spinal cord is an uncommon presentation and may be transient (“spinal TIA”) or may be more prolonged or permanent (“spinal cord infarct”

spinal stenosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 17 Mar 2022 10:37:48 +0000

spinal stenosis see also: * neurology * neurosurgery * oncology * acute spinal cord compression * cauda equina syndrome (CES) * spinal cord syndromes and lesions * sensory & motor testing including dermatomes, myotomes, reflexes, coordination & balance Introduction * spinal stenosis is narrowing of the spinal canal or neural foraminae resulting in pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots * lumbar stenosis is most common followed by cervical stenosis

cervical spine injury

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 02 May 2021 01:51:12 +0000

cervical spine injury see also: * CT spine - cervical (Cx), thoracic (Tx) or lumbar (Lx) * trauma * head injury in the adult patient * paediatric head injury * Spinal cord syndromes and lesions * orthopaedics in the ED * RCH guideline - paediatric cervical spine injury * Western health cervical spine injury guideline (pdf) - WH intranet only * NHMRC Clinical guidelines for Mx of whiplash associated disorders (2008 1.4Mb pdf) * 2013: the tide may be turning against cervical collars *…

lumbar spine trauma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 07 Jan 2019 23:10:49 +0000

lumbar spine trauma see also: * CT spine - cervical (Cx), thoracic (Tx) or lumbar (Lx) * cervical spine injury * thoracic spine trauma * the lumbosacral spine Xray * trauma introduction * initial Mx should be as per trauma * as per trauma protocols, spinal precautions should be utilised until cleared of potentially unstable injuries and patients should be investigated to exclude blunt renal, liver or spleen trauma, as well as fractured ribs and potential for associated pneumothorax o…

thoracic spine trauma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 07 Jan 2019 23:07:35 +0000

thoracic spine trauma see also: * CT spine - cervical (Cx), thoracic (Tx) or lumbar (Lx) * thoracic spine Xray * cervical spine injury * lumbar spine trauma * trauma * kyphosis * scoliosis * Scheuermanns_disease introduction * initial Mx should be as per trauma * as per trauma protocols, spinal precautions should be utilised until cleared of potentially unstable injuries and patients should be investigated to exclude blunt renal, liver or spleen trauma, as well as fractured ribs a…

spirometry lung function tests

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 12 Sep 2021 02:48:02 +0000

spirometry lung function tests see also: * respiratory medicine * Aust. asthma Foundation QRG to spirometry for GPs * Aust. Asthma Foundation's buying guide for spirometers for GPs * eg. amongst the least expensive are the very light, compact PC-based spirometers such as: * MIR MiniSpir 2 at $AU999 excl. gst but includes 60 free turbine mouthpieces Introduction * spirometry provides an assessment of lung function by measuring:

splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 09 Jan 2023 07:40:23 +0000

splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) see also: * thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS / VITT / VIPIT) Introduction * an uncommon site for venous thrombosis * two thirds of SVT patients are men Risk factors * transient risk factors * thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS / VITT / VIPIT) eg. post-AZ Covid-19 vaccination * intra-abdominal infections

the patient who has had a splenectomy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Jan 2014 05:58:37 +0000

the patient who has had a splenectomy see also: * pneumococcus introduction * patients who have had a splenectomy are at high risk of sepsis / septicaemia, in particular, due to pneumococcus * in addition, risk applies to those patients with “functional asplenia” such as those with

splenic artery aneurysm

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 06 Aug 2022 02:51:39 +0000

splenic artery aneurysm see also: * renal artery aneurysm * Left upper quadrant abdominal pain in the ED * the patient with acute RUQ pain in ED Introduction * rare cause of abdominal pain and may be the result of arterial or venous occlusion * often is the presenting complaint of an underlying condition * usually in a person with an underlying hematologic disorder (eg.

splenomegaly

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 22 Feb 2022 10:12:29 +0000

splenomegaly see also: * hepatomegaly * hepatosplenomegaly * lymphadenopathy introduction * craniocaudal measurement of 11-13 cm is frequently used as the upper limit of normal splenic size on imaging studies * 2-5% of the population have a palpable spleen * patients with splenomegaly should be advised to avoid all contact sports as there is a risk of fatal splenic rupture

spondyloarthopathies

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Jul 2018 13:37:44 +0000

spondyloarthopathies see also: * arthritis - clinical patterns * ankylosing spondylitis (AS) * sacroiliitis * acute thoracic back pain in the adult introduction * spondyloarthopathies in its broadest sense refers to joint disease of the vertebral column which could include rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis * it's use is usually restricted to seronegative spondyloarthropathy

spondylolisthesis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 11 Nov 2021 05:07:10 +0000

spondylolisthesis see also: * back pain in the ED * orthopaedics in the ED * the lumbosacral spine Xray introduction * a common incidental finding on the L/S spine Xray in the ED which is usually long standing but may be the result of acute trauma and may be the cause of the back pain and nerve compression.

sports injuries

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 23 Oct 2013 13:10:21 +0000

sports injuries running * up to 70 per cent of recreational and competitive runners sustain overuse injuries during any 12-month period. * 40-50% in competitive runners, 17-18% in sprinters will develop Achilles' tendonitis with risk of rupture * runners who strike the forefoot put 20% more forces through the ankle and Achilles' tendon with increased risk of

SSRI/SNRI antidepressants

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 06 Dec 2024 21:52:02 +0000

SSRI/SNRI antidepressants see also: * antidepressants * Serotonin physiology introduction * selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are primarily used for Rx of depression and are the 1st line agents for drug Rx of anxiety disorders, panic attacks, hyperventilation including OCD. * they are also used in Rx of premature ejaculation

staphylococcus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 18 Dec 2025 22:43:04 +0000

staphylococcus see also: * clinically important bacteria * antibiotics for Rx of Staph. aureus * innate immunity Staphylococci: * Gram +ve, spherical, often in clusters, non-motile, non-sporing; * Catalase +ve; fermentative (cf. micrococcus oxidative); * Some have capsules; aerobic & facultative anaerobes; * Grow easily on most media, best at 37°C;

welcome to the OzEMedicine Wiki

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 10 Feb 2025 02:41:40 +0000

welcome to the OzEMedicine Wiki * OzEMedicine ©2007 wiki is the world's 1st wikipedia dedicated to Emergency Medicine * content is created ONLY by Australian Emergency Physicians * there are NO advertisements or endorsements and this extensive wikipedia is provided freely as part of

statins

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 26 Mar 2024 09:34:41 +0000

statins see also: * hyperlipidaemia introduction * HMGCoA reductase inhibitors, 'statins', are the first line drugs to use for most patients with hyperlipidaemia or mod-high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. * they are extremely efficacious and more than 90% of patients can tolerate them with negligible or no adverse effects.

sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 16 Jan 2025 22:29:35 +0000

sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs) see also: * safe sex and reducing risk of sexual misadventures * clinically important bacteria * chlamydia * gonococcus * syphilis * LGV * chancroid * mycoplasma genitalium * viruses * Herpes simplex virus (HSV) * human papilloma virus (HPV) * HIV / AIDS * parasitic * pubic lice * antibiotics * gynaecology * pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) * epididymo-orchitis * epidemiology data: * Australian National Notifiable …

steatohepatitis (fatty liver)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 18 Dec 2025 21:53:47 +0000

steatohepatitis (fatty liver) see also: * hepatitis * liver diseases introduction * steatohepatitis is a progression of fatty liver disease and may progress on to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma * initially it is asymptomatic and may only be discovered as a result of: * raised liver function tests (LFTs) * hepatomegaly * diagnosis on USS or CT abdo

stem cell therapy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 30 Jan 2014 01:43:12 +0000

stem cell therapy introduction * stem cell Rx is the use of pluripotent stem cells to repair or replace damaged tissues * in 1998, the 1st human stem cells to be used were harvested from human embryos and called embryonic stem cells (ESCs) however this raised ethical issues

sterile pyuria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 02 Jan 2014 07:30:58 +0000

sterile pyuria see also: * urinalysis * urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis introduction * sterile pyuria is the finding of > 10 white cells per microlitre of uncentrifuged urine of leukocytes in clean urine samples without bacterial growth on culture aetiology * partially treated urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis *

sterilisation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 06 Jul 2020 10:59:17 +0000

sterilisation see also: * aseptic non-touch technique (ANTT) * clinically important bacteria UV sterilisation * UV-C light with wavelengths of 254nm are typically used to rapidly sterilise air, water or surfaces * in high humidity environments such as cool rooms, “vacuum UV” 185nm lamps capable of also creating ozone which can oxidize odour-producing chemicals and provide some germicidal activity may also be an option

stertor

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 05 Feb 2019 21:54:50 +0000

stertor see also: * stridor * wheeze * noisy breathing * snoring * obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) * Stridor vs Wheeze vs Stertor and snoring in children (pdf) Introduction * noise during breathing can be of various types depending upon whether awake or asleep and on where the airway obstruction arises * stertor is primarily an inspiratory noise arising from the upper airways and in the unconscious patient, it generally indicates upper airway obstruction and potentially impending deat…

stillbirth / FDIU

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 Aug 2019 06:43:19 +0000

stillbirth / FDIU see also: * pregnancy * Obstetrics * decreased fetal movements (DFM or RFM) * fetal growth restriction (FGR / SGA / IUGR) * WH guideline for stillbirths and neonatal deaths - intranet only Introduction * a fetal death in utero (FDIU) is defined as: * “The death of a baby in utero after 20 completed weeks of gestation or birth weight more than 400grams if the period of gestation cannot be reliably established.

non-fatal suffocation or strangulation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 20 Jun 2023 00:43:33 +0000

non-fatal suffocation or strangulation see also: * domestic violence * trauma * * 60min Vimeo video training webinar: Insight Exchange Module Strangulation (includes Auslan) * NSW Govt resource: Managing non-fatal strangulation in the emergency department * online resources for victims: * Queensland Centre for Domestic and Family Viole…

streptococcus / streptococcal infections

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 22 Aug 2023 13:15:01 +0000

streptococcus / streptococcal infections see also: * clinically important bacteria * VicHealth patient information sheet Group A Strept infections Introduction * Streptococcal bacteria are Gram +ve cocci belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the order Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria) and are a common cause of infection * they grown in pairs or in chains hence the name of the genus

urinary stress incontinence

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 16 Jul 2019 10:25:08 +0000

urinary stress incontinence see also: * urinary urgency and urge incontinence * urinary incontinence * Introduction * involuntary loss of control of urine is a common problem and if it is recurrent becomes a major impact on a person's life and socialisation * urinary continence requires: * a functional autonomic bladder sphincter

stridor

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 05 Feb 2019 21:57:49 +0000

stridor see also: * wheeze * noisy breathing * stertor * acute cough in the adult * The child with a cough Introduction * stridor is a clinical sign of upper airway obstruction, and if it is acute, should be regarded as a life threatening emergency * when the site of the obstruction is outside the thoracic cage, the obstruction typically becomes worse during inspiration as negative intra-tracheal airway pressures in inspiration further narrow the airway and thus an inspiratory stridor…

stroke (CVA)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 09 Mar 2026 06:29:35 +0000

stroke (CVA) see also: * ED Mx of stroke * stroke patterns * thrombolysis in stroke * neurology * transient ischaemic attack (TIA) * atherosclerosis and primary prevention * intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) in adults * NICS care bundle of documents to assist in the ED management of TIA and stroke * Vic. DHS - stroke care strategy recommendations (pdf) * Vic. DHS - stroke care strategy for Victoria (pdf) * Vic. DHS - clinical networks documents * National Stroke Foundation * Str…

antithrombotic Rx for prevention of stroke

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 04 Apr 2014 06:11:56 +0000

antithrombotic Rx for prevention of stroke see also: * stroke (CVA) * atrial fibrillation * general anticoagulation guidelines * calculators: * CHADS2 score for determining stroke risk in patients with non-valvular AF * CHA2DS2-VASc score for determining stroke risk in patients with non-valvular AF * HAS-BLED bleeding risk scoring tool for anticoagulation Rx * ABCD2 Score for TIA * NICS care bundle of documents to assist in the ED management of TIA and stroke introduction * ri…

