see also:

• gynaecology

• dyspareunia refers to pain on sexual intercourse in the female.
• it is classically divided into:
  • superficial - pain on the external genitalia or vaginismus due to reflex spasm of levator ani and perineal muscles which may be psychogenic.
  • deep - deeper pelvic pain which tends to be related to pelvic pathology or chronic pelvic pain in women

• vaginitis - atrophic or infectious
• lack of lubrication
• irritating vaginal medications
• psychogenic vaginismus including secondary to anticipation of deep dyspareunia.
• sympathomimetic drugs including amphetamine & cocaine
• episiotomy or surgical sequelae - may only be a tiny scar
• cystitis or urinary tract infections (UTIs) / cystitis
• urethral syndrome or other urinary tract disorders
• introital, vaginal or cervical scarring
• levator ani myalgia
• vulvar vestibulitis
• extensive prolapse
• hypersensitivity reactions to latex (eg. condoms)
• other painful local lesions - eg. Bartholin cyst/abscess.

• pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• endometriosis
• pelvic masses including ovarian cysts and other cysts in the adnexae and ovarian tumours
• chronic pelvic pain in women
• retroverted uterus
• broad ligament varocosities
• broad ligament tear syndrome
• GIT conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease