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--- adaptive_immunity [2026/05/25 08:30] – [T lymphocytes] gary1
+++ adaptive_immunity [2026/07/30 02:18] (current) – [T lymphocytes] gary1
@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
     * CD8+ T cells have a potent weapon against [[toxoplasmosis|T. gondii]]: an enzyme called caspase-8 which is an important regulator of our immune systems and induces apoptosis of infected T cells. The only pathogens that can live in CD8+ T cells have developed ways to disable Caspase-8 function. (([[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adz4468|2025: Caspase-8 expression in CD8+ T cells promotes pathogen restriction in the brain during Toxoplasma gondii infection]]))
   *CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in clearing Covid-19 viral infection in the nasal cavity via the secretion of Granzyme B, a cytotoxic molecule but do not seem to do this in the lungs (([[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576505v1|Jan 2024: CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are required to prevent SARS-CoV-2 persistence in the nasal compartment]]))
+  ***tissue-resident memory T cells (T<sub>RM</sub> cells)**
+    * express markers like CD69 (which inhibits egress from tissues) and often CD103 (especially in epithelial tissues), and they show limited recirculation through blood and lymph
+    * CD8⁺ T<sub>RM</sub> are well known for rapid cytotoxic responses and local control of viral infections at barrier site
+    * CD4⁺ T<sub>RM</sub> provide rapid cytokine production, help B cells and dendritic cells, and can also acquire cytotoxic functions in some contexts
+    * human lung tissue serves as a "reservoir" for a large number of T<sub>RM</sub> cells that can target a huge range of infections(([[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-026-02592-6|2026: Human lungs maintain tissue-resident memory T cells against a broad spectrum of pathogens]]))
 =====B lymphocytes=====
   *produce **[[ig|immunoglobulin type antibodies]]**