ED Mx of stroke

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 22 Feb 2026 23:03:23 +0000

ED Mx of stroke see also stroke (CVA), neurology, transient ischaemic attack (TIA) * AFTB lectures - stroke (2008) * ED physicians can screen for dysphagia in stroke patients with 96% sensitivity * NICS care bundle of documents to assist in the ED management of TIA and stroke * 2026 AHA consensus guidelines on Mx of ischaemic stroke patient information sheets * Stroke Foundation Australia - stroke information in various languages - English, Arabic, Italian, Greek, Chinese and Vietnamese…

stroke patterns

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 11 Oct 2022 09:22:17 +0000

stroke patterns see also: * neurology * stroke (CVA) * weakness_UL * weakness of the lower limb(s) / weak in the knees * paraesthesiae or numbness pure motor hemiplegia * lesion in the pons, posterior limb of internal capsule, or cerebral peduncle * paralysis of face, arm, and leg without sensory loss * no parietal lobe findings pure sensory hemiparaesthesia

strongyloidiasis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 22 Apr 2024 12:42:50 +0000

strongyloidiasis see also: * parasites * antihelminths * the febrile returned traveller introduction * a human parasitic disease caused by the nematode (roundworm) Strongyloides stercoralis, or sometimes S. fülleborni. * thought to affect 30–100 million people worldwide, mainly in tropical and subtropical countries.

subclavian steal syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 01 Jan 2019 08:11:28 +0000

subclavian steal syndrome see also: * thoracic outlet syndrome Introduction * subclavian steal syndrome is an uncommon condition characterised reduced arterial supply to the opposite arm or carotids/vertebrals when the affected arm is exercised * this occurs when the subclavian artery is impinged or occluded and supply to the arm is retrograde down the ipsilateral vertebral artery which

sugammadex

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 13 Mar 2015 05:12:05 +0000

sugammadex see also: * rocuronium * neuro-muscular blockers introduction * sugammadex is a modified gamma cyclodextrin designed to selectively reverse the effects of the neuromuscular blockers rocuronium and vecuronium * marketed as Bridion (Schering Plough) in vials containing 100 mg/mL solution for injection

suicide

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 May 2019 03:40:44 +0000

suicide see also: * depression * psychiatry and mental health * modified sad persons scale * Victorian resources: * HOPE = Hospital Outreach Post-suicidal Engagement * “The aim of the HOPE initiative is to provide an assertive outreach approach to people who would not usually receive follow up by a clinical mental health service. It is a different cohort of consumer with a greater emphasis on non-clinical, psycho social support in the approach. HOPE aims to address a service gap an…

sulphonamides

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 01:28:57 +0000

sulphonamides see also: * antibiotics * co-trimoxazole introduction * sulfonamides are a group of bacteriostatic antibiotics originally called sulpha or sulfa tablets * they were the first antimicrobial drugs, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine.

sulphonylurea oral hypoglycaemics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 01:08:23 +0000

sulphonylurea oral hypoglycaemics see also: * oral hypoglycaemic agents introduction * derived from the sulphonamides * act by increasing insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells by binding an ATPase K+ channel => reduced K efflux => depolarisation => opens voltage gated Ca gates

suprapubic catheterisation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 23 May 2021 02:44:26 +0000

suprapubic catheterisation see also: * urology * Emedicine.com * tips to manage complications of suprapubic catheters

surgery

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 16 Aug 2019 07:52:51 +0000

surgery see also: * general surgery * neurosurgery * orthopaedics * plastic surgery * ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT) * ophthalmology * thoracic surgery * vascular surgery

surgical airway

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 22 Jan 2019 07:21:02 +0000

surgical airway see cricothyroidotomy

searching patients, suspicious behaviour, unknown substance, weapons or crime within the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 02 Jun 2025 14:13:36 +0000

searching patients, suspicious behaviour, unknown substance, weapons or crime within the ED see also: * medico-legal issues in the ED * managing violence or the aggressive patient in the ED * * 2018 ABC news: failure to search MH patients allegedly contributes to two deaths in a NSW hospital * WH procedure on p…

suxamethonium

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 24 Apr 2015 06:57:04 +0000

suxamethonium see also: * neuro-muscular blockers * rapid sequence induction (RSI) for emergency intubation patient information sheets * Vic. Better Health - suxamethonium information (pdf) * suxamethonium may cause fatal hyperkalaemia or malignant hyperthermia and is thus contraindicated if either: * rhabdomyolysis * significant hyperkalaemia with ECG changes * conditions which result in up-regulation of Ach receptors and increases risk of hyperkalaemia when given suxamethonium:

superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 22 Jun 2020 13:18:20 +0000

superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction see also: * stridor Introduction * the SVC is the main venous drainage of head, neck and upper limbs * the azygous vein drains posterior thorax and joins the SVC at level of right main bronchus * obstruction of the SVC is a medical emergency, and around 60% of cases are due to underlying intrathoracic neoplasm

the patient with swollen leg(s)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 22 Mar 2023 22:33:58 +0000

the patient with swollen leg(s) see also: * deep venous thrombosis (DVT) * congestive cardiac failure * nephrotic syndrome * pre-eclampsia and eclampsia * venous insufficiency of the leg introduction * the patient with swollen leg or legs, or peripheral oedema is a common presentation to the ED * it is usual to assess whether the swelling is bilateral or not and if there is pitting oedema

sympathomimetics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 01 Jun 2019 04:58:39 +0000

sympathomimetics see also: * pharmacology main index * parasympathetics * inotropes * sympNS * parasympNS chemical properties of sympathomimetics * Sympathomimetics are drugs that mimic the actions of the naturally occurring catecholamines with beta-phenylethylamine being the parent compound: (benzene ring-CH2-CH2-NH2).

syncope / near syncope

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 23:22:10 +0000

syncope / near syncope see also: * seizures * the blood donor who collapses * vertigo - peripheral vs central Introduction * syncope and near syncope are one of the most common presentations to the ED and need to be differentiated from a primary seizure event (seizure activity may be secondary to the syncopal event if there is prolonged reduced blood supply to the brain)

syphilis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 23 Jan 2026 05:24:23 +0000

syphilis see also: * safe sex and reducing risk of sexual misadventures * sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs) introduction * syphilis is a sexually transmitted infections (STDs/STIs) caused by the spirochete bacteria, Treponema pallidum * it was relatively common until the widespread use on penicillins in the 1950's when it became rare in Western cultures but has been gradually increasing with increased general sexual promiscuity and drug use in the 1980's but massive campaigns a…

syringobulbia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 23 Sep 2024 04:37:54 +0000

syringobulbia see also: * syringomyelia * weakness of the lower limb(s) / weak in the knees Introduction * a rare condition in which fluid filled cavities (syrinxes) occupy space in the lower part of the brainstem and can impair neuronal function via a pressure effect similar to that seen in syringomyelia with which it is often associated with

syringomyelia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 23 Sep 2024 04:39:26 +0000

syringomyelia see also: * weakness of the lower limb(s) / weak in the knees * syringobulbia * Introduction * syringomyelia is a fluid-filled cyst (called a syrinx) forming within the spinal cord * most cases are associated with congenital Chiari malformation * an abnormal condition in which brain tissue extends through foramen magnum and into the spinal canal and obstructs the flow …

Victoria's Transport Accident Commission and compensation for victims of road trauma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 14 Jan 2015 06:15:11 +0000

Victoria's Transport Accident Commission and compensation for victims of road trauma see also: * Victoria's Transport Accident Act 1986 (pdf) * TAC and Work Care / Work Safe certificates of capacity * trauma introduction * patients involved in road trauma may be eligible for financial compensation for: * medical expenses * certain allied health expenses such as physiotherapy, podiatry, etc

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) / stress cardiomyopathy / "broken heart"

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 16 May 2025 09:47:35 +0000

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) / stress cardiomyopathy / "broken heart" see also: * cardiology * acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) introduction * 1st described in Japan in 1990 by Sato et al. * transient cardiomyopathy which appears to be caused by persistent high levels of circulating catecholamines as a result of an acute stress reaction such as the sudden death of a loved one

oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 08 Jul 2009 03:44:01 +0000

oseltamivir (Tamiflu) see also: * influenza * zanamivir (Relenza) * Western Health influenza pandemic information * Tamiflu Data Sheet approved by NZ Medsafe 3th March 2009 ASID/TSANZ guidelines and position statement 18th June 2009 relating to H1N1 influenza 09 (human swine flu) * see EMJA June 2009 - ASID/TSANZ guidelines * Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases (ASID) * Swine Influenza Task Force of the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand (TSANZ)

tamoxifen

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 22 Aug 2025 23:32:29 +0000

tamoxifen see also: * breast cancer * oestrogens * antioestrogens Introduction * Tamoxifen is the oldest and most-prescribed selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to treat breast cancer since its approval by US FDA in 1998. * Tamoxifen won't work on hormone-receptor-negative breast cancer

skin sun tanning aides

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 14 Jan 2025 23:33:56 +0000

skin sun tanning aides see also: * dermatology * melanoma Introduction * Australia has banned most of these aids, especially UV tanning clinics which obviously will increase skin ageing and cancer risks Intranasal Melanotan-II * illegal agent in Australia, not approved by the TGA

tapentadol

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 07 Feb 2024 06:12:23 +0000

tapentadol see also: * pain, analgesia and analgesics * opiates and opioids * tramadol * Opioid dose converter app introduction * synthetic opiate-like analgesic similar to tramadol invented in the late 1980's and approved by TGA in Australia in 2010 as an S8 controlled drug * as with tramadol it has a dual mode of action as an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor and as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI)

tardive dyskinesia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 May 2014 07:33:35 +0000

tardive dyskinesia see also: * extrapyramidal reactions such as oculogyric crisis, dystonic reactions, akathisia introduction * an irreversible, disabling movement disorder usually due to long term use of medications which block dopamine D2 receptors such as: * anti-emetics such as metoclopramide (Maxolon) * phenothiazines including prochlorperazine (Stemetil) and chlorpromazine (Largactil) * butyrophenone type antipsychotic agents including haloperidol and droperidol (Droleptan)

taste and smell

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Mar 2026 12:55:15 +0000

taste and smell see also: * neurology * Cranial nerve examination Introduction * taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction) are very much linked in our experiences and much of what we taste is actually from our smell sensors with modulation from trigeminal nerve stimulation (registering texture, pain, and temperature) and chemesthesis of mucosa which provides coolness (eg. menthol), hotness (eg. pungency), tingling/numbness (eg. Sichuan pepper), astringency (tannins or calcium oxalate as in …

