OzEMedicine - Wiki for Australian Emergency Medicine Doctors

transient ischaemic attack (TIA) - [current principles of Mx of TIA in the ED]

wh@undisclosed.example.com (wh) — Thu, 23 Jul 2026 07:39:08 +0000

transient ischaemic attack (TIA) see also: * neurology * stroke (CVA) * atrial fibrillation * calculators: * CHADS2 Score for Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Risk * CHA2DS2-VASc Score for Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Risk * ABCD2 Score for TIA * NICS care bundle of documents to assist in the ED management of TIA and stroke * AHA/ASA Guidelines - Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack * European Heart Journal Guidelines for the m…

cerebral blood flow - [Cerebral arterial blood flow]

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Thu, 23 Jul 2026 04:07:24 +0000

cerebral blood flow see also: * cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) * glymphatic system of the brain Introduction * control of arterial and venous blood flows to the brain are important for supply of nutrients including oxygen and glucose or neurologic function and removal of waste including that from CSF Cerebral arterial blood flow

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - [cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)]

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Thu, 23 Jul 2026 02:38:41 +0000

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) see also: * meningitis * subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) * lumbar puncture (LP) * CSF leaks * glymphatic system of the brain * benign raised idiopathic intracranial hypertension * cerebral blood flow introduction * CSF volume is 135-150ml and is produced at rate to ~500ml/day * 50-70% is formed from ependymal cells in the choroid plexus with remainder coming from blood vessels and the ventricle walls

ageing - [why do we age?]

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Thu, 23 Jul 2026 01:59:57 +0000

ageing see also: * androgen deficiency * geriatrics * longevity and immortality * wikipedia Introduction * the biologic factors causing mammalian aging process is still poorly understood * aging is one of the most common risk factors for human disease why do we age? * the rate of ageing varies substantially across different species, and this is mainly genetically based and the biological mechanisms which regulate lifespan evolved several hundred million years ago

timeline of artificial intelligence development and related issues - [2026]

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Thu, 23 Jul 2026 01:58:52 +0000

timeline of artificial intelligence development and related issues see also: * artificial intelligence * timeline of medical artificial intelligence development * AI terminology * information technology main index * AI Large Language Models (LLMs) * AI - image generation * AI and the future * the future world when AI reaches AGI level and beyond * Lev Selector's powerpoint slides on weekly AI news * Amara's Law: * We are prone to overestimating the impact of new technologies in t…

arterial and venous blood gases (ABGs/VBGs) - [interpretation of blood gas results]

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 13:24:56 +0000

arterial and venous blood gases (ABGs/VBGs) see also: * clinical procedures in the ED * acid-base physiology * hypoxia * Life in the fast lane blog (2010) - sometimes it is dangerous to attempt to normalise ABG abnormalities, consider these examples Introduction * arterial blood gas is a sampling of arterial blood taken from either a direct needle aspirate of an artery, or from an arterial line (“art line”) * it can provide valuable information on the acid-base status, ventilation stat…

hypercapnia - [Clinical effects]

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 13:20:47 +0000

hypercapnia see also: * hypoxia * arterial and venous blood gases (ABGs/VBGs) * ventilation Introduction * hypercapnia is an elevated blood carbon dioxide level which may be acute or chronic * elevated blood carbon dioxide levels result in carbonic acid formation and a respiratory acidosis * if persistent, over time the kidneys will attempt to correct this by retaining bicarbonate and hence generating a partly compensatory

respiratory acidosis

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 13:05:24 +0000

respiratory acidosis see also: * hypercapnia * arterial and venous blood gases (ABGs/VBGs) Introduction * a blood acidosis due to hypercapnia as a result of hypoventilation * increased carbon dioxide levels on the blood result in carbonic acid formation and falling pH * this should be corrected by increasing

ventilation - [A-a gradient]