Tazocin (piperacillin + tazobactam)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 May 2013 08:02:49 +0000

Tazocin (piperacillin + tazobactam) see also: * antibiotics introduction * broad spectrum parenteral antibiotic + beta-lactamase inhibitor reserved for defined uses for serious sepsis such as: * ascending cholangitis and other intra-abdominal sepsis * urosepsis resistant to other antibiotics

tuberculosis (TB)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 11 Oct 2024 07:39:09 +0000

tuberculosis (TB) see also: * infectious diseases * mycobacteria * the persistent cough * back pain in the ED * World Health Organisation (WHO) guide and updates on TB * NZ govt TB literature * EMedicine article on TB * Western Health policies (intranet accessible only): * TB (pdf) * TB - General information for staff (pdf) Introduction * tuberculosis is caused by the bacterial organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) causing a generally slowly progressive chronic infection ma…

tenesmus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 05 Jun 2018 12:23:35 +0000

tenesmus see also: * diverticulitis Introduction * tenesmus is the sensation of needing to pass stool often associated with pain, cramps and straining despite little stool being passed * it is usually associated with inflammation of the rectum (proctitis) or sigmoid colon, or

torsion of testes

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 20 Aug 2017 00:17:10 +0000

torsion of testes see also: * epididymo-orchitis * herniae * acute scrotal pain or swelling * Western Health surgery pathway - the painful testicle introduction * intratunical torsion of the testes is a surgical emergency as infarction of the testes increases with time, and with durations exceeding 4 hours from onset, prognosis becomes poor * patients with suspected torsion of testes are usually triaged as code 2 and surgical consult sought

tetanus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 02 Jul 2022 23:51:01 +0000

tetanus * RCH guideline - tetanus prophylaxis * RCH guideline - tetanus-prone wounds * clinically important bacteria at risk patients * those who have never been vaccinated or vaccination course incomplete or > 10 years ago who have a tetanus prone wound such as: * retained foreign body esp. wood * contaminated wound * compound fracture

tetracycline antibiotics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Aug 2011 11:43:41 +0000

tetracycline antibiotics see also: * antibiotics introduction * bacteriostatic, broad spectrum for many Gram +ves, -ves, some anaerobes, rickettsiae, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas, L-forms, some protozoa (eg. amoebae). * uses: atypical pneumonia, PID, acne, malaria

thalassemia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 19 Oct 2025 02:35:32 +0000

thalassemia see also: * malaria * anaemia * * Vic. Better Health - thalassaemia Introduction * a group of inherited conditions that cause defective production of haemoglobin * the most common is beta thalasemia which is autosomal recessive and thus exists in two forms: * thalassemia minor - heterozygous trait mild form with mild reduction in Hb beta chain production and mild anaemia

therapeutics - risks and benefits of therapies, medications, drugs, etc

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 13 Apr 2014 06:31:09 +0000

therapeutics - risks and benefits of therapies, medications, drugs, etc See also: * evidence based medicine (EBM) introduction * before we prescribe a treatment, or as a patient, accept a treatment, we should have a reasonable understanding of the expected benefits and the potential risks of that treatment.

thiopentone

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Mar 2009 05:36:34 +0000

thiopentone see also: * barbiturates * induction agents for anaesthesia introduction * thiopentone is an ultra-short acting barbiturate primarily used as an induction agent to aid rapid sequence induction (RSI) for emergency intubation * iv use only * IM use causes pain/necrosis * inadvertent intra-arterial injection of thiopentone -> vasospasm * consider alternatives if either:

thoracic surgery

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 05 Jan 2019 04:41:30 +0000

thoracic surgery see also: * pneumothorax * thoracic surgery at Western Health

tube thoracostomy for Rx of pneumothorax and haemothorax

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 27 May 2018 02:39:59 +0000

tube thoracostomy for Rx of pneumothorax and haemothorax see also: * pneumothorax * trauma to the chest * links to videos on nearly everything you need to know about chest drains, thoracotomy, underwater seal drainage courtesy of Life In The Fast Lane * how to secure the chest tube * RCH guideline - intercostal catheter insertion * The University of Queensland Portal for Chest Tube Insertion introduction * pleural decompression via inserting an intercostal catheter is a core emergency…

thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 08 Sep 2023 09:53:34 +0000

thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) see also: * acute kidney injury (AKI) / acute renal failure (ARF) * microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (MAHAs) Introduction * thrombotic microangiopathy is an uncommon condition which may cause life threatening acute kidney injury (AKI) / acute renal failure (ARF) requiring dialysis Clinical features * intravascular haemolysis on the blood film * raised creatinine level with or without

thrombocytopenia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 13 Nov 2025 10:15:32 +0000

thrombocytopenia see also: * full blood examination (FBE) * thrombocytosis * artefectual results are common, and unexpected significantly low platelet counts should be re-checked * be alert to the possibility of TTP or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, as a delay in diagnosis can result in serious morbidity or mortality

thrombocytosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 13 Sep 2024 01:00:51 +0000

thrombocytosis see also: * full blood examination (FBE) * thrombocytopenia introduction * thrombocytosis is defined by an excessive concentration of platelets in the peripheral blood > 500 x 10^9/L * primary thrombocytosis may cause increased risk of thrombosis and stroke (CVA) and thus high risk patients are usually treated with long term hydroxyurea

thrombolysis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 29 May 2014 06:06:01 +0000

thrombolysis see: * thrombolytics * thrombolysis in AMI * thrombolysis in PE * thrombolysis in stroke * intra-arterial thrombolysis

thrombolysis for AMI

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 05 Nov 2014 10:16:03 +0000

thrombolysis for AMI see also thrombolytics, acute myocardial infarction (AMI/STEMI/NSTEMI) thrombolytic therapy for AMI's: indications for coronary reperfusion: * NB. if coronary re-perfusion is indicated, percutaneous coronary intervention (primary PCI or “hot angioplasty”) is usually the preferred option if available within 2 hours

thrombolysis in stroke

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 22 Feb 2026 23:07:28 +0000

thrombolysis in stroke see also: * thrombolytics; * stroke (CVA) * ED Mx of stroke * The NNT blog: commentary on the International Stroke Trial 3 (‘IST-3’) published in 2012 * Emedicine article on thrombolysis in stroke * LITFL: Why we should be very wary of using clotbusting drugs to treat acute strokes * BML Mar 2015: researchers call for re-think on use of Alteplase in stroke - evidence suggests harm outweighs benefit at greater than 3 hrs * 2026 AHA consensus guidelines on Mx of i…

ED Mx of stroke with possible thrombolytic Rx

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:41:42 +0000

ED Mx of stroke with possible thrombolytic Rx see also: * stroke (CVA) * ED Mx of stroke ED triage of the patient with possible stroke * if patient is clearly not suitable for thrombolysis in stroke (eg. on warfarin) then see ED Mx of stroke. * if patient may be suitable for thrombolysis in stroke such as onset of stroke symptoms within 4.5 hours without seizures, then continue on.

Intra-arterial thrombolysis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 16 Sep 2008 11:31:15 +0000

Intra-arterial thrombolysis see also thrombolytics possible indications: * acute non-limb threatening ischaemia in selected patients regimes used: * streptokinase 2,500-5,000U/hr i/arterial infusion, with catheter tip at the occlusion until patency is restored, or,

thrombolysis in Mx of PE

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 06 Dec 2019 22:21:01 +0000

thrombolysis in Mx of PE see also: * thrombolytics * ED Mx of pulmonary embolism (PE) aims of Rx: * accelerate clot lysis to reduce acute pulmonary hypertension & RVF and hopefully prevent death in the acute period the massive PE death spiral * “PE is notorious for causing patients to go from looking fine to PEA arrest within minutes

thrombolytics

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 10 Sep 2023 06:17:14 +0000

thrombolytics see also: * pharmacology main index * cardiology * thrombolysis * thrombolysis in AMI * thrombolysis in PE * thrombolysis in stroke * intra-arterial thrombolysis * Heart.org thrombolytics (pdf) * LITFL thrombolytic agents: * also called fibrinolysis or fibrinolytics * LMWH such as enoxaparin (30mg iv bolus, then 1mg/kg s/c bd), appears to be better than unfractionated heparin as an adjunct to thrombolysis in AMI although does increase major bleed rates, but net bene…

thrombophilia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 19 Oct 2023 21:54:34 +0000

thrombophilia see also: * deep venous thrombosis (DVT) * pulmonary embolism (PE) introduction * thrombophilia is a term generally used for persons with a hereditary risk of venous thrombosis due to hypercoagulability * such patients are at increased risk of venous thrombosis such as: * deep venous thrombosis (DVT) * pulmonary embolism (PE) * upper limb DVT *

thrombophlebitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 04 Jun 2021 22:57:42 +0000

thrombophlebitis see also: * Mx of lower limb DVT introduction * thrombophlebitis is thrombosis of a vein with associated inflammation and if infective, is called septic thrombophlebitis * sterile thrombophlebitis of the peripheral veins is painful and causes local erythema and tenderness but generally settles without serious sequelae, although sometimes the thrombosis can extend into deeper veins resulting in a

thrombosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 03 Aug 2023 05:32:19 +0000

thrombosis see: * coagulation pathways * anticoagulants * deep venous thrombosis (DVT) * thrombophlebitis * thrombophilia * pulmonary embolism (PE) * pulmonary vein thrombosis (PVT) * splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) including portal V, mesenteric V, Budd-Chiari syndrome * Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) * cerebral dural venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) * thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS / VITT / VIPIT)

thyroid physiology and hormones

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 11 May 2014 12:44:52 +0000

thyroid physiology and hormones see also: * endocrinology * hyperthyroidism * hypothyroidism * American Thyroid Association guidelines introduction * the hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) * TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) * TSH stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxine (T4) * T4 is converted peripherally to T3 which is more active than T4

thyroiditis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 25 Oct 2021 02:04:24 +0000

thyroiditis see also: * thyroid physiology and hormones * hyperthyroidism * Mx of a low TSH * thyroid storm * Graves disease * thyroid cancer Introduction * thyroiditis is an inflammatory condition of the thyroid * inflammation resolves in 95% within 12-18 months although may result in permanent hypothyroidism * most patients with Hashimotos' thyroiditis, radiation

thyroid storm

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 02 Feb 2020 14:52:26 +0000

thyroid storm see also: * thyroid physiology and hormones * hyperthyroidism * Mx of a low TSH Introduction * thyroid storm is a rare acute medical emergency with a high mortality if untreated * occurs in 1-2% of hospitalized patients with hyperthyroidism * 80% are women * 80% are aged 20-50 years * It is mostly seen in patients with

thyroxine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 11 May 2014 12:46:12 +0000

thyroxine see thyroid physiology and hormones

transient ischaemic attack (TIA)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:36:33 +0000

transient ischaemic attack (TIA) see also: * neurology * stroke (CVA) * atrial fibrillation * calculators: * CHADS2 Score for Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Risk * CHA2DS2-VASc Score for Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Risk * ABCD2 Score for TIA * NICS care bundle of documents to assist in the ED management of TIA and stroke * AHA/ASA Guidelines - Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack * European Heart Journal Guidelines for the m…

ticagrelor (Brilinta)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 25 Apr 2025 00:34:55 +0000

ticagrelor (Brilinta) see also: * antiplatelet agents introduction * a reversible adenosine diphosphate P2Y12 inhibitor marketed in Australia in 2011 as Brilinta 90mg tablets * approved on PBS from August 2012 following the PLATO trial which showed in patients with acute coronary syndromes including STEMI:

tick-borne relapsing fever

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 23 May 2025 07:27:30 +0000

tick-borne relapsing fever see also: * clinically important bacteria * Lyme disease * louse-borne relapsing fever Introduction * a variety of relapsing fever type illnesses spread by Borrelia infected ticks (mainly in soft bodied ticks) * Not to be confused with louse-borne relapsing fever or Lyme disease Aetiology * various Borrelia species cause these illnesses:

ticks in Australia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 10 Oct 2025 00:03:10 +0000

ticks in Australia see also: * insect bites and stings * toxinology introduction * ticks are blood sucking, external parasites which belong to the order Acarina (which also contains mites) and are related to spiders and scorpions * globally, only mosquitoes spread more human and animal diseases than ticks

tinea fungal infections

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Feb 2026 10:51:59 +0000

tinea fungal infections see also: * fungi * antifungal agents * dermatology * scalp and hair conditions Introduction * tinea infections of the skin are caused by a range of fungal dermatophytes * skin infections caused by yeasts such as Candida are not included under the tinea umbrella Major clinical types and organisms

tinnitus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 17 May 2020 03:03:04 +0000

tinnitus see also: * ED Mx of vertigo and BPV * endolymphatic hydrops including Meniere's disease introduction * most tinnitus originating in the auditory system is due to a sensorineural hearing loss with resulting dysfunction within the auditory system * mostly this is high pitched * Ménière's disease is generally low pitched tinnitus

whooshing or pulsatile tinnitus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 17 May 2020 02:56:06 +0000

whooshing or pulsatile tinnitus see also: * ED Mx of vertigo and BPV * endolymphatic hydrops including Meniere's disease introduction * most tinnitus originating in the auditory system is due to a sensorineural hearing loss with resulting dysfunction within the auditory system * mostly this is high pitched * Ménière's disease is generally low pitched tinnitus

TMJ dislocation / mandibular dislocation / dislocated jaw

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 26 Apr 2025 04:09:33 +0000

TMJ dislocation / mandibular dislocation / dislocated jaw see also: * temporomandibibular joint disorders Introduction * dislocation of the TMJ is a relatively common presentation to the ED Aetiology * seizures * excessive opening of the jaw such as when yawning or in oral sex

temporomandibibular joint disorders

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 26 Apr 2025 04:04:21 +0000

temporomandibibular joint disorders see also: * faciomaxillary * TMJ dislocation / mandibular dislocation / dislocated jaw Introduction: * The TMJ is susceptible to all the afflictions of other joints. Conversely, there are no articular conditions unique to the jaw joint. The same rules apply to the masticatory muscles.

tonsillectomy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 13 Dec 2024 04:45:11 +0000

tonsillectomy see also: * ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT) Introduction * the tonsils and adenoids form part of the first-line defenses against inhaled or ingested pathogens * they tend to enlarge substantially in early childhood especially after age 5yrs and can be prone to recurrent streptococcal bacterial infections, viral infections such as

post-tonsillectomy bleeding

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 13 Dec 2024 04:18:34 +0000

post-tonsillectomy bleeding see also: * ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT) * tonsillectomy * RVEEH clinical practice guideline: * Post Tonsillectomy Bleeding (pdf) Introduction * bleeding after tonsillectomy can be life threatening and most patients should be admitted to hospital for at least 24hrs of observation (some with resolved secondary bleeds and no red flags may be managed at home closely observed)

tonsillitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 14 Aug 2018 13:48:03 +0000

tonsillitis see also: * EBV / glandular fever / infectious mononucleosis introduction * most cases of inflamed tonsils and pharyngitis even with purulent exudate are viral and are often difficult to distinguish clinically from Group A Streptococcal infections * Streptococcal infections are more common in those aged 3yrs to 13yrs and less so in older children and adults

thoracic outlet syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Jan 2026 10:18:02 +0000

thoracic outlet syndrome see also: * subclavian steal syndrome * pectoralis minor compression of axillary vein * Introduction * thoracic outlet syndrome is an uncommon pathology where either nerves, artery, or veins to the arm or head are compressed after they leave the thoracic outlet

touch

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 23 Feb 2026 03:44:43 +0000

touch see also: * paraesthesiae or numbness * pain * neurology Introduction * light touch is the sensation arising from activation of touch-sensing low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) nerve cells via activation of various classes of mechanoreceptors detecting stretch, skin movement, compression, vibration or hair fiber deflection

toxicology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 23 Jan 2026 00:55:30 +0000

toxicology * internet links: * Austin Hospital Toxicology guidelines smartphone app (free download) * VicTAG Emergency and Life Saving Medicine Register - antidotes registry, etc * Micromedex Poisons Index - Victorian hospitals intranet access via IP * MIMS via IP address no logon needed within Western Health * MIMS Drug database - requires password * Toxbase - UK-based extensive poisons database * ToxINZ - Australasian toxicology and toxinology database - requires annual subscri…

toxic worms - hammerhead worms

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 27 Dec 2023 21:53:33 +0000

toxic worms - hammerhead worms see also: * toxinology * Introduction * Bipalium kewense (“hammerhead worms” or Shovel-headed Garden Flatworm or land planarians) are an invasive pest originating in the closed forests of Indo-China / Vietnam * they are 10-20cm long with a hammerhead appearance

toxinology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 27 Dec 2023 21:26:47 +0000

toxinology see also: * animal bites in Australia * insect bites and stings * ticks in Australia * envenomation and bites - page still in construction * Australian tiger and brown snake bites * spider bites in Australia * redback spider bites * funnel web spider bites (atraxis) * food poisoning * scombroid histamine food poisoning due to spoiled fish * ciguatera toxin reef fish food poisoning * blue-green algae (BGA) toxins in waterways * Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substanc…

toxoplasmosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 22:56:21 +0000

toxoplasmosis see also: * parasites * Introduction * Toxoplasma gondii was discovered in 1908 and is one of the most successful global parasites which appears to be primarily spread by oocytes shed in cat faeces * cats appear to be the definitive host and the only host capable of shedding oocytes

Alkali ingestion

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Sep 2008 11:24:42 +0000

Alkali ingestion see also toxicology see RCH guideline - alkali poisoning

Camphor ingestion

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Sep 2008 11:38:08 +0000

Camphor ingestion see also toxicology see RCH guideline - camphor poisoning

ethanol intoxication/poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 08 Jan 2026 22:47:18 +0000

ethanol intoxication/poisoning see also: * ethanol (alcohol and alcohol withdrawal) * toxicology * RCH guidelines - ethanol poisoning in children the drunk alcoholic in the ED * never assume that a patient is just drunk until you have considered all of the following: * hypoglycaemia * head injury - order a CT scan if decreased conscious state and possible head injury

ethylene glycol poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 24 Nov 2024 01:05:56 +0000

ethylene glycol poisoning see also: * toxicology * methanol poisoning * Wikitox introduction * ethylene glycol is used as a car radiator coolant and is not an uncommon agent used in intentional poisoning. * one should suspect it as a cause of cases characterised by high anion gap metabolic acidosis with osmolal gap. *

Eucalyptus and Essential Oil poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 06 Feb 2026 22:16:43 +0000

Eucalyptus and Essential Oil poisoning see also: * toxicology * RCH guideline - eucalyptus oil and essential oil poisoning Introduction * ingestions of 15mL or more eucalyptus oil in adults can be fatal within hours, especially if dose is sufficient to cause acute onset seizures Mx * do not induce vomiting as risk of aspiration and severe chemical pneumonitis

General Mx of poisonings and overdoses

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Sep 2008 12:15:29 +0000

General Mx of poisonings and overdoses see links to specific poisonings and external links see RCH guideline - initial Mx of paediatric poisonings

Hydrocarbon poisoning

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 25 Sep 2008 11:45:53 +0000

Hydrocarbon poisoning see toxicology see RCH guideline - hydrocarbon ingestion

tramadol

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 10 Jul 2019 00:30:19 +0000

tramadol see also: * pain, analgesia and analgesics * opiates and opioids * tapentadol introduction * a synthetic, opioid-like, centrally acting analgesic * it is not chemically related to opiates * it is related to the newer analgesic, tapentadol * believed to act on mu opioid receptors & inhibit reuptake of serotonin & NA in the pain pathways of the CNS which may play the more important part of its actions.

tranexamic acid (Cyclokapron)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 22 Feb 2017 03:32:14 +0000

tranexamic acid (Cyclokapron) * avoid in patients with: * thrombophilia or thromboembolic disease such as DVT or PE * thrombotic stroke risk * subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) * pregnancy * lactation * age < 15 years * severe renal disease * severe bruising * bleeding in body cavities

transcriptome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 00:31:34 +0000

transcriptome see also: * foods that may be toxic or bad for you * risk and the perception of risk * air pollution and health risks * the GIT microbiome * genomics * metabolome * exposome and health * proteome Introduction * the transcriptome generally refers to the individual patient's collection of RNA signatures which can be found in the blood or in tissues and which may reflect pathogens, metabolic and hormonal activity, immunologic status, etc

transdermal patches

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 15 Nov 2013 01:34:05 +0000

transdermal patches see also: * pharmacology main index * nitrates including GTN * opiates and opioids introduction * transdermal patches can be an effective drug delivery route * they deliver medication at a constant rate via the skin into the bloodstream for a prolonged effect. * increasing numbers of medications are becoming available in transdermal patch form.

transverse myelitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Aug 2019 06:25:50 +0000

transverse myelitis see also: * weakness of the lower limb(s) / weak in the knees * Introduction * transverse myelitis is inflammation of the spinal cord which produces neurological changes often with a transverse band-like sensory deficit. * it may be rapidly developing over hours or days and is then called

trauma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 02 Jan 2026 21:52:36 +0000

trauma * ED major trauma call * Mx of the major trauma patient * geriatric trauma - trauma in the elderly * rapid sequence induction (RSI) for emergency intubation * massive blood transfusions * tranexamic acid (Cyclokapron) * RCH guideline - major trauma - the primary survey * RCH guideline - wound dressings for acute traumatic wounds * paediatric head injury * adult head injury * eye injuries * open wounds to neck * cervical spine injury * thoracic spine trauma * lumbar spine t…

ankle injuries and fractures

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 09:00:56 +0000

ankle injuries and fractures see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * the injured foot * DVT, PE, VTE prophylaxis and risk assessment in patients with lower leg immobilization (eg BKPOP plaster for fracture ankle) * Phong Tran's - patient information website - sprained ankles * Phong Tran's - patient information website - fractured ankles * Phong Tran's - orthopaedics website - fracture neck of talus * Phong Tran's - orthopaedics website - fracture calcaneum * AO Foundation Surgery Refere…

blunt aortic injury

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 May 2014 06:47:45 +0000

blunt aortic injury see also: * trauma to the chest * aortic dissection features and diagnosis