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 11:40:32 +0000

ventilation see also: * hypercapnia * assisted ventilation * non-invasive ventilation * non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) * noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV or NIPPV) * Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) * Assist-Control Ventilation (ACV) * pathophysiology of mechanical ventilation Introduction * respiratory ventilation is generally closely controlled to adjust breathing rate and depth to keep oxygen, carbon dioxide, and, blood and …

foods that may be toxic or bad for you - [Pregnancy or lactation]

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 07:29:18 +0000

foods that may be toxic or bad for you see also: * toxinology * blue-green algae (BGA) toxins in waterways * food poisoning * air pollution and health risks * bio-accumulations and long term health * diets and healthy foods * Toxins (Basel). 2010 Sep Naturally Occurring Food Toxins Introduction * anything taken too much is bad for you - even water and oxygen * foods can cause illness if: * a person has a medically specific intolerance * a person has an allergy -

osteoarthritis - [risk factors]

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 07:25:08 +0000

osteoarthritis see also: * arthritis - clinical patterns * lumbar facet joint degenerative arthropathy introduction * a “degenerative” or inflammatory disorder of joints arising from the breakdown of articular (hyaline) cartilage * radiographic hand OA is present in approximately 40–60% of adults over age 55, while symptomatic hand OA affects about 13–26% of individuals in the same age group

alkalosis

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:54:47 +0000

alkalosis see also: * acid-base physiology * acidosis * metabolic alkalosis * resp_alkalosis -- see also ventilation

acidosis

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:08:11 +0000

acidosis see also: * acid-base physiology * metabolic acidosis * respiratory acidosis * alkalosis

a diagnostic approach to the adult with acute headache

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:05:18 +0000

a diagnostic approach to the adult with acute headache * the following is a STEPWISE diagnostic algorithm provided as an AID to diagnosis of headache in the adult patient - one should not just jump to step x without considering each of the preceding steps

migraine - [pathophysiology]

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:04:39 +0000

migraine see also: * Mx of acute migraine * acute unilateral headache * headache * neurology * cervicogenic headache * epidemiology: * the third most common medical condition worldwide * ranks as the seventh most disabling condition in terms of years of life lost to disability * of the general population: * 24% of females aged 40yrs have migraine

headache - [introduction:]

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:03:45 +0000

headache see also: * meningitis * the child with headache * subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) * migraine * acute unilateral headache * cervicogenic headache * a diagnostic approach to the adult with acute headache * AFTB lectures - headache introduction: * patients with headache as a prime feature are a worrying group of patients as there are a number of potentially life threatening or morbid conditions that, although uncommon, are easily missed:

glymphatic system of the brain - [Introduction]

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:03:22 +0000

glymphatic system of the brain see also: * the brain Introduction * discovered in 2012, the glymphatic system is a “pseudo-lymphatic” perivascular network distributed throughout the brain, responsible for replenishing as well as cleansing the brain.

raised intracranial pressure (ICP) - [physiology]

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:03:08 +0000

raised intracranial pressure (ICP) see also: * the comatose patient * headache * stroke (CVA) introduction * raised ICP may cause fatal further cerebral injury, and thus in those patients at risk, it should be considered as a possible complication and actively managed. * raised ICP may result in decreased blood perfusion of the brain

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - [COPD-X Plan]

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 05:02:55 +0000

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) see also: * respiratory medicine * asthma * chronic bronchitis * home oxygen introduction * COPD is the third leading cause of disease burden in Australia * it is often under-diagnosed and many do not receive optimal medical care * exacerbations can be caused by:

the eye - [optic system]

gary1@undisclosed.example.com (gary1) — Tue, 21 Jul 2026 08:20:43 +0000

the eye see also: * ophthalmology Introduction * the human eye has a total optical power of about +60 diopters * 70% to 80% of total refraction (+42 to +43 diopters) occurs at the cornea however, its focusing power is fixed and cannot change shape * this is because it is at the sharp boundary between air (n=1.0) and the aqueous humor (n = 1.38)