ED major trauma call

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:56:54 +0000

ED major trauma call see also: * trauma introduction * many hospitals implement a “trauma call” process to improve patient outcomes in high risk trauma which is activated when high risk patients are brought into the emergency department or when the ambulance clinician notifies the ED of the imminent arrival of such a patient

trauma to the chest

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 06 Jul 2020 00:30:51 +0000

trauma to the chest see also: * trauma * tube thoracostomy for Rx of pneumothorax and haemothorax * pneumothorax * Blunt trauma to the Heart and Great Vessels suspected cardiac tamponade * early FAST ultrasound scanning is critical in detection of traumatic cardiac tamponade * once haemopericardium is detected, look for evidence of tamponade: right atrial and right ventricular collapse

facial trauma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 19 Feb 2023 22:55:27 +0000

facial trauma see also: * trauma * faciomaxillary introduction * consider possibility of non-accidental injury in young children with facial trauma amount of force required to cause a fracture in a normal adult: bone force in multiples of gravitational force nasal bones 30

falls from a height

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 04 Mar 2014 05:55:00 +0000

falls from a height see also: * trauma introduction * patients presenting after a fall from a height are at high risk of important injuries * a fall of 3m or more is an indication for a ED major trauma call * patients should be managed as per Mx of the major trauma patient classic injuries * head injury

the injured foot

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 28 Jan 2020 11:21:51 +0000

the injured foot see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * the painful foot * ankle injuries and fractures * acute foot drop introduction * foot injuries are common and significant injuries are commonly missed unless actively sort by the treating clinician. * delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis of important injuries can contribute to long term morbidity

geriatric trauma - trauma in the elderly

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 17 Jun 2019 14:51:15 +0000

geriatric trauma - trauma in the elderly see also: * trauma * geriatrics Introduction * most trauma in the elderly are due to: * falls * motor vehicle accidents, especially as pedestrians * burns * assaults More likely to sustain an important injury

the injured hand

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 21 Jan 2025 12:05:49 +0000

the injured hand see also: * animal bites * cellulitis * removal of embedded fish hooks * burns * paediatric lacerations * local anaesthetic agents * fractures of the metacarpal * fractures and dislocations of the fingers * high pressure fluid spray / hydraulic injury referring patients to the plastics registrar * first indicate what YOU think is the diagnosis as this helps set a framework for the receiving doctor's thought processes * patient's age, fasting status, occupation and…

the acutely injured knee in ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 31 Dec 2015 04:42:34 +0000

the acutely injured knee in ED see also: * orthopaedics in the ED * dislocation of the knee joint * ACL injury and diagnostic tests - wikipedia introduction * be aware that a painful knee may be referred pain from an injured hip - see hip pain, or from L5 and S1 nerve roots which may be impinged as part of sciatica - see back pain in the ED * knee injuries can be divided into:

Mx of the major trauma patient

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 06 Nov 2024 06:03:25 +0000

Mx of the major trauma patient see also: * trauma * Vic Trauma Guidelines - Early Trauma Care * Vic Trauma Guidelines - trauma in the older patient introduction * the following are general Mx processes for patients who fit criteria for a ED major trauma call initial Mx in ED * call a ED major trauma call to ensure the trauma team is in attendance and a team leader and various team roles are assigned

long term outcomes following trauma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 May 2016 23:53:41 +0000

long term outcomes following trauma see also: * trauma * EPI Journal - P.Cameron 2016 * type of injury and severity of injury has less to do with the final outcome than other factors such as age, sex, socioeconomic circumstance, family support, and work status * supposedly “moderate” degrees of injury such as a lower limb fracture could take years to recover from

traveller's diarrhoea

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 29 Dec 2024 00:06:37 +0000

traveller's diarrhoea see also: * travel medicine * the febrile returned traveller * gastroenteritis introduction causes of traveller's diarrhoea * 80% bacterial eg. enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Salmonella, Campylobacter, etc. * up to 20% are parasitic eg. giardiasis, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, amoebiasis (usually starts after 6wks or so),

the febrile returned traveller

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 06:00:02 +0000

the febrile returned traveller see also: * travel medicine * The febrile adult presenting to the ED * traveller's diarrhoea * Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine at James Cook University, Townsville * The Travel Clinic website * The Travel Clinic's fact sheets for travelers * * United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention * World Health Organization * International Society of Travel Medicine…

travel insurance

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 25 May 2016 11:14:38 +0000

travel insurance see also: * travel medicine * travel insurance providers: * Cover More TravelSure insurance * does NOT include back or neck conditions, nor alcohol or drug dependency * migraines are not automatically included * Medibank - agent for Mondial * does NOT include back or neck conditions, nor alcohol or drug dependency

travel medicine

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 22 May 2024 10:46:13 +0000

travel medicine see also: * Managing jet lag and your body clock * travel insurance * deep venous thrombosis (DVT) * the febrile returned traveller * traveller's diarrhoea * rabies and related lyssaviruses * medical clearance forms for flights are VERY specific and detailed - search the airline's website for this * there is usually a simplified special form for pregnant women - search the airline's website for this

tricyclic antidepressants

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Apr 2012 08:17:00 +0000

tricyclic antidepressants see also: * tricyclic antidepressant overdose * SSRI/SNRI antidepressants * depression * antidepressants

trigeminal neuralgia

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 24 Jun 2023 12:40:02 +0000

trigeminal neuralgia see also: * headache * a diagnostic approach to the adult with acute headache * facial pain introduction * patients with trigeminal neuralgia have pain in the trigeminal nerve distribution presumably as a result of some irritation to the trigeminal nerve * 97% have unilateral pain * it mainly occurs in those aged > 50yrs (may occur at any age though), women twice as common as men

trimethoprim

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 16 Jan 2012 01:22:54 +0000

trimethoprim see also: * antibiotics introduction * trimethoprim is a folate antagonist antibiotic mainly used to Rx urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis * it acts by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase * it is often combined with a sulphonamide antibiotic as co-trimoxazole which now is little used as the sulphonamide component adds little for most infections while increasing risk of hypersensitivity reactions and other adverse effects.

triptans

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 22 Dec 2011 09:30:10 +0000

triptans see also: * Mx of acute migraine introduction * triptans are a group of tryptamine-based drugs used to Rx acute migraines * they were introduced in the 1990's and have variable efficacy on aborting a migraine attack, and do not prevent it recurring. *

troponin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 07 Jun 2020 12:24:14 +0000

troponin see also: * cardiac markers (troponin) Introduction * troponin is a complex of three regulatory proteins (troponin C, troponin I, and troponin T) that is integral to muscle contraction in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle. * Troponin C binds to calcium ions to produce a conformational change in TnI

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 11 May 2014 12:33:12 +0000

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) see also: * hormones * thyroid physiology and hormones introduction * TSH is a glycoprotein hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland * it stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4), and then triiodothyronine (T3)

Mx of high TSH

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 27 Jan 2020 05:28:05 +0000

Mx of high TSH see also: * hypothyroidism * Mx of a low TSH diagnosis of hypothyroidism * persistently high TSH with low free T4 suggest primary hypothyroidism * free T3 levels don't add much * persistently high TSH (usually to 5-10IU/L) with normal free T4 suggest subclinical primary hypothyroidism

Mx of a low TSH

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Oct 2021 07:17:31 +0000

Mx of a low TSH see also: * thyroid physiology and hormones * hyperthyroidism * Mx of high TSH * thyroiditis Introduction * thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) is produced by the anterior pituitary gland following stimulation by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) which is produced from the hypothalamus, and TSH secretion is controlled by a negative feedback loop in response to circulating T3 and T4

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 08 Sep 2023 10:09:33 +0000

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) see also: * thrombocytopenia * Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) * thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS / VITT / VIPIT) * haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) * disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Introduction * 1st described by Eli Moschcowitz in 1924 * it is a separate entity to haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) which has a different pathophysiology due to shiga-toxin producing E.coli * caused by autoantibodies to …

thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS / VITT / VIPIT)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 16 May 2024 00:23:07 +0000

thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS / VITT / VIPIT) see also: * Covid-19 vaccination * Australian Advisory Group (ATAGI) statement on Astra Zeneca Covid-19 vaccine and TTS * ATAGI statement to healthcare providers April 2021 * ACEM Guideline June 2021 * cerebral dural venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) * heparin * vaccines * platelet factor 4 antibody thrombotic and thrombocytopenia syndromes Introduction * thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) is a rare but …

Acute tumour lysis syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 30 Sep 2008 11:59:41 +0000

Acute tumour lysis syndrome see also oncology common oncological settings: * haematological malignancies (acute leukaemias & lymphomas) summary * occurs within 1- 5 days of chemo/XRT of rapidly growing tumours that are extremely sensitive to treatment

tumour markers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 02:18:21 +0000

tumour markers see also: * neoplasia / cancer / tumours Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) * Elevated CEA levels are more common in smokers and in patients with inflammatory conditions but rarely exceed 10 ng/mL * While mainly used as a tumour marker for colorectal cancer (bowel cancer), it may also be raised in other tumours such as:

transurethral prostatic resection (TURP)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 27 Jun 2019 04:28:50 +0000

transurethral prostatic resection (TURP) see also: * benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) * Introduction * transurethral prostatic resection (TURP) is used as one of the surgical managements for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) * depending upon the size of the prostate, newer laser modalities such as Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HOLEP) or transurethral laser resection/vaporisation of the prostate …

Salmonella typhi (typhoid enteric fever)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 02 Apr 2026 12:44:17 +0000

Salmonella typhi (typhoid enteric fever) see also: * clinically important bacteria * antibiotics * shigella * paratyphoid enteric fever * gastroenteritis * the febrile returned traveller * traveller's diarrhoea introduction * Salmonella are Gram negative anaerobe clinically important bacteria * certain host factors make humans particularly susceptible to infection, contracted by ingesting contaminated food or water

epidemic typhus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 28 May 2025 07:05:29 +0000

epidemic typhus see also: * human louse / lice * Salmonella typhi (typhoid enteric fever) Introduction * epidemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii which is spread by the human body louse Epidemiology * rare in developed countries * most cases occur in areas with poor sanitation, crowding, war or natural disasters where body lice infestations are more common

ulcerative colitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Mar 2026 21:36:36 +0000

ulcerative colitis see also: * inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) introduction epidemiology * annual incidence in USA 1 case per 1000 white adults and rising * affects all age groups, esp. 3rd & 4th decades of life * almost exclusive to industrialised nations with urban > rural

wearing underwear - health benefits and adverse effects

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 04 Mar 2026 13:09:30 +0000

wearing underwear - health benefits and adverse effects see also: * infertility Introduction * apparently up to 20% of Western males go “commando” in public at least some of the time - usually for personally preference * data is not available for women but wearing G-strings is near commando in reality

undescended testes (cryptorchidism)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 26 Nov 2013 07:07:12 +0000

undescended testes (cryptorchidism) see also: * acute scrotal pain or swelling * groin herniae * RCH Kid's Health Info * Vic Better Health Channel introduction * 5% of boys are born with an undescended testis, especially premature babies, whilst some boys develop undescended testes from age 1-10yrs as they grow faster than the spermatic cord

uricosuric agents

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 20 Jul 2023 11:40:37 +0000

uricosuric agents see also: * uric acid * gout * pharmacology main index Introduction * Uricosuric agents act directly on renal tubule -> increased uric acid renal excretion; * They can also alter plasma binding, distribution & renal excretion of other organic acids; * Uric acid in man generally demonstrates net reabsorption in most instances with about 10% of filtered uric acid being excreted, although net secretion is possible;

uric acid

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 20 Jul 2023 13:06:44 +0000

uric acid see also: * hyperuricaemia * gout * uricosuric agents Introduction * uric acid has the formula C5H4N4O3. * uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism in humans due to the loss of uricase activity by various mutations of its gene during the Miocene epoch, which led to humans and great apes having higher UA levels than other mammals.

urinary catheters

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 06:49:49 +0000

urinary catheters see also: * urology * suprapubic catheterisation * acute urinary retention * Vic. Better Health Channel Patient Information Sheet - urinary catheterisation * Continence Foundation of Australia * NWM Division of GP's - urinary catheter resources for Mx of Residential Aged Care patients * YouTube video on male urinary catherisation procedure - basic nursing asepsis emphasis * YouTube video male urinary catherisation procedure - brief video - no sound needed * Emedicine…

urinary incontinence

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 16 Jul 2019 10:14:55 +0000

urinary incontinence see also: * urinary urgency and urge incontinence * Introduction * involuntary loss of control of urine is a common problem and if it is recurrent becomes a major impact on a person's life and socialisation * urinary continence requires: * a functional autonomic bladder sphincter

acute urinary retention

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 07:37:39 +0000

acute urinary retention see also: * urology * benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) * the patient unable to pass urine (anuria) * AAFP - Mx of acute urinary retention in detail * UpToDate is the patient in retention? * failed void and bladder volume > 300mL confirmed with > 400mL drained on catheterisation * see the patient unable to pass urine (anuria) why are they in retention? * benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) * most common cause of AUR in older men

urinary urgency and urge incontinence

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 15 Jul 2019 18:53:09 +0000

urinary urgency and urge incontinence see also: * urology * Introduction * urinary urgency is a sudden, compelling urge to urinate and if uncontrollable, may cause urge incontinence * changes in afferent evoked reflexes appear to be important in causing this symptom

urolithiasis / renal stones / renal calculi

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 28 Jan 2026 10:38:18 +0000

urolithiasis / renal stones / renal calculi see also: * renal colic * nephrocalcinosis * urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis * acute pyelonephritis * gout * calcium Types of urinary calculi * 75% are composed of calcium with oxalate and/or phosphate * 10% are urate stones (radio-lucent) * 10% are struvite stones * 90% are radio-opaque

urology

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 03:07:35 +0000

urology * renal colic * androgen deficiency - the male menopause * suprapubic catheterisation * urinary catheters * acute urinary retention * acute scrotal pain or swelling * torsion of testes * epididymo-orchitis * diseases and injuries of the penis * penile trauma / fractured penis * scrotal infusion with saline * priapism * paraphimosis * prostatitis * benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) * transurethral prostatic resection (TURP) * acute pyelonephritis * urolithiasis / renal…

urticaria

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 06 Nov 2025 21:56:32 +0000

urticaria see also: * anaphylaxis * angioedema * histamine physiology, receptors and antihistamines * RCH guideline - urticaria * eosinophilia * allergy and hypersensitivity reactions * acute rashes in adults * erythema multiforme introduction * urticaria or hives is a common pruritic wheal-type generalised rash which has many causes, the most common being viral infections (50%), food allergic reactions (25%), drug reactions (10%), idiopathic (20%), inhalants (2%), bites (1%), conta…

Ultrasound image artefacts

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 19 Nov 2008 12:45:38 +0000

Ultrasound image artefacts see also: * ED bedside ultrasound Introduction: * US systems operate on a basis of certain false assumptions relating to the interaction of the sound beam with soft tissue, including: * a constant speed of sound in the body of 1540m/s *

Basics of ultrasound

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 23 Sep 2022 09:36:31 +0000

Basics of ultrasound see also: * ED bedside ultrasound * What is ultrasound? * ultrasound is sound whose frequency is above the range of human hearing: * human hearing range 20-20,000Hz * diagnostic ultrasound 1-20MHz: * standards exist up to 15MHz * 3MHz commonly used for adult abdominal scans (wavelength = 0.51mm)

Ultrasound image production

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 19 Nov 2008 12:37:18 +0000

Ultrasound image production see also: * ED bedside ultrasound image production: * as each pulse is emitted, its line of sight is known accurately & therefore the resulting echoes from sound/tissue interactions along this line are represented on the monitor in accurate spatial position.

Ultrasound technique

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 19 Nov 2008 12:56:08 +0000

Ultrasound technique see also: * ED bedside ultrasound Probe manipulation techniques: get comfortable: * operator should be positioned so that forearm & hand are gently resting on the patient, with spine erect & eyes at the level of the system monitor * adjust the height of the patient's bed to match your position

urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 23 Oct 2025 22:06:36 +0000

urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis see also: * acute pyelonephritis * renal colic * interstitial cystitis * prostatitis * RCH guideline - UTI * Healthy.io / Dip.io home urine testing using smartphone colorimeter app introduction * UTI's are common presentations, particularly in: * children with vesicoureteric reflux * women, especially post-coital * diabetics * following urethral instrumentation (eg. gynae surgery, IDC)

uveitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 14 Feb 2026 09:39:06 +0000

uveitis see also: * ophthalmology * episcleritis * LITFL pictorial blog on uveitis acute anterior uveitis (AAU) * accounts for 80% of cases of uveitis * classic triad of eye pain, redness and photophobia * up to 50-60% patients in western countries may have HLA-B27 and these patients tend to have 1st presentation at age 20-40yrs, whereas B27 negative patients tend to have 1st presentation 30-50yrs.

ultraviolet light exposure (UV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 23 May 2024 00:33:19 +0000

ultraviolet light exposure (UV) see also: * ophthalmology * welder flash burns - UV keratopathy (photo keratitis) * skin cancer Introduction * ultraviolet light spectrum, in increasing energy and thus increasing biologic harmful effects, consists of: * UV-A (400 to 315 nm) * UV-B (315 to 280 nm) * UV-C (280 to 100 nm)

vaccines

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 05 Jun 2023 03:48:12 +0000

vaccines see also: * microbiology Introduction * vaccines are man made substances which are designed to elicit an immune response against certain pathogens * they may be: * a live attenuated pathogen which causes a relatively asymptomatic infection yet creates a broader immune response against similar but more pathogenic strains (eg. polio)

the vagus nerve and vagal tone

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 27 May 2015 06:37:45 +0000

the vagus nerve and vagal tone see also: * Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system * parasympathetics * autonomic dysfunction and autonomic neuropathy introduction * the vagus nerve is one of the main parasympathetic nerves anatomy * vagus nerve itself (cranial nerve X): * leaves the medulla oblongata between the pyramid and the inferior cerebellar peduncle

sodium valproate (Epilim)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 24 Nov 2014 10:40:04 +0000

sodium valproate (Epilim) see also: * anticonvulsants * migraine * bipolar disorder introduction * sodium valproate is an anticonvulsant which is also used to Rx bipolar disorder, and is sometimes used to reduce incidence of migraine attacks * it's actions are attributed to: * the blockade of voltage dependent Na+ channels

vancomycin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 16 Apr 2013 05:50:54 +0000

vancomycin see also: * antibiotics for Rx of Staph. aureus * meningitis * Rapid bolus administration (e.g. over several minutes) may be associated with exaggerated hypotension, including shock, and, rarely, cardiac arrest. * should be administered in a dilute solution at a rate not exceeding 500 mg/hour

e-cigarette or vaping pulmonary injury

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 09 Oct 2019 08:38:32 +0000

e-cigarette or vaping pulmonary injury see also: * acute dyspnoea / shortness of breath (SOB) * Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) * marijuana / cannabis / THC * CDC Sept 2019 report Introduction * in July 2019, a cluster of over 50 cases of acute lung injury in association with the use of e-cigarettes or vaping were identified in the USA mainly in young adults using

varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox/shingles)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 09 Jul 2013 04:41:40 +0000

varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox/shingles) * RCH guideline - chickenpox * RCH patient information sheet (pdf) * varicella in pregnancy * herpes zoster (shingles) * LITFL - pictorial blog on Mx of herpes zoster ophthalmicus / ocular shingles * Western Health guideline on infection control for varicella/shingles patients (pdf) Summary for ED clinicians: * isolate patients from others including those in the ED waiting room * antivirals for clinical varicella: * high risk patients (incl…

varicella in pregnancy

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 22 Oct 2014 06:38:58 +0000

varicella in pregnancy see also: * chicken pox / varicella / herpes zoster * Obstetrics * MJA 2001 position statement on the Mx of varicella in pregnancy * CSL guide - ZIG (pdf) Summary for ED clinicians: * antivirals for clinical varicella: * high risk patients (incl. pregnant, immunocompromised, age < 28 days, or very unwell) with clinical chickenpox should be considered for

vasculitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jun 2023 02:20:12 +0000

vasculitis see also: * collagen vascular disorders introduction * vasculitis is inflammation of the blood vessels (usually the term is applied to arterial system rather than venous which tend to fall under the thrombophlebitis term) * systemic vasculitis may be acute, subacute or chronic, and may cause widespread organ damage from either local bleeding, thrombosis or ischaemia, and generally only causes inflammation in certain sizes of vessels depending upon the pathology.

vascular surgery

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 12 Apr 2023 06:28:41 +0000

vascular surgery see also: * abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) * aortic dissection * thrombosis of the aorta * peripheral vascular disease (PVD or PAD) * acute limb ischaemia podcasts and other resources * Video podcast - Limb Threatening Emergencies by Jeff Eppler (22min)

vasodilators

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Oct 2013 07:33:55 +0000

vasodilators see also: * nitrates including GTN * antihypertensives introduction * vasodilators are medications which relax the smooth muscle in blood vessels, and generally will result in lower blood pressure * those which primarily act on the venous side will reduce pre-load on the heart

argipressin (vasopressin / ADH)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 18 Dec 2017 04:33:07 +0000

argipressin (vasopressin / ADH) see also: * vasopressors * inotropes * vasopressin receptor antagonists * hormones introduction * vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone or ADH) is a vasopressor (ie. causes vasoconstriction), and is also used in the management of diabetes insipidus and oesophageal variceal bleeding. *

vasopressin receptor antagonists

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 02 Jan 2013 09:42:49 +0000

vasopressin receptor antagonists see also: * argipressin (vasopressin / ADH) introduction * vasopressin-V2 receptor antagonists have been used to Rx: * dilutional hyponatraemia * volume overload in congestive cardiac failure * reducing rate of progression of ADPKD vasopressin-V2 receptor antagonists

vasopressors

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 12 Apr 2012 11:14:12 +0000

vasopressors see also: * inotropes * alpha adrenergic agonists * sympathomimetics introduction * vasopressors increase vascular tone, resulting in raised mean arterial pressure (MAP), and systemic vascular resistance. * inotropes are drugs that increase the force and velocity of myocardial contraction resulting in increased contractility and stroke volume, and therefore cardiac output.

vasovagal syncope / neurocardiogenic syncope

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 16 May 2019 23:49:16 +0000

vasovagal syncope / neurocardiogenic syncope see also: * syncope / near syncope introduction * vasovagal syncope is a common and relatively benign cause of syncope which is the most common cause of syncope / near syncope in adolescents and young adults * it should be differentiated from more serious causes such as

vecuronium

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 18 Mar 2009 07:07:25 +0000

vecuronium see also: * neuro-muscular blockers * rapid sequence induction (RSI) for emergency intubation introduction * a non-depolarising competitive acetylcholine antagonist at nicotinic receptors * the most commonly used non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) in the ED for maintenance of paralysis in intubated patients.

venous insufficiency of the leg

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Aug 2013 09:26:56 +0000

venous insufficiency of the leg see also: * venous leg ulcers * DVT and post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) * varicose_veins introduction * venous obstruction &/or venous valve incompetence results in venous hypertension in the legs which causes: * capillary leak and pitting oedema * fibrin deposition, erythrocyte and leukocyte sequestration, thrombocytosis, and inflammation which result in hyperpigmentation and subcutaneous fibrosis

venous leg ulcers

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 10 May 2017 05:54:07 +0000

venous leg ulcers see also: * venous insufficiency of the leg * DVT and post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) * the diabetic foot - infection or foot ulcers * WH policy - Moisture Associated Skin Lesions: Incontinence Associated Dermatitis (doc) - intranet only * Western Health Chronic Wound Clinic Referral form - internet accessible for GPs * adults with problematic or complicated open wounds > 4wks duration who reside in the WH catchment * referrals require form to be faxed introduction

assisted ventilation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 21 Dec 2015 06:41:25 +0000

assisted ventilation see also: * lung protective ventilation to reduce lung injury in ARDS * pathophysiology of mechanical ventilation * managing ventilator problems * Assist-Control Ventilation (ACV) * Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) * Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) * Airway Pressure Release Ventilation * the LTV 1200 ventilator introduction * assisted mechanical ventilation (positive pressure ventilation) consists of a variety of techniques and modes which aim to impr…

Assist-Control Ventilation (ACV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 14 Apr 2011 06:25:00 +0000

Assist-Control Ventilation (ACV) see also: * assisted ventilation introduction * During ACV, breaths can be triggered by the patient's inspiratory effort or the ventilator. * Each breath is delivered with the set tidal volume and flow. * The work of breathing can be excessive when the peak flow or trigger sensitivity is insufficient

Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Apr 2011 05:44:50 +0000

Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) see also: * assisted ventilation * Assist-Control Ventilation (ACV) * Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) introduction * During IMV, breaths are delivered at a set rate, tidal volume, and flow (ie, mandatory breaths). In addition, the patient can breathe spontaneously through the ventilator circuit (ie, non-mandatory breaths). Many ventilators synchronize the mandatory breaths with inspiratory effort by the patient, which is called synchronized IMV…

the LTV 1200 ventilator

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 14 Apr 2011 07:03:47 +0000

the LTV 1200 ventilator see also: * assisted ventilation introduction * the LTV 1200 ventilator is a very versatile portable ventilator suitable for emergency departments and patient transfers. * the user interface is not always intuitive and does require some instruction.

noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV or NIPPV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 29 Jul 2014 09:27:35 +0000

noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV or NIPPV) see also: * assisted ventilation * the LTV 1200 ventilator * oxygen * hypoxia introduction * NPPV includes CPAP and “BiPAP” * usually technique is to use a well fitting mask to the patient which minimises air leaks * the ventilator then assists patient breathes by applying extrinsic PEEP (PEEP alone is called CPAP) and optionally an inspiratory pressure (IPAP)

pathophysiology of mechanical ventilation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 03 Aug 2018 05:48:57 +0000

pathophysiology of mechanical ventilation see also: * assisted ventilation introduction * the application of positive pressure ventilation creates changes to the body which may not be beneficial. * these adverse effects need to be recognised and mitigated where possible

managing ventilator problems

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 29 Sep 2014 07:05:02 +0000

managing ventilator problems see also: * assisted ventilation introduction * ventilator alarms deserve immediate attention * look at the patient: * assess ABC: * is the airway in place? * is tubing connected? * is the chest rising and falling regularly?

Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 29 Sep 2014 03:38:15 +0000

Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) see also: * assisted ventilation * chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) * Assist-Control Ventilation (ACV) * Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) introduction * PSV is a flow-limited mode of ventilation that delivers inspiratory pressure until the inspiratory flow decreases to a predetermined percentage of its peak value. This is usually 25%.

verapamil (Isoptin)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 31 Dec 2015 04:28:23 +0000

verapamil (Isoptin) see also: * calcium channel blockers * calcium channel blocker overdose introduction * a phenylalkylamine non-dihydropyridine calcium blocking agent * acts mainly on arteriolar smooth muscle to reduce peripheral vascular resistance as well as having negative inotropic and AV conduction effects main indications

ED Mx of vertigo and BPV

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 30 Apr 2019 06:18:12 +0000

ED Mx of vertigo and BPV see also: * neurology * ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT) * anti-emetics * central vs peripheral vertigo * see HINTS exam for vertigo and stroke * Cutting-edge technology helps Eye and Ear patients - Melbourne Neuro-ENT with special interest in vertigo introduction * all vertigo is made worse by moving the head * if vertigo lasts < 1 minute after moving the head, this suggests BPV * most other causes result in vertigo lasting hours to days

Vincent's angina - fusospirochaetal infection of the pharynx and tonsils

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 05:39:57 +0000

Vincent's angina - fusospirochaetal infection of the pharynx and tonsils see also: * ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT) * sore throats in adults * tonsillitis * acute dental pain / dental abscess * Lemiere's syndrome * Ludwig's angina - floor of mouth infection Introduction * not to be confused with Vincent's gingivitis - fusospirochaetal necrotising gingivitis * 1st described by Jean Hyacinthe Vincent and noted the infection was caused by infection with two types of bacteria called…

Vincent's gingivitis - fusospirochaetal necrotising gingivitis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 06:13:51 +0000

Vincent's gingivitis - fusospirochaetal necrotising gingivitis see also: * ears, nose and throat surgery (ENT) * sore throats in adults * tonsillitis * acute dental pain / dental abscess * Lemiere's syndrome * Ludwig's angina - floor of mouth infection Introduction * not to be confused with Vincent's angina - fusospirochaetal infection of the pharynx and tonsils * 1st described by Jean Hyacinthe Vincent and in 1904 noted the infection was caused by infection with two types of bacteri…

managing violence or the aggressive patient in the ED

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:33:13 +0000

managing violence or the aggressive patient in the ED see also: * psychiatry and mental health * domestic violence * rapid sedation of the agitated or aggressive patient in the ED * Sedation Assessment Tool (SAT) for Mx of agitated patients in ED * searching patients, suspicious behaviour, unknown substance, weapons or crime within the ED * use of mechanical restraints general principles * aim for patient co-operation where possible and provide respectful, professional clinical practi…

viroids - obelisks

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 20 Dec 2024 22:32:59 +0000

viroids - obelisks see also: * microbiology * antiviral agents * prions * plasmids * viruses Introduction * in contrast to viruses, viroids contain RNA but co-opt eukaryotic host RNA polymerases for their replication and lack protein-coding capacity Obelisks * “obelisks” are heritable viroid circular RNA based (∼1,000 nt) rod-like structures

viruses

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 01 Aug 2025 14:09:43 +0000

viruses see also: * microbiology * antiviral agents * prions * viroids - obelisks - viroid RNA in the mouth and elsewhere? * paediatric exanthems * pandemics - influenza, coronavirus, Ebola * websites: * Australian National University Virology website features of viruses in general: * Viruses differ from rickettsiae in that they all must convert to a non-infective 'eclipse phase' form during replication & that the synthetic processes during replication take place in the host cell …

vitamin A

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Jan 2026 04:07:57 +0000

vitamin A see also: * retinoids * vitamin D introduction * although known that eating liver can Rx night blindness since ancient times, vitamin A was discovered in the 1920's * a family of compounds known as retinoic acids * 2 main forms: * pro-vitamin A carotenoids:

vital signs, clinical deterioration, MET calls, acute illness scoring systems (eg. NEWS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 19 Jan 2018 06:08:13 +0000

vital signs, clinical deterioration, MET calls, acute illness scoring systems (eg. NEWS) see also: * Australasian Triage Scale (ATS) general early warning scores to identify and predict deterioration NHS National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2 * original NEWS was released in 2012 and has become widely used in UK hospitals

vitamins

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 10 Mar 2025 05:24:02 +0000

vitamins see also: * vitamin A * thiamine (vitamin B1) * riboflavin (vitamin B2) * niacin / nicotinic acid / nicotinamide (vitamin B3) * pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) * pyridoxine (vitamin B6) * biotin * vitamin B12 (cobalamin) * folic acid / folate * vitamin C * vitamin D * vitamin E * vitK Introduction * most micronutrient deficiencies are uncommon in high-income countries, however, certain groups remain at risk, including older adults (vitamin D, B6, choline), pregnant wome…

thiamine (vitamin B1)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 22 May 2021 06:07:45 +0000

thiamine (vitamin B1) see also: * vitamins introduction * thiamine is an essential vitamin involved in carbohydrate metabolism, acting as a coenzyme in reactions such as the decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids, particularly of pyruvate and alpha-keto-glutarate, and in the direct oxidating pathway of glucose metabolism

riboflavin (vitamin B2)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Apr 2014 06:31:32 +0000

riboflavin (vitamin B2) see also: * vitamins introduction * riboflavin is a vitamin and is the main component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, and is therefore required by all flavoproteins * plays a key role in energy metabolism, and for the metabolism of fats, ketone bodies, carbohydrates, and proteins.

niacin / nicotinic acid / nicotinamide (vitamin B3)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 06 Jan 2026 03:38:05 +0000

niacin / nicotinic acid / nicotinamide (vitamin B3) see also: * vitamins * nicotine and nicotine replacement Rx for smokers Introduction * the normal physiological role of nicotinic acid is as a component of the coenzymes NAD and NADP which are essential for oxidation/ reduction reactions in tissue respiration

pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Apr 2014 07:13:05 +0000

pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) see also: * vitamins introduction * animals require pantothenic acid to synthesize coenzyme-A (CoA), as well as to synthesize and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats * small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in nearly every food, with high amounts in whole-grain cereals, legumes, eggs, meat, royal jelly, avocado, and yogurt

pyridoxine (vitamin B6)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 04 Aug 2025 09:57:04 +0000

pyridoxine (vitamin B6) see also: * vitamins * isoniazid overdose introduction * pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is a vitamin which plays a critical role as a cofactor for the production of GABA from glutamic acid. * other actions include: * acts as a coenzyme in over 100 enzymatic reactions, gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis are included in its regulation, hence may lower glucose levels

biotin (vitamin B7 / vitamin H / coenzyme R)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Apr 2014 07:10:34 +0000

biotin (vitamin B7 / vitamin H / coenzyme R) see also: * vitamins introduction * biotin is a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis biotin deficiency * biotin deficiency is rare as intestinal bacteria generally produce biotin in excess of the body's daily requirements

vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 11 Dec 2025 02:09:35 +0000

vitamin B12 (cobalamin) see also: * vitamins * folic acid / folate Introduction * a water soluble vitamin which can only be created naturally by bacteria and archaea as these have the enzymes required for its synthesis * dietary reference intake for an adult ranges from 2 to 3 µg per day (USA), and 1.5 µg per day (UK)

vitamin C

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 26 Jun 2025 00:58:51 +0000

vitamin C see also: * vitamins Introduction * also known as ascorbic acid (from “anti-scorbutic agent”) * a water soluble vitamin found especially in various fruits and vegetables * citrus fruits were used on ships in the late 15th C to combat scurvy

vitamin D

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 01 Apr 2026 00:11:12 +0000

vitamin D see also: * calcium * calcitonin * parathyroid hormone (PTH) * bone physiology * ultraviolet light exposure (UV) * patient information sheets: * RCH - rickets (pdf) introduction * Inadequate vitamin D nutrition is associated with impaired intestinal calcium absorption and must be corrected for ingested calcium to be effective. *

vitamin E

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 10 Mar 2025 05:18:01 +0000

vitamin E see also: * vitamins Introduction * vitamin E is an essential micronutrient vitamin E supplementation * not been proven to reduce risks for chronic diseases * may have adverse effects at high doses: * increased risks of prostate cancer, respiratory infections

vitiligo

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 25 Aug 2014 06:07:56 +0000

vitiligo see also: * dermatology * immunodeficiency * dermnetnz - vitiligo introduction * vitiligo is an acquired depigmenting disorder in which melanocytes are destroyed, resulting in irregularly shaped white patches on the skin * may also affect hair (patches of grey hair leukotrichia) and the retina

Victorian medical assistance teams for disaster Mx (VMAT)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 23 Apr 2015 06:36:55 +0000

Victorian medical assistance teams for disaster Mx (VMAT) see also: * welcome to the OzEMedicine Wiki * Victorian State health emergency response plan (SHERP) * MIMMS courses are regularly ran by Vic. DOH * Vic. State Health Emergency Response Plan SHERP

Volatile substance abuse

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 16 Jan 2013 01:47:47 +0000

Volatile substance abuse see also: * Addiction medicine - drug and alcohol - main index and links * drug dependency * wikipedia Volatile Substance Abuse * Volatile substance abusers are typically young males although females increasingly involved, occurring esp. in poor socioeconomic areas, and fall into 4 main categories: *

caecal volvulus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Jul 2016 23:02:16 +0000

caecal volvulus see also: * central / periumbilical abdominal pain in the ED * sigmoid volvulus * Emedicine - cecal volvulus introduction * whilst in most people, the caecum is retroperitoneal and not susceptible to volvulus, in 20% there is a congenital incomplete peritoneal covering which allows a mobile caecum on a mesentery such that it now longer lies in the RIF.

sigmoid volvulus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 23 Jul 2016 23:01:33 +0000

sigmoid volvulus see also: * central / periumbilical abdominal pain in the ED * caecal volvulus * Emedicine introduction * volvulus occurs when colon twists on its mesenteric axis with a greater than 180-degree rotation, producing obstruction of intestinal lumen and mesenteric vessels * the most common location is at the sigmoid (see also

vomiting / emesis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 02:42:44 +0000

vomiting / emesis see also: * anti-emetics introduction * vomiting is a highly non-specific symptom * vomiting with significant abdominal pain suggests an abdominal cause rather than a vestibular or neurologic cause * if there is also a PH of abdominal surgery or a hernia then a

The patient with a V-P shunt (VPS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 25 May 2020 02:22:08 +0000

The patient with a V-P shunt (VPS) see also: * neurosurgery * hydrocephalus Introduction * patients with a Ventriculo-Peritoneal shunt in situ have additional clinical issues which need to be considered * in patients presenting with symptoms of shunt malfunction, infection should always be suspected since shunt infection is a serious complication with a great potential for severe morbidity and mortality

V/Q ventilation-perfusion lung scans

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 19 Jul 2023 06:32:57 +0000

V/Q ventilation-perfusion lung scans see also: * radiology * Ix of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) Introduction * V/Q lung scans are performed to help in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism * patient inhales a radioactive gas in the ventilation phase and a special camera is then used to image these results

varicose veins

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 17 Apr 2025 02:32:35 +0000

varicose veins see also: * deep venous thrombosis (DVT) * vascular surgery Introduction * varicose veins are dilated superficial leg veins with reduced ability to return venous flow to the heart against gravity when standing * venous insufficiency occurs when the normal flow of blood from the superficial veins to the heart via the perforating deep veins in the lower limbs is impaired

Von Willebrand's disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 27 Sep 2008 05:55:30 +0000

Von Willebrand's disease * RCH guideline - von Willebrand's disease

the ED waiting room

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 31 Oct 2016 05:27:34 +0000

the ED waiting room see also: * left at own risk / absconding patient / missing patient / competence introduction * in an ideal world, the ED wait room would be empty or just have new arrivals * unfortunately, patients often experience much longer waits, to the extent that “waiting room medicine” is now becoming almost mandatory in many EDs

warfarin

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 17 Mar 2015 07:58:29 +0000

warfarin MUST SEE: general anticoagulation guidelines see also: * anticoagulants * Mx of excessive anticoagulation, high INR, or bleeding on warfarin Rx * CHA2DS2-VASc score for determining stroke risk in patients with non-valvular AF * HAS-BLED bleeding risk scoring tool for anticoagulation Rx * atrial fibrillation * Mx of DVT * Mx of PE * INR * RCH guidelines - anticoagulation therapy in children Pharmacology * also called coumadin * 100% bioavailability given orally as the sod…

Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 28 Oct 2013 07:47:21 +0000

Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) see also: * comparison of developmental disorders affecting social development * wikipedia Williams syndrome / WBS introduction * the classic form of WBS is rare, affecting 1 in 7,500 children (although earlier studies suggested 1 in 20,000 live births) and is generally sporadic but some have autosomal dominant transmission

weakness of the lower limb(s) / weak in the knees

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 27 Dec 2025 21:23:15 +0000

weakness of the lower limb(s) / weak in the knees see also: * neurology * weakness_UL * gait disturbance * paraesthesiae or numbness introduction * NB. in a trauma context, spinal cord injury and other traumatic causes need to be considered * atraumatic weakness of the legs has a multitude of possible causes and it helps to determine the pattern of weakness:

wheeze

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 05 Feb 2019 21:48:49 +0000

wheeze see also: * stridor * noisy breathing * lung crepitations * stertor * snoring * obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) * Stridor vs Wheeze vs Stertor and snoring in children (pdf) Introduction * noise during breathing can be of various types depending upon whether awake or asleep and on where the airway obstruction arises * wheeze is primarily an expiratory musical sound coming from the lungs but may become biphasic and is usually caused by

whole bowel irrigation

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Jan 2014 07:18:19 +0000

whole bowel irrigation see also: * toxicology introduction * a rarely used technique to decontaminate GIT of poisons in certain overdoses - particularly cerrtain dangerous sustained release tablet overdoses * usually use: * polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution

Western Health IRCU ward

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 07 Oct 2013 06:22:05 +0000

Western Health IRCU ward see also: * respiratory medicine admission process * Admission to IRCU should only occur after the Parent Unit obtains the approval of the Respiratory Physician on ward duty or Respiratory Registrar to establish if transfer to the IRCU is appropriate, prior to transfer. Once the patient is accepted, and a bed is available, the Parent Unit must call 2D staff to prepare equipment

Western Health ED tips for common presentations

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 08:52:13 +0000

Western Health ED tips for common presentations see also: * Western Health ED main page * Sunshine ED Fast Track introduction * ensure you have read the various orientation documents - see Western Health ED medical orientation * discuss with senior Dr in ED within 20-30minutes * early bed requests and inpatient referrals - if inpatient team do not respond in a timely manner (eg. 30min), d/w senior ED doctor to escalate to inpatient consultant

Ozemedicine wikipedia stats

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 28 Sep 2009 11:23:13 +0000

Ozemedicine wikipedia stats top pages by hits top entry pages hits by day of week hits by hour of day top referrers top agents monthly summary

Wilson's disease

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 26 Mar 2023 11:34:19 +0000

Wilson's disease see also: * caeruloplasmin * copper Introduction * an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a mutation in ATP7B gene in which excess copper builds up in the body, particularly in the liver, kidneys, eyes and brain (especially in the lenticular nucleus of the basal ganglia, - the putamen and globus pallidus)

xanthelasma

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 08 Mar 2023 11:51:59 +0000

xanthelasma see also: * hyperlipidaemia Introduction * xanthelasma is a condition mainly of the peri-orbital region where cholesterol-rich deposits form under the skin of the eyelids forming yellowish lumps which are usually symmetrical and are especially prevalent on the inner canthus of the upper lids

the lumbosacral spine Xray

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 07 Jan 2019 23:05:35 +0000

the lumbosacral spine Xray see also: * back pain in the ED * CT spine - cervical (Cx), thoracic (Tx) or lumbar (Lx) * lumbar spine trauma * trauma * spondylolisthesis * radiology * NICS - Lumbar spine imaging in low back pain 2008 (pdf) * DFTB How to interpret thoracolumbar spine Xrays introduction * the lumbosacral spine Xray is NOT usually indicated in the ED unless there is significant risk of finding pathology such as: * fracture risk? * major trauma

thoracic spine Xray

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 07 Jan 2019 23:09:05 +0000

thoracic spine Xray see also: * the lumbosacral spine Xray * thoracic spine trauma * CT spine - cervical (Cx), thoracic (Tx) or lumbar (Lx) * DFTB How to interpret thoracolumbar spine Xrays

yellow fever

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 31 Dec 2013 03:19:33 +0000

yellow fever see also: * travel medicine * viruses * WHO fact sheet introduction * occurs in urban and rural areas of Africa and central South America * caused by a mosquito-borne flavivirus * monkeys are the main reservoir but mosquitoes can spread it from human to human *

Yersinia including bubonic plague and Yersiniosis

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 08 Aug 2025 09:14:04 +0000

Yersinia including bubonic plague and Yersiniosis see also: * clinically important bacteria * A historians' view of the bubonic plague introduction * Yersinia are Gram-negative, rod-shaped coccobacillus, a facultative anaerobic bacteria belonging to the enterobacteriaceae family * Y. pestis is the organism causing the bubonic plague or Black Death epidemic and thousands of cases each year still occur

Young's syndrome

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Dec 2023 12:09:35 +0000

Young's syndrome see also: * infertility * chronic bronchitis * sinusitis * ciliopathies introduction * Young's disease or syndrome was 1st noted by Young, a urologist, in 1972, which he called Barry-Perkins-Young syndrome * this rare syndrome affects mainly middle aged men born before 1955 and consists of:

zanamivir (Relenza)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 13 Dec 2009 23:32:43 +0000

zanamivir (Relenza) see also: * influenza * oseltamivir (Tamiflu) introduction * Relenza is supplied in a circular doublefoil pack called a Rotadisk®. * each Rotadisk contains four regularly spaced doublefoil blisters with each blister containing a powder mixture of 5 mg of zanamivir and 20 mg of lactose.

zika virus

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 01 Oct 2023 20:36:57 +0000

zika virus see also: * the febrile returned traveller introduction * a rapidly emerging mosquito borne infection of the tropics caused by the zika virus, a flavivirus. * like dengue fever, it is spread by Aedes aegypti, but in addition, by Aedes africanus, Aedes apicoargenteus, Aedes furcifer, Aedes luteocephalus

zoonoses

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 13 Jan 2025 19:45:37 +0000

zoonoses see also: * clinically important bacteria * viruses * parasites * brucellosis * the febrile returned traveller * wikipedia for a full list of zoonoses introduction * a zoonosis is any infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans but is not dependent upon humans for their life cycle * diseases like malaria, schistosomiasis, river blindness, and elephantiasis are not zoonotic, even though they may be transmitted by insects or use intermediate hosts vectors…

herpes zoster (shingles)

anonymous@undisclosed.example.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 15 Mar 2026 06:36:38 +0000

herpes zoster (shingles) see also: * varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox/shingles) Introduction * reactivation of the latent varicella virus manifests as herpes zoster (HZ or shingles) * neonates with congenital chickenpox are at high risk of HZ during infancy. * 25% of unvaccinated people will develop zoster in their lifetime - mostly when their immune system becomes less effective when they age or become immunosuppressed